MICaOCOPY    DfSOlUTION   TEST   CHAM 

(ANSI  ond  ISO  TEST  CHART  No,  2) 


^       x^PPLIED    IIVMEE       In 


1653   Eojt   Main   St'w 


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CIHM 
Microfiche 
Series 
(Monograplis) 


ICMH 

Collection  de 
microfiches 
(monographies) 

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n 

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D 
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bill 

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Canadian  Instituta  for  Historical  Microraproductiont  /  Inttitut  Canadian  da  microraproductiont  liiitoriqua* 


©1995 


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Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes  /  Notes  technique  et  bibliographiques 


istitute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best  original 
available  for  filnning.  Features  of  this  copy  which 
e  bibliographically  unique,  which  may  alter  any  of 
Tiages  in  the  reproduction,  or  which  may 
cantly  change  the  usual  method  of  filming  are 
3d  below. 

Coloured  covers  / 
Couverture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged  / 
Couverture  endommagee 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pelliculee 

Cover  title  missing  /  Le  litre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps  /  Cartes  geograptiiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  init  (i.e.  other  ttian  blue  or  black)  / 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations  / 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material  / 
Relie  avec  d'autres  documents 

Only  edition  available  / 
Seule  edition  disponible 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin  /  La  reliure  serree  peut 
causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la  distorsion  le  long  de 
la  marge  interieure. 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restorations  may  appear 
within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these  have 
been  omitted  from  filming  /  II  se  peut  que  certaines 
pages  blanches  ajout^es  lors  d'une  restauration 
apparaissent  dans  le  texte,  mais,  k>rsque  cela  etait 
oossible,  ces  pages  n'ont  pas  ete  film^es. 


L'Instilut  a  microfilme  le  meilleur  examplaire  qu'il  lui  a 
ete  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details  de  cet  exem- 
plaire  qui  sont  peut-etre  uniques  du  point  de  vue  bibli- 
ographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier  une  image  reproduite, 
ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une  modifications  dans  la  meth- 
ode  normals  de  filmage  sont  indiques  ci-dessous. 

I     j      Coloured  pages  /  Pages  de  couleur 

I     I      Pages  damaged  /  Pages  endommagees 

I     I      Pages  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
' — '      Pages  restaurees  et/ou  pelliculees 

r~y     Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed  / 
'■^      Pages  decolorees,  tachet^s  ou  piquees 

I     I      Pages  detached  /  Pages  detachees 

r7\      Showthrough  /  Transparence 

j     j      Quality  of  print  varies  / 

' — '      Qualit^  inegale  de  I'impression 

I     I      Includes  supplementary  material  / 
' —      Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 

I  I  Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
' — '  slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image  /  Les  pages 
totalement  ou  partiellement  obscurcies  par  un 
feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure,  etc.,  ont  ete  filmees 
a  nouveau  de  fa;on  a  obtenir  la  meilleure 
image  possible. 

I  I  Opposing  pages  with  varying  colouration  or 
I — '  discolourations  are  filmed  twice  to  ensure  the 
best  possible  image  /  Les  pages  s'opposant 
ayant  des  colorations  variables  ou  des  decol- 
orations sont  filmees  deux  fois  afin  d'obtenir  la 
meilleur  image  possible. 


Additional  comments  / 
Dommentaires  suppl^mentaires: 


Mm  is  filmMi  at  ttie  reduction  ratio  chacktd  balow/ 
cumtnt  est  filmi  au  taux  de  reduction  indique  ci-dessous. 

tax  18X 


y 


20X 


2SX 


22X 


The  copy  filmtd  hart  hu  b««n  raproducad  thank* 
to  tha  ganarotity  of: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


L'axamplaira  film*  fut  raproduit  grica  A  la 
gintroiit*  da: 

Bibllotheque  natlonale  du  Canada 


Tha  imaga*  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
pouibia  eoniidaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  koaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  ipacificationt. 


Lat  imagat  luivantat  ont  M  rtproduitai  avac  la 
plus  grand  soin,  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattata  da  raxantplaira  filma,  at  an 
confortnita  avac  la*  condition*  du  contrat  da 
filmaga. 


Original  copias  in  printad  papar  eovar*  ara  fllmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  iduatratad  impraa- 
*ion.  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriat*.  All 
othar  original  copiaa  ara  filmad  baginning  on  tha 
firat  paga  with  a  printad  or  illuatratad  impraa- 
sion,  and  anding  on  tha  last  paga  with  a  printad 
or  illuatratad  imprasaion. 


Laa  axamplairaa  originaux  dont  la  couvartura  an 
papiar  aat  Imprimaa  sont  filmt*  an  commancant 
par  la  pramiar  plat  at  an  tarminant  *oit  par  la 
darnlAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'Impraasion  ou  d'illu*tration,  soit  par  la  sacond 
plat,  aalon  la  caa.  Tou*  la*  autra*  axamplaira* 
originaux  *ont  film**  an  commandant  par  la 
pramitra  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'impraasion  ou  d'illuatration  at  an  tarminant  par 
la  darnitra  paga  qui  comporta  una  taiia 
amprainta. 


Tha  laat  racordad  frama  on  aach  microficha 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  —^  Imaaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  tha  symbol  V  Imaaning  "END"!, 
whiehavar  applia*. 


Un  daa  aymbola*  suivants  tpparaitra  sur  la 
darniara  imaga  da  chaqua  microficha.  saton  la 
cai:  Is  *ymboia  — -^  aignifia  "A  SUIVRE '.  Is 
aymbola  V  aignifia  "FIN". 


Mapa.  plataa.  chart*,  ate,  may  ba  filmad  at 
diffarant  raduction  ratio*.  Tho*a  too  larga  to  ba 
antiraly  includad  in  ona  axpoaura  ara  filmad 
baginning  in  tha  uppar  iaft  hand  cornar,  laft  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  framaa  as 
raquirad.  Tha  following  diagrama  illuatrata  tha 
mathod: 


La*  cartaa,  plancha*.  tabiaaux,  ate.  pauvant  atrs 
film**  A  daa  taux  da  raduction  difftrants. 
Loraqua  la  documant  aat  trop  grand  pour  atra 
raproduit  an  un  *aul  clichA.  il  aat  filma  a  partir 
da  I'angla  aupiriaur  gaucha.  da  gaucha  i  droita, 
at  da  haut  an  ba*,  an  pranant  la  nombra 
d'imagaa  nAca»*aira.  La*  diagramma*  suivants 
illuatrant  la  mathoda. 


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2 

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1 

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MIOOCOPV   DiSOlUTION   H:,T  CHAIT 

(ANSI  ond  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


1.0    Iris  ii^ 
^m  ^  I-  112.2 


tiS.     12.0 


II    I.I 


^     APPU-^n  irvMGE     In 


CLASS  BOOK 

OF 

ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


LOCHHEAD 


T.  W.  Kauris 


Asa  Pitch 


TowNEND  Glover 


B.  D.  Walsh 


C.  V.  Riley 


W.  Saunders  j.  PLETCiir  C.  J.  S.  Bethune 

Some  Pioneer  Workers  in  Ecoiiomic  Entomology. 


ERRATA 

I'diic  \i,  In  14th  lint;  from  hnttcim  rt-ad: 

J.  (i.  SancliTs  i,(  thf  I'lnnsylvaiiia  Hiinau  i>f  Ki  .iiii.miL  Zci 
PaL'f  \iv.  [n  top  lint-  rt'a<t:- 

llr.   r.  W,  Harris  (I7g5   i«5(,i, 
I'aK  iH,  Thf  fifth  parasraph  slmulcl  rrad:  - 

Srrx-lihrci   and  Giiiigli.r      \    nerve-  I'llirc 

librHljE.  derived  both  from  the 


iloKy. 


i-ach  > 


flari 


and   the 


reff'l 


the 


■  insists  iif   III   an    ,nlt.,yli,ij      „( 
,,  ,        ,      ,        ,  <»f  a  >fan«linn  and  from  sinjrle  Kanirlionic 

•  ""„  lii'J  V  "■""'!,    )  '"""'"™  "T""  "'  "  ''""'  "•'"■'  "f  B'T.KlLit    em. 

endmg  olT  usua  ly  (j)  a  nerve-hbre,  ifti  a  central  medMa  of  fibrillar  sub- 

s  ance  vyhich    according   to  I.eydiK,  is  the  continuation  of  the  processes  o(  the 

ff)  a  S*         ""     ""■"      *■■  '"  "'""  "'  ""'  "'"'"•■'  "'    '^'  ax'is-cylin,ler,  an.l 

Pane  i2,  In  Qth  line  from  top  read  [■'ij;.  i,^  for  V'l 

I'ace  «.',  In  15th  line  from  bottom  read  nii-intllis  for 

IViKc  104.  The  Icsend  of  Vlg.  51,  shculd  read :  - 

The  American  Cockroach  i I'rri planet j  amrriian.il 
tiKure  should  belonK  to  1  and  not  to  3. 
I'aBe  11(1,  In  legend  of  Fig.  71  tcmI  Orylliis  forC.v//iiv. 
Page  1:4,  In  bottom  line  read  Fig.  80  for  Fig.  70. 
Page  1 30,  I  n  bottom  line  read  nerii  for  prrii. 
Page  130,  In  8th  line  from  bottom  read  elm  for  plum. 
Page  -'75.  In  legend  Fig.  178  read  cabbage  for  cabage. 
Page  276,  In  8th  line  from  top  read  r7g  for  180. 
Page  104,  In  top  line  read  Cryplokypnu!  for  Cryplohypmus 

'^^o^ VeMrisrit^tT ^'"  ""  ^*'^'"^*^™'-     •"  «'-  line  from  bot- 
Page  390,  In  gth  line  from  top  read  4:4:40  for  4:40:40. 


CLASS  BOOK 


OF 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 

WITH  SPECIAL  REFERENCE  TO  THE  ECONOMIC  INSECTS 
OF  THE  NORTHERN  UNITED  STATES  AND  CANADA 


WILLIAM  LOCHHEAD,  B.  A.,  M.  S.  (Cornell) 

FKOF.SSOl   01.  .lOtO-.Y   ,»  TIIK   MAtUONAI.U   UILIKUI.  01-  McClLL  LNIVMSIIV   V    A    A 
>■»»»  OF  IH>  >Nr.   »OC.  OF  AMr.lCA.  ANO  TH>  AM.   AMOC.  .CON.    «'vT  ■    ' 
■X-FKllDEKT  «NT.  SOC.  OF  ONTARIO;   KESID.NT    QUEKC  bOC.   F0«       ' 
THl   PKOTBCnON  OK  PLANTS,  ETC. 


WITH  gS7  ILLUSTRATIONS 


PHILADELPHIA 
P.  BLAKISTON'S  SON  &  CO. 

1012  WALNUT  STREET 


CopyRioiiT,  igig,  UY  I>.  Ul.vkiston's  Son  &  Co. 


PMBHH     T(»II 


i3Vi)90 


PREFACE 

All  tcailHTS  are  jutncl  iliat  the  best  results  in  the  classro.  m  :■  ,• 
sciurod  only  In-  thu  adoption  of  the  hest  pcHaKogical  methods,  *itli 
ready  access  to  the  necessary  s|>ecimens  and  literature.  Just'  what 
these  methods  e  prise,  however,  is,  with  many  teachers,  a  matter  of 
opinion.  Qtinl  homines  tot  sentrnli<r.  nevertheless  the  induljjent reader 
may  concede  that  an  e.xperience  of  over  twenty  years  as  a  teacher  of 
economic  entomoloRv  in  agricultural  colleges  may  warrant  the  voicing 
of  the  author's  conviction  that  instruction  in  this  subject  should  con- 
sist of  (i)  studies  on  the  stru'  ire,  metamorphosis,  and  bionomics  of 
insects,  carried  on  both  in  thi  .boratory  and  in  the  field;  (j) practice 
in  the  classification  and  description  of  the  more  common  insects  in 
their  various  stages;  and  (,,)  studies  of  the  methods  of  control,  with 
practical  exercises  in  the  preparation  and  app     .tion  of  insecticides. 

Although  several  most  excellent  manuals  t,  xonomic  Kntomology 
have  been  published  in  recent  years,  there  sums  to  be  a  need  for  a 
book  providing  the  necessary  information  for  the  student  in  the  class- 
room, laboratory  and  field  along  the  lines  indicated  above. 

This  class-book,  therefore,  has  been  prepared  to  meet  the  needs  of 
the  class-room  instructor,  and  his  needs  have  influenced  the  mode  of 
presentation  of  the  subject  material.  It  does  not  presume  to  take  the 
place  of  the  invaluable  and  well-known  works  of  Folsom,  Comstock 
.Slingerland  and  Crosby,  and  others;  but  rather,  it  aims  to  present  such 
material  as  will  best  help  the  student  in  acquiring  a  fair  working  knowl- 
edge of  the  modern  science  of  Economic  Entomology. 

The  treatment  of  many  of  the  topics  is  necessarily  limited,  and  the 
keys  for  the  identification  of  orders,  families,  and  genera  make  no  nre- 
icnsions  to  completeness.  The  descriptions  of  the  species  discussed  in 
Part  III  are  stripped  of  all  unnecessary  verbiage  so  that  all  the  essential 
facts  of  the  life-histories  may  be  included  in  the  space  at  the  author's 
disposal. 


vi 


PREFACE 


Laboratory  exercises  have  been  omitted,  as  the  intelligent  teacher 
is  in  a  better  position  than  the  author  to  prepare  practicums  adapted  to 
local  conditions. 

It  was  thought  advisable  to  limit  the  species  discussed  mainly  to 
those  belonging  to  the  Northern  United  States  and  Canada,  i.e.,  to 
the  Canadian,  Transition,  and  Upper  Austral  Zones.  It  was  also 
deemed  advisable  to  make  but  brief  mention  of  the  insects  affecting 
forest  trees.  Students  interested  in  such  studies  are  referred  to  the 
recent  bulletins  of  A.  D.  Hopkins  of  Washington  and  J.  M.  Swaine  of 
Ottawa  for  the  results  of  the  latest  investigations. 

The  author  is  indebted  to  many  fellow-teachers  and  workers  for  valu- 
able aid  Hnd  suggestions  in  the  preparation  of  this  book.  In  most 
respects  it  is  a  compilation  from  recent  text-books,  bulletins,  and  arti- 
cles. In  a  work  of  this  kind  errors  are  likely  to  appear  in  spite  of 
every  precaution,  but  considerable  care  has  been  taken  to  reduce  them 
to  a  minimum. 

Special  mention  must  be  made  of  the  kindness  of  many  authors 
and  publishen:  in  furnishing  illustrations,  and  the  writer  here  thanks 
his  friend  and  te.icher.  Professor  J.  H.  Comstock  of  Cornell  University, 
for  permission  to  use  illustrations  of  wing-venation  from  his  recent 
work,  "The  Wings  of  Insects;"  Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  Dominion  Entomolo- 
gist, for  free  use  of  cuts  from  the  pubUcations  of  the  Canadian  Ento- 
mological Branch;  Dr.  L.  O.  Howard,  Chief  of  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of 
Entomology,  for  many  electrotypes  of  the  Bureau  illustrations;  Pro- 
fessor J.  H.  Sanders  of  the  Pennsylvania  Agricultural  Experiment 
Station,  for  permission  to  use  his  admirable  figures  of  pygidia  of  scale 
insects;  Mr.  J.  J.  Davis,  Federal  Agent  of  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Entomol- 
ogy, Lafayette,  Indiana,  for  several  photographs  of  breeding  cages, 
etc.;  Professor  L.  Caesar  of  the  Ontario  Agricultural  College,  and  Dr.  S. 
Hadwen,  Dominion  Pathologist,  Health  of  Animals  Branch,  Ottawa, 
for  furnishing  several  cuts;  Mr.  Arthur  Gibson,  Entomological  Branch! 
Ottawa;  Professor  W.  H.  Brittain  of  the  Truro  Agricultural  College- 
Professor  P.  J.  Parrott  of  the  New  York  Agricultural  Experiment 
Station;  Professors  Herrick,  Crosby  and  Johannsen  of  Cornell  Univer- 
sity; Professor  W.  A.  Riley  of  the  Minnesota  Agricultural  College;  Dr. 
Edith  Patch  of  the  Maine  Agricultural  Experiment  Station;  Professor 
W.  E.  Britton  of  the  Connecticut  Agricultural  Experiment  Station; 
Professor  V.  L.  Kellogg  of  the  Leland  Stanford  Jr.  University,  Professor 


PKEFACE  Vii 

W.  B.  Hernia  of  the  University  of  California;  and  the  MacMillan  Co., 
the  Comstoclt  Publishing  Co.,  Henry  Holt  and  Co.,  and  P.  Blakiston's 
Son  and  Co.,  for  permission  to  use  certain  illustrations  from  their 
entomological  publications. 

To  Mr.  E.  M.  DuPorte,  M.  Sc,  of  Macdonald  College,  the  author  is 
specially  indebted  for  the  drawings  illustrative  of  the  structure  of 
insects  in  Part  I,  for  valuable  criticisms,  and  for  substantial  help  in 
proof-reading. 

W.  LOCHHEAO. 
Macdonald  College. 


i 


CONTENTS 


INTRODUCTION 

I'ART  I-THE  STRUCTURE,  GROWTH  AND  ECONOMICS 
OF  INSECTS 

Page 

The  Branch  Arthropoda j 

The  Class  Insecta j 

Structure  of  Insects 2 

External  Anatomy 2 

Internal  Anatomy , jn 

The  Development  of  Insects ,q 

Embryology,  Metamorphosis — stages , ,0 

Losses  due  to  Insects -g 

Beneficial  Insects ,g 

Insects  and  Birds ^ . 

Insects  and  Plants .- 

Insects  as  Plant  Disease  Carriers .g 

Insects  and  Disease ,« 

Insect  Behavior  toward  Stimuli -- 

Relation  of  Insects  to  Temperature  and  Humidity cq 

Distribution  of  Insects ^ 

Methods  of  Studying  Economic  Insects g^ 


I*ART  II.-THE  IDENTIFICATION  OF  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO 
FARM,  GARDEN  AND  ORCHARD  CROPS,  ETC. 

Insects  injurious  to  Cereal  Crops _j 

Insects  injurious  to  Indian  Corn  or  Maize 

Insects  injurious  to  Clover  and  Alfalfa 

Insects  injurious  to  Peas  and  Beans 

Insects  injurious  to  Stored  Grain  Products 

Insects  injurious  to  Root  Crops „g 

Insects  injurious  to  the  Potato  Crop 76 

Insects  injurious  to  Garden  Vegetables ^J^ 

Insects  injurious  to  the  Apple 

Insecta  injurious  to  the  Plum a^ 

Insects  injurious  to  the  Cherry a 

Insects  injurious  to  the  Peach a. 

Insects  injurious  to  the  Raspberry  and  Blackberry a, 

InMTtsinjurinii?  to  the  Gooseberry  and  Currant 84 


CONTENTS 


•             ...  P*" 

Insects  mjunous  to  the  Grape g 

Insects  injurious  to  the  Strawberry of 

Insects  affecting  Shade  Trees g 

Insects  injurious  to  Greenhouse  plants o- 

Insects  affecting  Domestic  Animals ?! 

Insects  of  the  Household  .   .  

9' 

PART  III.-CLASSIFICATION  AND  DESCRIPTION  OF  COMMON 
INSECTS 

Common  Orders    .    .    . 

,  ■ 03 

Aptera  group 

Thysanura 

Seuropleroida  group 5 

Mallophaga 

OrthopUroida  group 

Isoptera 

„     *^      ,  .  102 

Corrodentia 

Blattoidea '°^ 

Mantoidea 

Dermaptera ? 

Phasmoidea , 

Orthoptera 

Thysanoptera ~ 

Homoptera 

Hemiptera g 

Siphunculata , f 

Lepidoptera J 

Diptera ^^ 

Siphonaptera 

Coleoptera 'J?^ 

Hymenoptera 

Invertebrates  other  than  Insects '   ^    !  l6i 

PART  IV.-THE   CONTROL  OF   INJURIOUS   INSECTS 

Factors  of  Insect  Control 

Methods  of  Control '" 

The  Action  of  Insecticides ' 

Utilization  of  Parasitic  Insects 

Bibliography 

Glossary         .  '•°' 

409 

Index  

4'5 


INTRODUCTION 


Economic  Entomology  is  that  phase  of  Entomology  which  relates 
to  the  control  of  injurious  insects.  Its  scope  is  much  wider  than  that  of 
applied  entomology,  for  the  latter,  properly  speaking,  is  the  application 
of  the  principles  that  have  been  formulated  by  the  economic  entomolo- 
gist as  a  result  of  his  investigation  of  insects  and  their  relations  to  their 
environment.  Its  scope  embraces  a  study  of  the  structure,  habits  and 
life-histories  of  the  injurious  insects  and  of  their  relations  to  all  the 
natural  and  artificial  conditions  to  which  they  may  be  subjected.  It 
also  includes  the  investigation  of  the  nature  of  the  losses  and  the  prac- 
ticable means  by  which  they  may  be  prevented  or  lessened. 

Considering  the  great  variety  of  insect  forms,  their  diverse  methods 
of  food  habiis,  the  large  number  of  kinds  of  hosts  which  supply  them 
with  food,  and  the  enemies  which  tend  to  destroy  them,  it  becomes 
evident  that  the  problem  of  insect  control  is  most  complex.  As 
Professor  Forbes  says:  "The  subject  matter  of  this  science  is  not  insects 
alone,  nor  plants  alone,  nor  farming  alone.  One  may  be  a  most  ex- 
cellent entomologist  or  botanist,  or  he  may  have  the  whole  theory  and 
practice  of  agriculture  at  his  tongue's  end,  and  at  his  fingers'  end  as  well, 
and  yet  be  without  knowledge  or  resources  when  brought  face  to  face 
with  a  new  practical  problem  in  economic  entomology.  The  subject  is 
essentially  the  relation  of  these  things  to  each  other;  of  insect  to  plant 
and  of  plant  to  insect,  and  of  both  of  these  to  the  purposes  and  ope-  - 
tions  of  the  farm,  and  it  involves  some  knowledge  of  all  of  them  ' 


The  Rise  of  Economic  ENTOMotoov 

The  records  of  the  rocks  reveal  the  existence  of  insects  at  an  early 
period  in  the  world's  history,  long  before  man  made  his  appearance. 
Early  historic  records  also  show  clearly  that  not  only  man  himself  but 
also  his  crops  and  flocks  suffered  from  insect  attacks.  The  ravages  of 
locusts,  canker  worms  and  palmer  worms  are  frequently  described  in 
graphic  language  by  the  Old  Testament  prophets. 


*"  INTRODUCTION 

In  America  too,  before  the  advent  of  Europeans,  the  Indians  were 
acquamted  w,th  insects  that  injured  their  corn  field  ,  and  dX  th^ 
seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries  the  crops  of  the  arly  setd  rs  w  le 

Z^'  "Tw'k^  ''"'"  "°""'" ''"''  S'^-hoppers.  One  m.ysly, 
therefore  wuh  Webster:  "the  actual  economic  element  in  entomoloT; 
|s  mevtably  as  old  as  Agriculture  itself."  On  account,  however  Tthe 
ignorance  and  superstition  that  prevailed  even  among  the  learned 
classes  regardmg  the  nature  and  habits  of  insects,  no  p'rogressTn  the 
control  of  msect  pests  was  made  or  was  possible  until  the  latter  half  o 
SntrdhadT  "f "^\  The  introduction  of  rational  methods  of 
control  had  to  wait  until  considerable  advance  had  been  made  in  the 
lUe  histoT      '"''"'  ^""^ '"  *  knowledge  of  their  structure,  habits  and 

r^rtlin'"^"  T  ^"""'f  ''  concerned,  it  may  be  said  that  outbreaks  of 
certain  insects  vi^.,  the  Rocky  Mountain  locust,  the  cotton  worm 
and  the  Colorado  potato  beetle  during  the  last  quarter  of  the  nineteen-h 
ZT^  T.  "^  wide-spread  attention  to  the  great  losses  caused  by 
them,  and  forced  the  U.  S.  government  at  that  time  to  appoint  a 
commission  of  entomological  specialists  for  the  purpose  of  investi- 
gating the  conditions.  It  was  during  this  period  that  some  of  the 
modern  msecticdes  and  improved  spraying  machinery  were  introduced 

rZn^K  "!i  T'"J  "■'  '"^""^"^  ^'^'""^y  "S^'"^'  'he  Colorado 
potato  beetle  and  the  cotton  worm,  and  kerosene  emulsion  against 
sucking  msects^  The  reports  of  Harris,  Fitch  and  RUey,  especially 
those  on  the  Rocky  Mountain  locust  laid  the  foundation  for  future 
ecological  studies  when  the  relations  of  injurious  insects  to  other 
organisms  and  to  external  factors  were  closely  investigated 

About  the  beginning  of  this  century  the  San  Josi  scale  and  the 
cotton  boll-weevU  threatened  two  imporUnt  industries,  and  as  a  result 
of  the  investigations  many  advances  were  made  in  the  use  of  spravine 
machinery  and  insecticides,  notably  lime-sulphur  wash  and  hydrocyanic 
acid  gas  and  m  the  application  of  biological  processes  and  principles 
In  the  attempt  to  solve  the  problem  of  the  control  of  the  gypsy  and 
brown-tail  moths  during  the  last  twelve  years  another  very  fmportant 
advance  was  made  toward  a  better  understanding  of  parasitic  insects 
and  of  the  part  they  are  likely  to  play  in  the  control  of  insects  in  the 
future.  Regarding  the  outlook  of  fighting  insects  along  this  line  Dr 
Howard  says:  'There  wiU  be  a  very  considerable  development  of  this 


INTRODUCTION 


xiU 


method  of  warfare  against  injurious  insects  in  the  future.    It  should  be 
termed  "the  biological  method  of  fighting  insects"  and,  looking  at  the 
problem  in  a  broad  way,  so  far  as  this  country  is  concerned,  when  we 
consider  that  more  than  one-half  of  our  principal  crop  pests  ha\«  been 
accidentally  imported  from  other  countries,  there  seems  no  reason  why  a 
systematic  study  of  a  very  large  number  of  parasitic  and  predatory 
insects  native  to  the  countries  from  which  these  pests  were  accidentally 
\    imported  should  not  be  made  with  a  view  of  ultimate  importation  of 
;    :ill  of  them  into  the  United  States.     In  fact,  since  there  exist  all  over 
i    the  world  beneficial  insects,  many  of  which  can  undoubtedly  be  accli- 
,    matized  here,  and  some  of  which  will  undoubtedly  prove  of  value  to 
,'   .\merican  agriculture,  carefully  planned  work  should  be  begun  looking 
I    to  the  ultimate  increase  of  our  insect  population  by  the  addition  of  as 
I   many  of  these  beneficial  forms  as  possible.    Of  course  this  would  mean 
a  very  great  amount  of  careful  biological  study  in  the  countries  of  origin 
l.y  men  specially  trained  in  this  sort  of  work,  if  results  of  value  are  to  be 
obtained.     Strikingly  beneficial  results  could  not  be  expected  speedily, 
and,  in  fact,  we  might  not  be  able  for  many  years  to  estimate  the  bene- 
fits derived  from  such  a  service;  but  it  seems  clear  that  we  should  have 
in  this  country  as  many  of  these  surely  beneficial  forms  as  can  be 
acclimatized." 

The  greatest  impetus  to  the  development  of  economic  entomology 
was  perhaps  the  establishment  of  Experiment  Stations  and  Agricu'tural 
Colleges  where  courses  of  instruction  were  given  in  this  bra  i  of 
zoology,  and  where  hundreds  of  students  have  been  trained  to  unc  it-ke 
investigations  of  the  many  insect  problems  that  were  awaiting  solution. 
\n  interesting  feature  of  the  latest  development  in  the  study  of  inju- 
rious insects  is  the  method  of  investigation  that  has  been  adopted  in 
most  entomological  stations.  "Field  stations"  where  the  insects  are 
studied  under  both  field  and  laboratory  conditions  are  established  in 
infested  areas,  each  in  charge  of  an  expert  and  a  staff  of  assistants. 
These  officers  also  keep  in  close  touch  with  the  insect  conditions  of  the 
district,  and  are  often  able  to  "test  out"  control  measures  at  many 
places  by  interesting  the  farmers  and  orchardists  in  the  valuable  work 
they  are  conducting. 

Even  in  a  sketch  of  the  main  features  of  the  rise  of  American  eco- 
nomic entomology,  such  as  this  is,  mention  must  be  made  of  some  of 
the  pioneer  entomologists  who  laid  firmly  and  well  the  foundations  of 


tlV  INTBODUCTION 

this  modern  science.  Dr.  T.  W.  Harris  (1759  1856)  in  Massachusetts, 
IJr.  Asa  Fitch  (1809-1879)  in  New  Yorjj,  Townend  Glover  at  Washing- 
ton, B.  D.  Walsh  (1808-1869),  Dr.  C.  V.  Riley  (1843-1895)  in  Missouri 
and  a»  Washington,  Dr.  W.  Le  Baron  and  Cyrus  Thomas  in  Illinois, 
and  Dr.  W.  Saunders  (1835-1914),  Dr.  C.  J.  S.  Bethune  (1838^ — — )  and 
Dr.  James  Fletcher  (1852-1908)  in  Canada  stand  out  prominently  on 
account  of  the  excellent  investigations  of  the  life-histories  of  injurious 
insects  and  their  careful  determination  of  effective  methods  of  control. 
{See  frontispiece.) 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 
PART  I 


THE  STRUCTDHE,  GROWTH  AND  ECONOMICS  OF 
INSECTS 

BRANCH  ARTHROPODA  (Arthropods) 

Crabs,  crayfish  and  lobsters,  spiders  and  scorpions,  centipedr ,  and 
millipeds  have  in  common  with  insects  jointed  appendages  and  seg- 
mented, bilaterally  symmetrical  bodies  with  a  chitinized  external  skeleton 
(exo-skelcton) — distinguishing  characteristics  of  the  great  branch 
Arthropoda  of  the  Invertebrate  animals.  These  near  relatives  of 
insects  may  be  grouped  into  four  classes: 

1.  Crustacea. — Aquatic,  gill-breathing,  wingless  Arthropods  with 
two  pairs  of  antennae  and  at  least  five  pairs  of  legs.  Examples:  Crabs, 
crayfish,  lobsters,  shrimps,  sow-bugs,  etc. 

2.  Arachnida. — Air-breathing,  wingless  Arthropods  without  anten- 
nae, and  usually  with  four  pairs  of  legs.  Examples:  Spiders,  mites, 
ticks,  and  scorpions. 

3.  Diplopoda. — Air-breathing,  wingless  Arthropods  with  one  pair 
of  antennas  and  numerous  body  segments  each  of  which  bears  two 
pairs  of  legs.  The  mouth-parts  consist  of  a  pair  of  mandibles  and  a 
compound  plate.    Example:  Millipeds. 

4.  ChUopoda. — Air-breathing,  wingless  Arthropods  with  one  pair 
of  antennas  and  numerous  body  segments  each  bearing  one  pair  of 
iegs.  The  mouth-parts  consist  of  one  pair  of  mandibles  and  two  pairs 
of  maxillse.    Example:  Centipedes. 

(Classes  3  and  4  are  frequently  grouped  as  sub-cla.s5es  of  the  class 
iJyriapoda.) 


KC(..MJ»lt   ENTOMOI.lKJV 


Class  I.NshXTA  (Insects) 


The  Uexapoda  or  Insecta  are  air-breathing  Arthropoda  with  oni' 
pair  of  antenna;,  three  pairs  of  legs,  and  usually  one  or  two  pairs  of 
wings  in  the  adult  state. 

Insects  form  a  well-defined  class  of  animals,  remarkable  for  the 
large  number  of  species.  The  abundance  of  some  species  is  so  great 
that  frequently  they  constitute  a  menace  to  the  life  of  plants  upon  which 
they  feed.  The  economic  importance  of  insects  is  being  rapidly  realized 
by  the  public  in  recent  years  on  account  of  the  prominence  given  to 
the  part  taken  by  the  common  house  fly  in  the  spread  of  typhoid 
fevers  and  other  diseases,  the  mosquitoes  in  malaria  and  yellow  fever, 
the  San  Jose  scale  and  codling  worm  in  orchards,  the  boll-weevil 
in  cotton  fields,  the  army  worm  and  hessian  fly  in  grain  fields,  the 
tent  caterpillar  and  bark  beetles  in  orchards  and  forests,  and  many 
other  pests  that  are  causing  much  annoyance,  danger  and  loss. 


The  Structure  of  Insects 


EXTERNAL  ANATOMY 


The  body  of  the  insect  is  bilaterally  symmetrical  and  is  divideil 
into  three  distinct  parts — the  head,  the  thorax  and  the  abdomen,  each 
composed  of  a  number  of  segments  separated  by  membranous  portion^ 
(Fig.  i).  Each  segment  again  is  made  up  of  a  number  of  sclerites. 
hardened  plates  separated  from  each  other  by  seams  or  impressed  line^ 
known  as  sutures.  The  skeleton  is  external,  and  is  in  form  a  hollow 
cylinder  with  the  muscles  attached  within.  The  skin  layer  or  cuticl>^^ 
is  laminated,  consisting  of  two  layers  secreted  by  the  underlyini; 
hypodermal  cells.  The  hard  tough  texture  of  the  skin  is  due  to  chili ii. 
an  organic  substance  resembling  that  which  gives  the  characteristii 
texture  to  horns  and  hoofs, 

(o)  Head. — The  skeleton  of  the  head  or  skull  is  composed  of  si-: 
or  seven  closely  united  segments,  and  carries  the  eyes  and  antentur. 
The  moutli  is  situated  on  the  front  ventral  surface.  The  followiM- 
regions  can  be  easily  recognized: 


STRUCTURE,    GROWTH   AND   ECONOMICS   or    INSECTS 


flliii  ranium 


(a)  VcrlfX  or  crown,  the  summit  of   Ihc  head,  ofltri 

with  ocelli. 
(A)  Front  or  face. 
(f )   Oena"  or  cheeks. 

(<l)  Occiput,  which  surrounds  the  posterior  opcnine  of 
the  skull. 

(e)  Clypeus,  to  which  the  labrum  or  upper  lip  is  attached. 

(f)  Gula,  to  which  the  labium  or  lower  lip  is  attached 
(see  Fi({s.  2  and  j). 


Fi(..  I.— Diagram  showing  the  position  and  arrangement  of  the  principal  ..rg.ins 
ml  appendages  of  an  insect.     An,..  Antenna:  Br.,  brain;  Ac.  aorta;  iW, .   eg  mu" 

l,r,    JJr     M  "i"-'^-   "'°'?";  "•"■■  '•■'"'"  '""Xi'-'lin"!  muscles  of  abdornen    « 
cart;  .ur.,  Malpighian  tubules;  ED.,  efferent  duct  (oviduct  or  vas  deferens)  n 
tprodu;t,ve  system;    C,  gonad  (ovary  or  testis);    (>..  c"Z.A     anus    Co» 
.mapophyses;  CD.,  common  duct  (vagina  or  seminal  vesicle,  of  reproductK-e  sys-' 
■h  ?■■■  "T'""  °'  .""^"'"'""ve  chain;  Tr..  tracheal  trunk  showing  or  g'  and 
s.nbution  of  ventral,  dorsal  and  visceral  tracheal  branches;  IM/..  ventral  ?ong 
u.i.nal  muscles;   TS..   tergo-stcrnal  muscles;  Co..,  co,a;   Tro..  trocham"    fv^. 
ur    T,b    t.bia    7-ar     tar.stls;  SGI.,  .sahvary  gland;  .SB.,  salivary  duct;  .SV    sub 
phageal  ganglion;  Ph..  pharynx;  S..  stnmoda.um  or  fore  inteMinc-    \>     ,m  s "n 
T..n  or  mid  intestine;  /■.,  proctod.Tum  or  hind  intestine.  ' 

In  addition  there  is  in  the  head  an  internal  chitinous  skeleton 
Mled  the  tenlorium,  which  acts  as  a  supporting  structure.  It  varies 
1  form  in  different  insects  but  consists  essentially  of  a  central  plate 
nil  two  pairs  of  arms  connecting  w'"-  the  skull.  (The  tentorium 
lay  be  isolated  by  boiling  the  head  er  cent,  solution  of  caustic 

otash  for  ten  minutes.) 

Mouth-parts.— In  general  there  arc  three  types  of  mouth-parts- 
<iiulibu!ale,  present  in  the  generalized  orders  and  in  the  Orthoptera, 


ECONOMIC   ENTOItOLOGY 


f'°-  '■  Pic.  3. 

Fio.  3— Cephalic  view  of  the  head  of  cricket,     a..  Antenna;  <.,  compound  eye; 
E.,  epicranium;  0.1.,  lateral  ocellus;  a.m..  median  ocellus;  «.j.,  suturei  of  the  epi-  I 
cranium;  G..  gena;  Cp.,  Co..  clypeui;  /,..  labrum;  Mi/.,  mandible;  p.m  ,  maxillary  f 
palpus;  p.t.,  labial  palpus.  ' 

Flo.  3.— Caudal  view  of  head  of  cricket.     E.,  Epicranium;  O.,  occiput;  P.P. 
occipital  foramen;  P.C..  postgena;  .1M..  submentum;  M..  mentum;  ji.,  glossa;  p/l.. 
paraglossa;  pg.,  palpigcr;  pi.,  labial  palpus;  C.l.  C.l..  cardo,  pf.,  palpifer;  j.,  galea;  I 
1.,  stipes;  (.,  lacinia;  p.m.,  maxillary  palpus;  mil.,  mandible. 


Pig.   4, — Labrum  and  clypeus  cif  cricket. 


STBUCTUSE,   OROWni   AND    ECONOMICS   or   INSECTS  5 

K,.hemeri<U,  ami  Coleoptera ;  ,uc,orial,  prewnl  in  the  Hemiptera, 
Lcpuloptem  and  U.ptcra;  an.l  mand,b»taU-smoriat  in  the  Hymcn^ 
|..pter._  The  mouth-parts  with  the  exception  of  the  labrum  are  true 
appendages  of  the  head  .cKP-ents,  and  in  the  embryo  arise  in  exactly 
ilw  same  way  as  the  legs  and  anlenna? 

Mandibular  Ktoulh-pa„s.~i:y,,  mouth-parts  of  bitim  insect, 
,ons.st  of:  the  labrum  or  upper  lip  atlache.l  to  the  clypeu,  (Fi« 
:  and  4);  a  pair  of  mandiblr.,.  simple  and  unjointed,  articulated  to  the 
,?,««,  a  ,a.r  of  ma.nVte,  each  made  up  of  a  basal  one-,  or  two-jointed 


pm 


''■■=•  5-  Pi.;.  6. 

I  hinge  segment,  the  cardo,  a  central  segment  the  stipes  which  bears  the 
XPfPfr^o  which  the  typically  five-jointed  palpus  is  attached,  and  two 
Idistal  lobes  the  outer  of  which  is  te-med  the  galea  and  the  inner  the 
ttaama(¥xg  6).  The  labium  or  lower  lip,  composed  of  a  broad  basal 
I  part,  the  submentum.  joined  to  the  gula,  a  mentum  or  central  portion, 
la  pair  of  jomted  palpi  attached  to  the  mentum  by  means  of  a  small 

L  T,f'.  .l^.^'*"'  ""''  ^  "•"'^'*"  P"'  "hich  may  be  simple  or 
I  slightly  bilobed  m  whtch  case  it  is  termed  the  ligula,  or  it  may  consist 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


of  a  distinct  pair  of  inner  and  outer  lobes  termed  respectively  the 
glosstE  and  paraglossa  (Figs.  3  and  7).  A  comparison  of  Figs.  6  and  7 
will  show  a  perfect  homology  between  the  segments  of  the  maxillae 
and  of  the  labium.  The  hypopharynx  or  tongue  united  to  the  base 
of  the  labium;  and  the  epipharynx  under  the  labrum  and  clypeus 
bearing  teeth,  tubercles  or  bristles  (Figs.  8  and  9). 
These  parts  differ  greatly  in  the  different  orders. 
Suctorial  Mouth-parts. — The  suctorial  mouth-parts  of  flies,  bugs, 
moths  and  other  insects  have  been  evolved  from  the  primitive  mandibu- 
late  type.  In  some  forms  such  as  the  squash  bug  and  mosquito  all 
of  the  mouth-parts  are  present  and  it  is  comparatively  easy  to  identify 
them  with  the  corresponding  append- 
ages of  the  biting  insects.  In  other 
forms,  however,  the  house-fly  for  ex- 
'fPf/  ample,  some  of  the  mouth-parts  are 
missing  or  fused  with  others,  and  it  is 


Flii.  7-  Fig.  8. 

Fl<;.    7. — Labium   of  cricket,     hyp.,  Hypopharynx;  gl.,  glossa;  pgl.,  paraglossa; 
pi.,  labial  palpus;  pg.,  palpiger;  m„  mentum;  sm.,  submentum. 
Fig.  8. — The  labrum-epipharynx  of  cricket. 

more  difficult  to  determine  their  homology.  The  following  descrip- 
tions will  illustrate  the  typical  arrangements  in  the  three  chief  purely 
suctorial  orders  of  insects.  Three  types  occur  in  the  Diptera — the 
piercing  type,  with  all  the  mouth-parts  present,  e.g.,  the  female  horse 
fly  and  mosquito;  the  piercing  type  with  some  of  the  mouth-parts 
missing  or  fused,  e.g.,  the  horn  flies  and  stable  flies,  and  the  non- 
piercing  type  such  as  the  house-fly  and  blow  flies  in  which  the  beak 
is  used  for  rasping  and  sucking. 

Mouth-parts  of  the  Horse  Fly  (Tabanid) .—The  mouth-parts  of  thi 
female  arc  composed  of  six  blades  loosely  ensheathed  in  the  iabiuii 


STRUCTURE,   GROWTH   AND   ECONOMICS    OF  INSECTS  7 

which  is  the  conspicuous  median  portion  terminating  in  a  large  labellum 
(Fig.  lo).  The  mandibles  are  flat  and  sword-like;  the  maitillie  are 
narrower,  but  with  broad  conspicuous  palpi;  the  kypopharynx  and 
labrutn-epipharynx  are  also  narrow  and  lancet-like. 


admd 


"'upper  V^l  °^i-'f  •''  ",-'  '■''■'■"".'  P"""y'''"'>'"^  with  face  an,i  vertex  removed. 
m..  mandibl^-pI.  pharynx!"'"'"""'  "''■•  ""'■•  "•  ■*"""  """''"'  °'  """  pharynx; 
/»™»s°yTm„^S'"'^rf '"?"'"^'r''J  '^''"°7='>'"'  S'^'^tio"  through  the  head  of  GrylUs 
U  md    SZ^tJfJ     '•  i'i;^'  *"''■■  ^''-  °''''"'"  °i  ""^  pharynx;  Oc,  ocellusi 

'  *y/  retractor  nf^h/lu  °'  "''  hypopharynx;  «/,.;»..  apodeme  of  the  labium; 
"f  ihe  tentorium.  '>>'P'>Pharynx;  Jl.sl..  flexor  of  the  stipes;  T.C..  central  plate 

Mouth-parts  of  Mosquito -The  mouth-parts  are  similar  in  number 
10  those  of  the  horse  fly  but  they  are  more  bristle-like  (Fig  n) 

Mouth-parts  of  the  House-fly.^When  the  head  of  a  living  house-fly  is 
pinched  between  the  thumb  and  finger  the  mouth-parts  are  protruded 
10  their  full  length.     They  constitute  a  soft  "proboscis"  enlarged  at 


8 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


the  tip  into  a  pair  of  soft  cushion-like  lobes,  the  oral  lobes  or  labella 
(Fig.  12).  The  under  sides  of  these  lobes  are  traversed  by  a  large 
number  of  open  channels,  the  pseudo-trachea,  which  open  into  the  mouth 
situated  near  the  middle;  the  greater  portion  of  this  proboscis  is  the 
modified  labium.  Lying  above  the  grooved  labium  is  tlie  small  spade- 
like labrum  which  may  be  raised  by  a  pin.  Near  the  base  of  the  probos- 
cis and  above  the  labrum  are  two  small  lobes,  the  maxillary  palpi,  the 
maxillae  being  fused  with  the  fleshy  base  of  the  labium. 


Fig.  10. — Head  and  mouth-parts  of  a  horse-fly  (Tabanus).  The  maximum 
number  of  parts  is  retained,  but  the  piercing  structures  are  distinctly  blade-lilce. 
Dipteron  type,  second  subtype.  A,  Side  view  of  head  showing;  i.  antenna  {brachy- 
cerous);  3.  compound  eye;  3.  labium;  4.  labella;  5.  maxillary  palpus:  B,  piercing 
structures  exposed,  labium  removed;  6,  mandibles;  7,  maxitlEe;  8,  hypopharynx;  9. 
labrum-epipharynx.    (After  Harms.) 


Mouth-parts  of  the  Stable  Fly. — The  proboscis  is  awl-shaped  and  is 
adapted  for  both  piercing  and  sucking  (Fig.  13).  It  projects  forward 
horizontally  and  has  a  prominent  elbow.  The  labella  are  small  and 
are  provided  with  cutting  and  adhesive  structures.  Lying  above  and 
within  the  folds  of  the  proboscis  or  labium  are  two  unequal,  sharp  heavy 
bristles,  the  larger  representing  the  labrum  and  the  smaller  the  hypo- 
pharynx.  The  maxillary  palpi  are  not  so  large  as  those  of  the  house- 
fly. The  palpi  of  the  Horn  Fly  are  longer  and  more  flattened,  and 
the  proboscis  is  plumper  and  not  thrown  so  far  forward. 

Mouth-parts  of  the  Squash  Bug. — The  mandibles  and  maxillse  are 
reduced  to  needle-like  structures,  the  two  innermost  (the  maxillas)  are 
united  to  form  a  piercing  tube.     The  needles  fit  in  the  groove  of  the 


STRUCTURE,   GROWTH  AND   ECONOMICS   OF   INSECTS  g 

grieve  S' it  ""''''''  "''"""•    ''''  "'•^™'"  ='--  '"^  "-  of  the 


Pharynx;,.,  antenna,;..  ioS^und  eye  A  "fvi'''.'  "'T""'*-  "^  'abrum^ep l 
'...  labium;  ,„..  mandible;  m,  maJL  t'  "^P°,P''^"'"'i  '■■  labrum-epipharyn, • 
Dimmock.)  •  '"'■■  ""^■"""^  P-  maxillary  palpus.     {Afttr  foLm  „„i 


rudimentary  (Fig.  15).  '        ^  "'^  """^  """th-parts  are 


lO  ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 

Mandibulale-suctorial  Mouih-parts. — Among  the  Hymenoptera  we 
find  a  combination  of  the  two  types — well-developed  biting  mandibles 
and  a  labium  or  hypopharynx  fitted  for  sucking  or  lapping  liquid  food. 
In  ants  and  sawflies  the  mandibles  are  more  in  evidence,  while  the  bees 
and  wasps  have  well-developed  sucking  apparatus.  Ants  use  their 
mandibles  for  various  purposes,  including  the  comminution  of  food, 
building  of  nests,  transportation  of  larvae,  slaves,  etc.,  and  in  attack  and 
defence  against  their  enemies;  the  hypopharynx  is  used  in  lapping  liquid 
food. 


Snx 


Labrufn 


<Shtath,'lahtum 


Pig.  13.  Fig.  14. 

Fig.  13. — Side  view  of  the  head  and  mouth-parts  of  the  stable  fly  (Stomoxys  catci- 
trans).  Stylets  reduced  in  number  and  closely  ensheathed  by  the  labium.  1, 
Antenna;  3.  compound  eye;  3.  labium;  4,  labella;  5,  labrum;  6,  hypopharynx;  7, 
maxillary  palpi.     {After  Herms.) 

Fig.  14. — Beak  of  a  hemipteron.     {Afler  Riley  and  Jokannsen.) 


Mouth-parts  of  the  Honey  Bee. — These  consist  of  the  labrum  and 
epipharynx  above  with  the  short  trowel-like  mandibles  on  each  side  for 
moulding  wax;  the  maxilla  forming  conspicuous  lateral  wings  with  the 
galea  and  lacinia  fused  into  one  piece,  and  the  palpi  minute  (Fig.  16). 
The  labium  is  the  long  portion  on  each  side  of  the  tongue  and  ends  in  a 
pair  of  palpi.  The  middle  tongue  is  the  hypopharynx  ending  in  a  small 
labellum. 

Antennc — The  antennae  or  feelers  are  sensory  organs,  and  are  very 
variable  in  structure.  They  carry  the  organs  of  touch,  and  probably 
those  of  smell  and  hearing  in  some  cases.     On  the  surface  of  some  of  the 


STRUCTURxC,    GROWTH   AND    ECO>fOMICS   OF    INSECTS  „ 

segments  are  fine  hairs,  connected  below  with  nucleated  nerve  cells 

rr^valTen  ■"'  '?'  ""'"'  """'"'■  ^""^  "^  '^  '"  some  cases  S^' 
or  oval  depressions,  also  connected  with  a  nerve  cell,  which  are  thought 
to  be  guslatory  organs  Other  pits  situated  in  patches  at  the  lower  end 
of  the  segments  are  believed  to  be  auditory  organs 

Eyes.-The  eyesof  insects  are  of  three  kinds:  simple  compound  and 
aulomerate.    The  simple  eyes  or  ocelli  appear  extefnal ;  as  "sing 

Cormhoir'  'n  "■^  T'  '^  ""=  "">''  P"-"'"^-^  insects  such  as  the 
Collembola,   all   e>ed  larva,   and   in   the 

adults  of  most  of  the  winged  insects.  In 
winged  forms  there  are  usually  three,  supple- 
mentary to  the  compound  eyes,  and  borne 
on  the  vertex  or  on  the  front,  arranged 
generally  in  a  triangle.  The  agglomerate 
eye  IS  a  compound  eye  in  which  the  facets 
are  not  fused  but  weU  separated  from  each 
other,  e.g.,  male  Coccids. 

Organs  of  Hearing.— Several  kinds  of 
auditory  organs  occur  in  insects  and  these 
are  variously  located.  In  locusts  they  arc 
tympanic  membranes,  located  on  the  base 
of  the  abdomen;  in  the  katydids  and 
crickets  on  the  tibiae  of  the  fore  legs.  In 
the  mosquitoes  and  many  other  groups 
certain  sensitive  hairs  on  the  antenna  serve 
to  take  up  and  transmit  sound  waves.  _ 

Organs  of  SmeU.-These  organs  are  butterfly  '(k„„„" '".,,.  ^n- 
variously  located-on  the  antenna;  in  flesh  Eu' ''Mf^"/,''''"'/- ""■■ 
fl.es,  ants,  bees  and  wasps,  some  moths  and  W'-^"'-") 

beeUes;  on  the  maxUlary  and  labial  palpi  in  Perla  and  Silpha;  and 
on  ^e  cerci  m  the  cockroach  and  some  Orthoptera 

Organs  of  Taste.-Taste  organs  are  also  variously  located-on 

he  hypopharynx  m  the  honey  bee,  on  the  epipharynx  of  most  biting 

insects,  and  on  the  maxUlary  palpi  in  wasps  ^ 

All  sense  organs  consist  essentially  of  the  following  parts:  (i)  a 

Z'Jmeir'f  ""^"f  '''''""  communicating  Ih  (,)  one  o 
.wo  modified  hypodermal  cells,  and  (,)  external  supporting  or  accessory 
structures  such  as  «/«, /«Aw/«j  or /.fe  ^ 


ECON''    'TC  ENTOMOLOGY 


Fig.  i6. — Head  and  mouth-parts  of  the  honey  bee  (Apis  mellifera).  Both  types 
of  mouth-parts  well  developed  but  the  mandibles  are  used  chiefly  for  portage  and 
modeling  (Hymenopteron  type).  A,  Front  view  of  the  head  showing:  i.  antennje; 
2,  compound  eyes;  3,  simple  eye;  4,  labrum;  5,  mandibles;  6,  maxillae  (lacinia);  7, 
labium  (palpi  only);  8,  hypopharynxC?);  B>  mouth-parts  removed  to  show  the 
parts;  5,  mandibles;  6,  maxillEc  (lacinia);  7.  labium  (palpi  only);  8,  hypopharynx 
(?);  9,  bouton;  10,  maxillary  palpus;  11,  mentum;  12.  submentum;  13,  cardo;  14, 
stipes.     {After  Herms.) 


Fig.   17. — Section  throuwh  the  thorax  of  an  insect.     Z,.,Leg;  P.,  pleuron;5.,  sternum; 
r.,  tergum;  W.,  wing. 


STRUCTURE,   GROWTH  AND   ECONOMICS   OF   INSECTS  13 

organs,   but   their  function  has  not  yet  been  definitely  ascertained 


proii 


Cox.,  Cox.:,.  C0X.3.  First,  second  and  thi  d  coxL     sj  Tr    .    °''?,'' °"'' '''"'°'"=n- 

Em.2.    Em.},  meso-  and  meta-epLeron    ,'  ft  eic'^X       ""?  """^-^Pis'^num: 
etc.,  abdominal  sternites;  p..  peritreme  S    ™vf;i       1  "'""'  «"8"i=Si  •'.  2'.  3' 

0.#„  ovipositor;  pi..  pleurori'Tifi    ^^       ■''!:,•'"•'■■'' ^"''' P'"'' C' eerius 
n,eso-  andmeta-scSteuL,  ."k^p^itstuJeUu^^V.-^rX^br '   '"'■  ""- 

When  deprived  of  halteres  flies  cannot  maintain  their  equUibrium  in  the 


-m 


J4 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


ib 


(b)  Thorax.  —The  thorax  is  composed  of  three  segments— the 
fro-,  meso-,  and  melathomx,  each  having  a  pair  of  legs.  The  meso- 
thorax  and  metathorax  bear  wings.  Each  segment  is  divided  into  a 
dorsal  part,  the  notiim  or  tergum,  a  ventral  part,  the  sternum,  and 
two  laterals,  the  pleura  {Fig.  17).  Each  part  is  again  divided  by 
sutures  into  sclerites — the  notum  into  praescttium, 
scutum,  scutcUum  and  post-scutellum,  and  the  pleuron 
into  episternum  and  epimeron  (Fig.  18). 

In  most  hymenopterous  insects  the  first  abdom- 
inal segment— the  propodeum  or  median  segment 
— is  fused  with  the  thoracic  mass,  so  that  the  petiole 
of  such  insects  is  not  the  first  but  the  second  abdom- 
inal segment. 

Legs. — Each  leg  is  composed  of  the  following 
parts:  coxa,  trochanter,  femur,  tibia,  and  tarsus  (Fig. 
19).  The  trochanter  in  certain  Hymenoptera  is 
made  of  two  segments,  while  the  tarsus  in  most  in- 
sects is  composed  of  several  segments,  the  last  bear- 
ing a  pair  of  claws.  In  some  insects,  e.g.,  the  Diptera, 
three  appendages  are  borne  between  the  claws,  in 
which  case  the  outer  pair  are  termed  pulvilli  and  the 
middle  one  the  empodium. 

Wings. — The  two  pairs  of  wings  are  attached  to 
the  meso-  and  the  metathorax.  They  are  membran- 
ous expansions  of  the  body  wall  with  hollow  thick- 
enings along  certain  lines  called  veins  or  nerves. 
These  veins  often  branch  and  interlace,  and  the  spaces 
between  the  veins  are  called  cells.  Much  import- 
ance is  attached  in  classification  to  the  wing  and  its 
veins  on  account  of  the  great  variation  not  only  in 
the  orders  and  families  but  even  in  the  genera  of  a 
family. 

Structurally  the  wings  of  insects  may  be  grouped 

into  three  divisions: 

I.  Where  the  fore  and  hind  wings  are  of  similar  texture  and  more  or 

less  fan-like.     Under  this  division  fall  the  Dragon  flies,  in  which  both  the 

size  and  form  of  the  wings  are  very  much  alike.    Butterflies,  wasps,  and 

bees  have  their  hind  wings  smaller  than  the  fore  wings,  while  some  of  the 


Fl(;.  IQ. — Leg 
of  a  beetle  {Ciito- 
ioma  calidum). 
c.  Coxa;  c^,  claws; 
/.,  femur;i.,  spur; 
*.•-/.*,  tarsal  seg- 
ments; lb.,  tibia; 
tr.,  trochanter. 
(.After  Folsom.) 


STRUCTURE,   GROWTH   AND   ECONOMICS 

May  flies  and  the  males  of  scale 


i 


OF   INSECTS  15 

m„rK  ,1        1  .    , '"*'"^'*  ''*^«  'heir  hin.l  wings  verv 

much  reduced  or  ent  re  v  wanfin,,      i„   .1,    a-     /„.        V    *         ' 

.inKs  are  converted  into  "^IT^^^J^  ^'"  ^""""'^  '"^  •>-" 

KxamZTf  fu:h°:hicrnT„r:/r  ^""'^-  -^  '■^"""'>'  ^''"^"'-"■ 

hoppers  and  crickets,  theretle!    "''  ""''^  °"'"^  '^""'"«  "^^  "-^ 
ami  the  heteropterous  bugs. 

,?•  Where  the  hind  and  fore 
ivings  are  strongly  reduced  or 
completely  atrophied,  as  in  the 

tleas     (Siphonaptera),     bird-lice 

iMallophaga)    and    sucking    lice 

ySiphunculata). 

Venation.— It  has  been  found 

that  the  system  of  veins  in  the 

different    orders    of    insects    is 

fundamentally  alike,   being  de- 
rived  from   the   primitive   type 

fairly  well  seen  in  some  stone- 

tlies     and     some     cockroaches. 

This  fact  becomes  evident  only 

when  a  comparison  is  made  of 

the  wings  of  the  more  general- 
ized  members   of   the  different 

orders,     as    specialization     has 

greatly  modified   their  structure 

in  most  genera.     Comstock  and 

Needham    have    shown     by    a 

study  of   the   developing  wings 

uf  nymphs  and  pupa;  that  the        ''"■    •">  -Scvirai 

principal   longitudinal    veins   in  t:"^SefiZ:::T 

I  he  more  generalized  orders  are 

formed  about  trachea;   (Fig.  .0).     In  the  development  of  the  wing 

hcse  tracheae  grow  out  into  the  wing-bud,  and  later  the  vems  are 
formed  about  them.     The  cross  veins,  however,  as  a  rule  do  not  arise 
■|i  this  manner,  as  trachea  are  apparently  absent.     In  the  course  of 
wvelopmcnt  specialization  has  brought  about  changes  in  the  venation 
recognized,  first,  by  the  addition  oj veins  through  branching  of  the  prin' 


wtaKi's     in    the    de- 
'if  ai-ahhaHf  luitter- 


i6 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


cipal  veins  as  in  many  Neuropteroids  and  Orlhopteroids;  second,  by  the 
addition  of  cross  veins;  and  third,  \>y  the  reduction  of  the  number  of  veins 


§iLSci  . 


3dA     idA 


IsIA 


Fig.  2t. — The  hypothetical  primitive  type  of  winK  venation.     {Afler  Comstock  and 
Nttiiham.) 

through  coalescence  of  adjacent  veins,  or  by  the  disappearance  of  veins, 
as  in  most  moths,  flies  and  hymenopters.  The  chief  longitudinal  veins 
are  the  cosia  (C),  an  unbranched  vein  on 
or  near  the  front  margin;  the  subcosia 
(Sc);  the  radius  (R);  the  media  (M);  the 
cubitus  (Cu);  and  the  anal  veins  (A), 
typically  three  but  often  reduced  to  one 
or  two. 

A  knowledge  of  the  different  types  of 
venation  is  very  important  in  classifica- 
tion. The  Comstock-Needham  system  of 
terminology  is  adapted  in  this  Classbook, 
and  students  should  consult  the  recent 
work  of  Professor  Comstock — The  Wings 
of  Insects — for  a  full  discussion  of  the 
general  characteristics  of  the  wings  of  the 
several  orders  of  insects. 

Clothing  of  the  Wings. — While  the  wing* 
of  many  insects  are  naked,  many  arc 
covered  with  fine  seta;,  hairs,  or  scales. 
The  coating  of  scales  is  the  most  distinc- 
tive feature  of  the  wings  of  the  Lepidop- 
tera.  These  scales  are  modified  seta, 
being  evaginations  of  greatly  enlargeil  |g 
hypodermal  cells.  They  are  provide 
with  ridges,  these  serving  to  increase  their  rigidity  and  their  protei 


Fig.  22. — Various  forms  of 
scales.  A,  E,  Thysanuran 
iHachilis):  B,  beetle  (^Anlhre- 
nus);  C,  butterfly  (Pitris);  D, 
moth  {Limacodes). 


STRUCTURE,   GROWTH   AND   ECONOMICS   OF    INSECTS  1 7 

live  value  (Fig.  22).  I„  a.Ulilion,  the  la-autiful  ™lors  are  <lue  to 
ihe  scales,  and  are  pro-lucnl  (,)  i,y  (he  piRmenLs  present,  (2)  l,y  the 
rellech.,n,  refraction  or  .lilTra.  ti<,n  of  li«ht,  „r  (,,,  |,y  a  combination 
of  tliese  causes.  Scent  gla„,ls,  caile.l  ,,W™„«,„,  are  associated  with 
the  scales,  mainly  on  the  wings  of  males. 

(c)  Abdomen.-The  abdominal  segments  show  a  greater  uniformity 
m  form  than  do  the  thoracic  segments,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  former 
are  not  specialized  for  the  bearing  of  legs  and  wings.     This  uniformity 
IS  not  merely  external  but  extends  to  some  of  the  internal  organs 
notably  the  muscular,  respiratory  and  nervous  systems.     \  greater 
^differentiation  and  consequent  difference  from  the  other  segments  is 
I  usually  found  in  the  terminal  segments  which  are  modified  to  bear  the 
4K(mtaliaand  cerci  in  the  first  segment  in  the  Hymenoptera  which  has 
united  closely  with  the  thoracic  mass,  and  in  the  petiole  of  the  same 
insects  which  is  greatly  reduced  in  diameter  and  often  nodulated  (ants) 
lypically  the  abdomen  consists  of  ten  segments,  but  in  some 
Orthoptera  eleven  have  been  found  and  twelve  in  a  few  embryos.     In  the 
adult  insect  it  is  often  difficult  to  distinguish  ten  abdominal  segments 
owing  to  the  fusion  or  disappearance  of  certain  of  the  segments,  to  the 
modification  which  the  terminal  segments  undergo,  or  to  the  telescoping 
of  these  hst  within  the  other  segments.    Each  segment  is  made  up  of  a 
dorsal  sclerite,  the  lergum,  a  ventral  sclerile,  the  sternum,  and  a  pair  of 
pleural  membranes  connecting  the    two.     The   first   seven    or   eight 
aMominal  segments  usually  bear  a  pair  of  spiracles  each.     Typically 
the  anus  opens  in  the  tenth  or  last  segment  and  the  reproductive  ystem 
between  the  eighth  and  ninth. 

Appendages  of  the  Abdomen.-  In  the  embryo  the  abdominal  seg- 
ments bear  paired  appendages  which  are  homodynamous  with  the  lees 
Nd  mouth-parts.  These  usually  for  the  most  part  disappear  on  hatch- 
inK,  but  they  persist  as  prolegs  during  the  larval  life  of  the  Lepid- 
|oi>tera,  Tenthredinids  and  Mecoptera;  in  certain  Thysanurans  they 
tt'crsist  as  rudimentary  abdominal  appendages  throughout  the  life  of 
Itne  insect. 

The  cent  which  are  present  in  most  of  the  more  generalized  orders 
nd  in  the  thysanunform  larvie  are  usually  the  appendages  of  the  tenth 
iijdomir.-il  segment. 

^i.  ^onap.physcs  or  plates  of  the  genitalia  are  the  appendages  of 
nenth,  eighth  and  ninth  segments  and  are  known  respectively  as 


i8 


ECONOMIC   KNTOIIOIIXIY 


Ihi'  vi'ntral,  inner  and  iliirsal  plates.  The  inner  |>itir  usually  farmH  the 
iiviiHisitor  or  the  intrumiltent  or^an,  and  the  outer  [rairs  may  form  a 
sheath  or  clasjiers. 

The  Cienilalia. — A  knowledge  of  the  genitalia  is  of  im|x)rtance  to 
the  taxonomist  because  in  certain  families  the  se|>aration  uf  species 
is  based  largely  on  these  structures.  It  is  also  of  importance  to  the 
economic  entomologist  because  it  enables  him  to  understand  the 
method  of  egg  deposition  in  injurious  and  beneficial  insects  and 
the  poisonous  action  in  certain  forms  in  which  the  ovipositor  has  been 
modified  to  form  a  sting. 


Pic.  3i. — Abdomen  of  female  house-fly.  showing  extended  ovipositor,     a..  Anus;  (.. 
cercus;  d.p..  dorsal  plates;  v. p.,  ventral  plate. 

There  is  no  true  ovipositor  in  the  Neuropteroida,  Coleoptera, 
Lepidoptera  or  Diptera,  the  vagina  opening  directly  to  the  exterior 
(Fig.  23).  In  some  of  these  insects,  however,  a  whip-like  or  tubular 
pseudo-ovipositor  is  formed  by  the  last  few  segments  of  the  abdomen 
{e.g.,  Cerambyx,  Cecidomyia,  Musca). 

A  true  ovipositor  is  developed  in  the  Thysanura,  Orthopteroidu, 
Hemiptera  and  Hymenoptera  (Fig.  24).  In  the  Orlhoptera  the  gona- 
pophyses  are  used  for  making  holes  in  the  ground  or  slits  in  stems  for 
the  reception  of  the  eggs.  In  the  Hymenoptera  there  are  various 
peculiar  modifications  of  the  ovipositor:  Megarhyssa,  one  of  the  larger 
ichneumon  flies,  uses  its  long  ovipositor  as  a  drill,  forcing  it,  in  spite 
of  its  extreme  sk-iidcrness,  up  to  the  hill  in  the  trunk  of  hardwo-d 
trees  in  order  to  deposit  its  eggs  in  the  burrows  of  the  horn-tail  borer 


7Wi  'ik'^mr'ii 


I 


STRlT-rrRE,    r.R„WTII   AN.)    FCCNOMICS    „f    ,NSK.  TS 


"0 

aWmrx  Ma)    ih.  s.w  .lies  have  .he  i„„er  plau-s  u„i.e.|  .„  „,,,„ 
llu.  c^«  channel   .he  up.KT  pla.es  f.,rm  a  ,hea.h,  while  .he  lower  ha 
.e  rate  c, tee,  and  are  wie  .le.l  hke  a  .aw,  making  sli.s  in  leaf  or  s,em 
f.>r    the  <le,H,s,„o„  of  ,he  eggs.     In   .he  stinRing  hvmeno„.era   .he 
;.    pos  tor  .  mo.l.he.i  to  f..r„  a  ,tin«;  the  up,«r  values  oi  L  U.^ 

an,!  .he  ventral  lol«.s  are  represented  by  a  pa,r  of  l,arl,ed  dar.s     ThJ 

■"""  >»  "I  'WO  kinds,  one  alkaline  the  o.her 

"I'l,  and  is  secreted  l.y  glanrls  vvi.hin  .he 
alxlomen. 


.i 


INTERNAL  ANATOMY 


The  internal  anatomy  of  an  inscc.  maj' 

lie  discussed  undar  the  following  heads:  («) 

muscular   system;    (4)   resi)iratory  system- 

ir)    circulatory    system;    (rf)    intestinal    or 

digestive   system;   (e)   nervous  svstem    (/) 

reproductive  system  (Fig.  25). 

(a)  Muscular    Syslem.—Thc     mu^Luur 

system  of  insects  is  well  developed.     The 

muscles  are  attached  .0  the  inner  surfaces 
"f  the  exoskeleton. 

In  the   abdomen    the   arrangement   of  j 

the  muscles  is  the  same  in  each  segment,        f,.,.  .4.--sti„„and  ...is, 
except  at  the  extremity  where  special  mus-  •'•i'i>a'-''ius  uf  hcney  bec''"'o7 
cles  exist   for   moving   the  oviposi.or,   the  ^;";:Z„"'Xn,,'; ''t^r^ 
lerti    or    other    terminal    organs.     In    the  ^'"''-  '••  ^'i"«     <.Wr  A™^- 
sternum  of  each  abdominal  segment  there  '"''"* 

chain"'  tV™  ^•^'''"f  "'"^""'''"^'  ""'^'^^  °"  '^-^^  «ide  of  the  nerve 
ham.  These  are  the  longUudinal  sternah  or  venlml  recti  (Fig.  2b)  In 
the  tergum  also  similar  set.,  of  muscles  occur  on  each  side  of  the  .  Wrsal 
vessel;  these  are  the  longUudinal  tergals  or  dorsal  recti.  Betwe.  .  hese 
ongitudinal  muscles  and  the  integument  are  numerous ,.W,V„e and  trans- 
2^  muscles,  and  these,  with  the  longitudinal  muscles,  brLg  about  .he 

nerh  17'' "?''""'  "  '^'""P'"«  "■•'^■™^"'^  of  the' abdomen 
ron     L  ,  "'  ^r""'  ""^  ""''  '''°  '"■'  ™-^'^^  -hich  pass 

from  the  tergum  to  the  sternum.     These  are  the  tergo-sternals  wK,  h 


20  ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 

bring  about  the  contraclion  and  expansion  of  the  abdomen  necessary 
for  respiration. 

In  the  thorax  of  larval  insects  and  of  the  wingless  forms  the  arrange- 
ment of  muscles  follows  the  same  general  plan  as  in  the  abdomen, 
but  the  presence  of  the  leg  muscles  makes  it  more  complicated  (Fig. 
27).  In  the  winged  insects,  however,  this  primitive  arrangement 
cannot  be  readily  recognized  owing  to  the  presence  of  large  wing  muscles 
and  also  to  the  fact  that  the  thoracic  segments  are  very  often  fused 
together.  The  muscles  which  move  the  head  originate  in  the  prothorax 
and  are  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  head.     Within  the  head  are  muscles 


t 


MuM 


Fig.  25. — Internal  organs  of  the  cricket  {Grylius  pennsyhanicus).  AN.,  Ar\i^\.- 
nal  nerve;  Oes.,  oesophagus;  Br.,  brain;  T..  teutorium;  Ao..  aorta;  S.,  suspensoriun; 
of  ovary;  H.,  heart;  Ov.,  right  ovary;  Col.,  colon;  R.,  rectum;  A.,  anus:  MT.,  Mal- 
pighian  tubules;  Od.,  oviduct;  Op.,  ovipositor;  BC,  bursa  copulatrix  (copulatory 
pouch);  Vag.,  vagina;  RS.,  receptaculum  seminalis;  Mes..  mesenteron;  VC,  con- 
nectives of  ventral  nerve  chain;  VG„  ganglia  of  ventral  nerve  chain;  S.Cl.,  salivary  j 
gUnds; Lb.N.,  labial  nerve;  SC  suboesophageal  ganglion;  Md.N.,  mandibular  nei vn; 
,SD,,  salivary  duct;  HP.,  hypopharynx:  P.,  pharynx;  Mx.N.,  maxillary  nerve;  LA', 
labial  nerve;  ON.,  optic  nerve;  C  crop;  P.,  proventriculus;  GC  gastric  cceca. 

for  the  control  of  the  mouth-parts  and  antenna;.  In  the  mandibulate  I 
insects  the  muscles  which  move  the  mandibles  occupy  the  greater  j 
part  of  the  head  cavity. 

Mention  should  also  be  made  of  the  alary  muscles  of  the  heart,! 
the  circular  and  longitudinal  muscles  of  the  digestive  canal,  and  the! 
spiracular  muscles  which  bring  about  the  closure  of  the  spiracles  during! 
respiration. 

A  mu?cle  consists  of  a  bundle  of  long  fibres,  each  with  several  nuclei  I 
and  a  sheath,  the  sarcolemma.    In  most  cases  the  fibres  present 
striated  appearance  due  to  the  presence  of  alternate  light  and  dcrk^ 
bands. 


1 


STRUCTURE,    GROWTH  AND   ECONOMICS   OF   INSECTS 

el. 


Pig.  36.— Ventral  surface  of  larva  of  Sphida  ,Min,,„    .1, 

LI.:  lateral  ganglion;  <r.,    tracheal    trunk;  Ir.lal..   terao  stcrn.i   ='™7'">'  '^"nal; 
."•.mm.,  ventral  longitudinal  muscles;  SI,    ,.-'-''         '""'    ""»^':l''' 
''■J,  vas  deferens;    "•         '      '      "    '      "*■  ' 


les;  v.r.maj.. 


..«-.u^,„a,  musc,es;  .5.(,j.,  suspensorium  of  testes-  f,;,,.^ 

SP..  sp,racle;    T..  thoracic  ganglia:  /,  II    m  7,'  ^"\  " 

ig  mo  leK;.(r.,.,  transverse  nerve;  iJB    br»i„  aWom.m 


minal 


2  2  ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 

(A)  Respiratory  System.— The  exchange  of  gases  in  respiration 
is  effected  by  means  of  a  system  of  small  tubes  called  trachea  which 
extend  inward  from  the  surface  and  branch  to  all  parts  of  the  body. 
The  external  openings,  called  spiracles,  are  situated  on  the  sides  of  the 
thoracic  and  abdominal  segments  (Fig.  28).  From  each  spiracle 
a  short  tube  runs  inward  and  connects  with  the  trunk  tube  running 
along  the  side  of  the  body.  There  are  thus  two  main  or  trunk  tracheal 
tubes,  on»  on  each  side  of  the  body.  Each  gives  off  three  large  branches 
to  each  segment,  the  upper,  the  middle,  and  the  lower.     Each  of  these 


Ext.  Tib. 


Fl.Tib.  JJlFl.Tars 


Fig.  27. — Muscles  of  hind  leg  of  Grytlus  pennsylvanicus.  Exl.F..  Extensor  <'t' 
femur:  Exl.Tib.,  extensor  of  tibia;  Exl.Tar.l.  extensor  of  first  tarsal  joint;  Ext.Tar.2: 
extensor  of  second  tarsal  joint;  Ext.Tar.3.  extensor  of  third  tarsal  joint;  Ft.Tat.i. 
flexor  of  first  tarsal  joint;  Fl.Tar.2.  flexor  of  third  tarsal  joint;  FLC.  flexor  of  claw- ; 
Ext.C.  extensor  of  claws;  Fl.F.,  flexor  of  femur;  Fl.Tib.,  flexor  of  tibia. 

branches  subdivides  frequently  so  that  every  portion  of  the  segment 
is  entered.  Moreover,  these  tine  tubes  anastomose  to  form  a  deli- 
cate network,  and  allow  a  continuous  circulation  of  air  to  take  place , 

In  many  insects,  in  addition,  are  large  sac-like  dilatations  of  the 
trachcje  which  serve  as  air  reservoirs. 

Trachea;  have  a  striated  appearance  due  to  ihe  thickening  of  tbf 
chitinous  wall  into  a  compact  elastic  spiral,  thus  preventing  the  collap~e 
of  the  tubes.  Special  respiratory  devices  are  seen  in  aquatic  inscci  ■. 
Nvmphs  of  May-flies  and  Damsel-flies  have  lamellate  tracheal-gilii. 


SIRUCTURK,   GROWTH  AND   ECONOMICS   OF    INSECTS 

nymphs  of  Stone-flies  and  Caddice- 
tiies  have  filiform  or  cylindric  Iru- 
iheal-gills,  larva;  of  Culex,  Corethra, 
Simulium  and  Chironomus  have 
blood-gills,  while  nymphs  of  Dragon 
Flies  have  internal  tracheal-gills. 
Tracheal  gills  arc  outgrowths  of  the 
body  wall  with  fine  tracheal  tubes, 
in  which  there  occurs  during  res- 
piration an  exchange  of  gases  be- 
tween the  air  in  the  tubes  and  the 
water.  They  are  usually  external 
hut  in  the  nymphs  of  Dragon  Flies 
they  are  internal,  being  arranged 
in  rows  on  the  inner  walls  of  a  gill 
chamber  in  the  posterior  portion 
of  the  alimentary  canal. 

Blood-gills  are  outgrowths  of  the 
body  wall  in  which  the  blood  flows. 
The  exchange  of  gases  in  respira- 
tion occurs  between  the  blood  in- 
side and  the  water  outside. 

Structurally  a  trachea  consists 

of  a  chitinous  wall  or  intima  as  a 

lining  membrane  spirally  thickened 

at     regular     intervals     by    elastic 

threads  called  teenidia,  and  a  cellu- 
lar wall  of  hypodermal   cells,   the 

pavement  epithelium. 

(c)  Circulatory    System. — While 

there  is  a  blood  circulation  in  insects 

the  only  blood  vessel  is  a  dorsal 

lube  lying  just  beneath  the  notum. 

The  heart  or  posterior   portion   of 

the  dorsal  tube  contains  a  number 

of  ventricles  or  chambers,  each  with 

a  lateral  valve   which   allows   the 

blnod  to  flow  in  but  not  out.    There 


23 


Fi(..  28. — Respiratory  system  of  ttie 
larva  of  tlie  budmoth  {Tmelocera  ocel- 
iana).  (Insect  opened  along  the  median 
dorsal  line.)  C,  tracheal  commissure; 
r>  ,  rtnrsal  branchi  H.,  supplying  heart; 
v..  ventral  branch;  fj..  visceral  branch. 


24 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


are  also  valves  between  the  chambers  so  that  when  the  latter  con- 
tract the  blood  is  forced  forward.  The  blood  on  leaving  the  ventri- 
cles passes  into  the  aortic  portion  of  the  dorsal  tube,  toward  the  head, 
and  thence  flows  into  the  body  cavity  bathing  all  the  organs.  The 
blood  is  usually  colorless  and  consists  of  two  portions — the  watery 
serum  and  the  white  blood  corpuscles. 

Fat-bodies. — These  are  masses  of  fat-cells  occupying  a  large  part  of 
the  cavity  of  the  body,  and  lying  between  the  organs.  At  first  the  fat- 
cells  are  large  and  spherical,  but  they  lose  their  structure  to  a  large 
extent  through  breaking  down.  They  contain  nourishing  albuminoid 
matter,  besides  uric  acid  and  urates.     Their  exact  function  is  not 


Pig.  28a. — Apparatus  for  closing  the  spiracular  trachea;  in  a  beetle  (Lucanus) 
A,  Trachea  opened;  B,  closed;  b..  bow;  bd.,  band;  c.  external  cuticula;  I.,  lever;  m 
muscle;  J.,  spiracle; /.,  trachea.     (Afiet  Judeich  and  Nitsche.) 

definitely  known.  Associated  with  the  fat-bodies  in  the  abdomen  of 
larvas  are  large  yellow  cells  called  anocytes  which,  according  to  Glaser. 
secrete  an  oxidizing  enzyme. 

(d)  Intestinal  or  Digestive  System. — This  system  occupies  the  central 
portion  of  the  body,  and  is  divided  into  distinct  regions  with  special 
functions  f  Fig.  29)  The  food  passes  from  the  mouth  into  the  pharynx 
where  it  is  subjected  to  the  action  of  saliva  secreted  by  the  salivarv 
glands.  Thence  it  passes  in  the  Orthoptera  and  Coleoptera  through 
the  oesophagus  into  the  crop,  a  folded  and  membranous  pouch,  whero 
the  action  of  the  saliva  is  completed.  The  partially  digested  food  then 
passes  into  the  gizzard  or  provenlriciUus,  a  muscular  enlargement  armel 
with  teeth  for  the  purpose  of  straining  the  contents  before  entering  tic 
true  stomach  or  ventriculus.    In  many  caterpillars  the  food  passi- 


Klar 

Colo 


( 


STRUCTURE,   GROWTH   AND   ECONOMICS   OF  INSECTS 


25 


.«o^Wu?;'i^tK:r.'X!d°c'"^c"  ^"7!^—  -'..  Salivary  „uc.;  0„.. 
m..  meseweron;  Mv..  valve  between  two'  ^vkf '  '  PfT"'"™'"';  «'-  «astric  c«ca; 
Rlands;  il..  iliu™;  „.rf.,  duo,  „  Ta".  shian  Zl  ^'  ""="•""":  «'..  digestive 
colon;  rt.,  rectum;  An.,  anus.       "^'P'S"'""  tubules;  ul..  malpighian  tubules;  Co/., 


36 


ECONOMIC   KNTOMOLOOY 


s\r 


Fig.  30. — Dorsal  view  of  ali- 
mentary eanal  of  the  larva  of  the 
budmoth  (Tmelocera  ocellana). 
Ph.,  Pharynx:  ()"..  oesophagus; 
SM.,  suspensory  muscles;  Tr..  vis- 
ceral trachea;  of  left  side;  MT.. 
MalpiKhian  tubules;  A/«..  mesen- 
teron;  Int..  small  intestine;  In., 
intestinal  nerve;  R.,  rectum. 


directly  into  the  stomach  which  is  long. 
Further  digestion  occurs  here  through 
the  action  of  secretions  of  the  coeca/  lubes, 
often  called  the  gastric  ccera,  which  con- 
sist of  glandular  pouches  emptying  into 
the  anterior  end  of  the  stomach.  Most 
of  the  digested  food  is  here  absorbed 
and  passes  into  the  circulation.  Pos- 
terior to  the  stomach  is  the  inle.sline 
which  consists  of  three  parts — ileum, 
colon,  and  reclum.  Into  the  ileum  open 
the  Malpighian  tubes  which  are  excretory 
in  function,  similar  to  the  kidneys  of 
higher  animals.  The  undigested  portions 
of  food  are  expelled  through  the  recltm: 
and  anus. 

Some  variations  may  be  noted.  The 
oisophagus  is  long  in  those  insects  that 
suck  their  food,  and  short  in  herbivo- 
rous forms.  In  sucking  insects  the  giz- 
zard may  be  absent,  and  the  crop  is  often 
a  side  pocket  of  the  oesophagus  (Fig.  30). 

Structurally,  the  wall  of  the  alimen- 
tary canal  consists  of: 

1.  An  epitlielial  layer  of  cells  which 
secrete  the  intima  or  lining  layer. 

2.  The  delicate  basement  membrane. 

3.  Circular  muscles. 

4.  Longitudinal  muscles,  which  aid  in 
constricting    and    enlarging    the    canal 

(Fig.  31). 

From  an  embryological  point  of  view 
the  alimentary  tract  consists  of  threi 
primary  regions: 

1.  The  Stomodceum,  embracing  thr 
fore  part  as  far  as  the  stomach. 

2.  The  Mesenteron,  or  mid-inteslin  • 
embracirig  the  stomach,  and 


STRUCTURE,   GROWTH   AND   ECONOMICS   OF   INSECT 


■s        27 


oM 


m.d. 


Fk.  31  -Sections  throuKh  the  proventriculus  ..f  f,VyH„,  Prnnsyhaniru,  ,All 
K-reatly  enlarged.)  ,.  Longitudinal  seetion  through  the  median  denT.ol.  ''^" 
I  ransverse  section  passing  through  tw    folds  „f  .1,- ._.■      Jv.."    ilEnticles.     2. 

...-  proventriculus  passing  through  the  median  denticles      ,    TrJnsJ"""'"  ^'"°" 

partition  between  dent^^  f  Ids;  f:":i?cu'i:'r°comr:,-r*'''''';  "•"•  '"■'■""'"' 
^..Ive,  ,^,  epithelium.  iM..  inn;r  barkaeTlobes  ^  InZ.wT  ?'!  'V, "■•*'"-■ 


28 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOIOGY 


3-  The  Proctodaum,  emhiacing  the  portion  posterior  to  the  stomach. 
The  stomodoeum  and  proctodoeum  are  ectodermal  in  origin  v  lile  the 
mesenteron  is  probably  entodermal. 

(e)  Nervous  Syslem.~The  nervous  system  of  insects  consists 
essentially  of  a  series  of  ganglia  joined  by  a  double  nerve-cord  lying 
along  the  ventral  surface  of  the  body.  Each  primitive  segment  had  a 
double  ganglion,  but  in  most  insects  fusion  of  ganglia  occurs  in  the  head, 
the  thorax,  the  anterior  and  the  posterior  portions  of  the  abdomen.' 
Great  variations  occur  even  in  the  same  order.  The  largest  ganglion 
is  in  the  head,  and  is  the  result  of  the  fusion  of  three  pairs.  It  forms 
the  brain  or  supra-atsopliageal  ganglion,  lying  above  the  oesophagus. 
There  is  also  another  large  ganglion,  the  sub-cesopkageal,  lying  below  the 
oesophagus,  and  connected  with  the  brain  by  a  double  nerve-cord  about 
the  (esophagus,  the  (esophageal  nerve  collar  or  commissure.  It  also  repre- 
sents the  fusion  of  three  pairs  of  ganglia. 

From  the  brain  nerves  are  given  off  to  the  antenna,  eyes,  and 
labrum.  The  sub-oesophageal  ganglion  controls  the  mouth-parts. 
From  the  ganglia  in  the  thorax  and  abdomen  nerves  supply  the  various 
segments  and  control  their  movements  and  activities  (Fig.  26). 

In  addition  there  is  the  Sympathetic  nerve  system  which  mainly  lies 
along  the  dorsal  line  of  the  alimentary  canal.  It  consists  of  a  recurrent 
nerve  arising  from  a.  frontal  gangUon  and  ending  in  a  stomachic  ganglion. 
Two  pairs  of  lateral  ganglia  are  connected  with  the  recurrent  nerve  and 
supply  nerves  to  the  dorsal  vessel  and  the  traches  of  the  head.  A 
ventral  system  lies  in  the  main  nerve  cord  and  activates  the  spiracles. 
Nerve-cord  and  Ganglia. —The  nerve-cord  consists  of  an  axis-cylinder 
of  iibrillae  and  a  sheath.  It  is  concerned  with  the  transmission  of 
impulses  and  stimuli.  The  ganglion  is  a  centre  for  the  regulation  of 
nutrition.  It  consists  of  a  dense  cortical  layer  of  gangUonic  cells  with 
large  nuclei,  a  clear  medulla  from  which  nerve  fibrillre  originate,  and  a 
nerve  sheath. 

(/)  Reproductive  System.— la  all  insects  the  sexes  are  distinct. 
The  sexual  organs  are  situated  in  the  abdomen  and  consist  in  the 
female  of  a  pair  of  ovaries  and  a  pair  of  oviducts  opening  into  the  vagina 
and  frequently  externally  by  an  ovipositor,  and  in  the  male  of  a 
pair  of  testes  and  a  pair  of  seminal  ducts  {vasa  deferentia)  opening  into 
the  ejaculatory  duct  and  externally  by  an  intromittent  organ.  The 
external  opening  lies  between  the  eighth  and  ninth  segments'of  the  ab- 


STRUCTURE,   GROWTH  AND   ECONOMICS   OF   INSECTS  2g 

.l..men-never  in  the  la.t.  In  most  insc-cts  there  is  i„  the  female  a 
..«m«  recepiarl.,  a  dorsal  pou.h  „f  the  vagina,  an.l  in  the  male  a 
sfnanal  vesicle,  a  .lilated  portion  of  the  vas  deferens.  The  ova  are 
formed  m  the  ovarian  tui.es  in  dilTerent  stages  of  growth,  the  largest 
and  oldest  bemg  nearest  the  ovi,l,„l.     The  spermatozoa  arise  in  the 


—susp. 


Susp. 


ubr. 

'ed. 

;  ^pc 
hnt. 

Pio.  32.  Pi 

of  seminal  vesicle:  <i.,ejaculatoryduct,'«'-  ■'."  "u"'"''''  "'^"''^  °"  ™"''»« 

organ  or  penis.  '""^^ ''"'^'' '*-^- spermatophore  cup;  ,•,(.,  intromittent 

penforium  o7o™riI:;  o'^otrSTr  °'  ''"""'  ^'"-^'™"--  -5-^.  Sus- 
»minal  receptacle;  l.i.Totl^"'narZT,  T' '  '^-  ""'''•"•  ^'-  ""^"^^  '-• 
pouch;  Ovf..  ovipositor.  receptacle;  raj.,    vagina;  be.    copulatory 

follicles  of  the  testes.  There  are  also  usually  accessory  glands  which 
secrete  mucus  that  envelopes  the  spermatozoa  and  ova  (Figs,  arand 

man^''t'"T""''  °[.f  P^^uction  without  fertilization,  occurs  in 
many  ,nsects-m  aphids,  Cynips,  Lasius  (Ant),  and  some  Coccids 


30 


F.cnNouic  F.mimituyr.\ 


Several  generali„l,^  of  ftmales  only  which  l.riiiK  forlh  living  youiiK 
may  occur,  hut  at  intervals  males  appear  and  fertilized  e^gs  arc  laid. 

In  some  species  of  the  ("ecidomyiida;  the  young  are  produced  by 
larva;.  Such  a  method  is  called  padogenrsis.  After  several  genera- 
tions, however,  the  last  larva  pupate  and  form  normal  male  and  female 
flies.  Kxamples  are  Tanylarsut  dhshnilh  and  Miastor  americana 
(F'g-  3,?«). 

Another  method  of  asexual  reproduction,  called  polwmbrvmy 
occurs  in  certain  parasitic  insects,  e.g.,  Polygnolus.  belonging  to  the 
Hymenoptera.  Each  egg  produces  many  embryos,  instead  of  one, 
which  develop  into  as  many  adult  insects  of  the  same  sex. 


Pli;. 


Y.ninK  i):cd()Kcnetic  ,  .rvnj  i,f  .\riastor  in  the  li.,dv  "f  the  mother  Lirva 
(.roully  enlarged.      (Aftrr  Paten  tUchrr  from  Fnl.tom.l 


( 


Tm:  Dkvklopmk.vt  of  Lnskcis 

All  insects  that  reach  maturity  pass  through  two  distinct  stages 
of  development— the  embryonic  changes  within  the  egg,  and  the 
changes  after  leaving  the  egg  until  the  adult  condition  is  reached. 
The  growth  of  the  embryo  within  the  egg  progresses  from  the  seg- 
mentation of  the  ovum  to  the  formation  of  the  blastoderm  with  its 
ventral  plate  and  germinal  groove,  and  the  gradual  growth  of  the 
ectoderm,  mesoderm  and  entoderm,  from  which  layers  the  various 
organs  of  the  body  arise. 

(a)  Embryology.— The  egg  or  ovum  is  a  single  cell  containing— 
(i)  The  nucleus  or  germinal  vesicle,  (j)  The  yolk,  or  nutritive  material. 
(3)  The  cytoplasm.  (4)  The  cell  wall  or  vitelline  membrane.  (5) 
The  egg  shell  or  chorion.  (6)  The  micropyle  or  opening  in  the  chorion 
to  admit  the  spermatoza  (Fig.  34). 

When  the  sperm  nucleus  unites  with  the  nucleus  of  the  egg,  and 
forms  a  segmentation  nucleus,  fertilization  is  accomplished. 

By  division  of  the  segmentation  nucleus  a  large  number  of  nuclei 
are  formed  many  migrating  outward  toward  the  margin  of  the  egg. 
There  a  layer  of  cells  internal  to  the  yolk  membrane  called  the  blasto- 


STRlCTfRK,   GROWTH    AND    K<-..N„MI<S    OK    INSECTS  ,, 

Jj^ is  finally  pr,.,,.,...,,.      .his  s,a«..  .,f  ,he  emi.rvo  i.  kn..w„  a.  ..... 


Flii, 


3J-— Fi.rnialiun  ut  the  blast 


ili-rm  ami  thf  kiti 


„,    ,    ,"  "'usM.ciiTm  an,]  ihc 

m..  Wastoilerm:  Ksl..  (jcnn  band 


,,,''^";''    /*.<'l.'avagcni„ld; 
(■i/lfr   l:s<krri,h.) 


The  blastoderm  thickens  by  cell  division  in  one  region  formin. 
.he  pnmunc  streak  or  ,,rn,  barul  which  presents  in  surface  view  a^oal 
or  elongated  area  along  the  ventral  face  of  the  egg.     So^n  a  grZe 

1 


.'..  dorsal,  ,..  Kerm  band;  *    h'etd  end  otTc  °m  b^nd'i  T'  r""""','-  "'astoderm; 
v<  -ral;  y..  yolk.     (Fob„„  „/,„  Brand!.)  "^ '  "^  '  '"''''•  '-  '"°^»'  "•• 

'  astoderm.     The  hps  oi  the  groove  close  over  the  invaginated  portion 
producng  an  outer  layer,  the  ../«rf.„  or  ../„*/„,  andlhe  Inne'TC; 


3» 


ELONdVlir    KNTDMOUHIY 


i  I 


liu'  ^rriii  l>aii<l  from 
iimuinn,  and  an  ouUt 


Ihc  cnilohlast  (mr.\o-nihiilrriii\.      Tlii^  sia^i'  of  ilu-  tmliryo  is  known  as 
the  Kuslrulti. 

Meanwhile  the  Ijiasloiltrni  is  folilinj;  o\ir 
either  side,  proilueinK  an  inner  memlirane  the 
membrane— the  srroiu  (I'i((.  35). 

Two  types  of  perm  hands  ma\'  be  noted.  The  overgrouti  t)'pe 
retains  its  original  position  (Ki){.  ,10),  and  the  blastoderm  folds  over 
the  germ  band  from  either  side  forming  the  two  layers  amnion  and 
serosa.  In  the  imaginalcil  ty|)e,  seen  in  aphiils  and  Odonata  (Fig.  37), 
the  germ  band  invaginates  into  the  egg  so  that  its  ventral  surface 

faces  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  egg. 
.At  a  later  stage  the  embryo  turns 
and  regains  its  original  position. 

The  germ  band  shows  early 
signs  of  segmentation,  beginning 
first  at  the  anterior  end.  An  in- 
vagination of  the  ectoderm  near 
th.'  anterior  end  forms  the  slomn- 
liisum  or  fore  gut,  anfl  a  similar 
posterior  invagination  forms  the 
proctodcntm  or  hind  gut.  The 
segmentation  shows  about  21  seg- 
ments, &-7  to  the  head,  3  to  the 
thorax,  and  ii-ii  to  the  a' 
men.  On  each  s^'gment  c  ■  1 
the  first  and  last  a  pair  of  tiny  limbs  (buds)  are  seen. 

Soon  the  germ  band  widens  and  closes  over  the  yolk  to  form  tlic 
dorsal  wall. 

Before  dorsal  closure  occurs  the  beginnings  of  the  nerve-cord 
form  in  the  median  groo\'e.  This  primitive  nerve-cord  is  double, 
and  a  pair  of  swellings  in  each  segment  develop  into  the  ganglia  of 
the  ventral  system. 

The  trachese  arise  as  invaginations  of  the  ectoderm. 
The  entoderm  arises  from  the  cndoblast,  the  inner  embryonic  layer, 
as  two  cell  masses  situated  at  either  end  of  the  embryo.     These  masses 
grow  backward  and  forward  respectively,  and  unite  to  form  the  mid 
gut  (mescnlcron) . 

The  rest  of  the  inner  layer  forms  the  mesoderm  from  which  arises 


Fig.  36. — Formation  of  tlie  embryonic 
membranes — mergrown  type.  .\m.  am- 
nion; Ect..  ectoderm;  lint.,  entoderm; 
Ser..  serosa.     {After  Knrschelland Ileidtr.) 


STKUCTURE,   GROWTH   AM)   ECONOMICS   OF   INSECTS  ,, 

.he  Wood  system,  muscle,,  repr.uluclive  ..rRans,  fa..|,o<ly,  etc  The 
.I.v>s,on  of  ihe  mesoderm  into  , wo  layers  produces  pairH  .avi.ie  in 
each  segmcnt-theiW,.m,V /,„,„;,«  (Kij;    ,;) 

hJ-w  **«'^""I*'>»1»-  The  various  changes  (hat  occur  af.er  (he 
hatchmg  of  the  egg  are  comprised  under 

!he  term  metamorphosis.  '(            /' 

After  the  escape  of  the  embryo  from  /""      TVC"^^^ 
ihe  egg  the  development  may  be  (i)  hoh-    {     fFmL^S't  4    ) 

meliibolk,  i.e.,  with  complete  melamorpho-  Vsf/ /l)iv|  '  U-"''  ' 

sis,  the  insect  passing  through  two  disiinct  ififrw^'^'ni 

phases,  lana  and  pupa,  before  assuming  \£r'-m-<^""mx 

Ihe  adult  form;  (2)  helerometabolir,  i.e.,  with  /TCliM.  {?-^R— "  "'* 

incomplete  metamorphosis,  without  a  dis-  ^^^TtW^^'"  '' 

tinct  pupal  stage,  the  larva  being  like  the  W^'W'W^ "* 

adult  but  without  wings  or  mature  repro-  K  \\  \Jc^""  '' 

ductive  organs;  (3)  ametabolic,  i.e.,  without  [nV "TCf;  7 '' 

metamorphosis,  the  young   being  like  the  K\\)   1  L  yff 

adult.     Insects   belonging    to   the   orders  VV^^TllWj ' 

Ncuroptcra,   Mecoptera,    Trichoptera,  \\j)l(C/l "' 

Lepidoptera,  Coleoptera,  IJiptera,  Sipho-  M»^\""  "' 

naptera,  and   Hymenoptera  are  holome-  ^A®)"'"''' 

labolic;   the  Orthoptera,  Platyptera,  Pie-  /J^SV)— «♦ 

toptera,  Odonata,  Ephemerida,   Thysan-  iS&P^ 

■'Ptera,    Homoptera   and    Hemiptera   are  ^'''^iJ^-^'"'' 

rometabolic;    and    the    Thysan  urans  ^Jr-^ 

'    Collembolans  are  ametabolic.     Most  '• ' 
injocts  are  oviparous,  but  some  like  cer-     u   ''"■■  ^' ■~Embryo  of /Kton- 
tain  scale  insects  and  Sarcophagida;   are    !e"„ia:T":.', '':i;do'™i„"a,  t-" 
larviparous.                                                                    pendages;  e..  end  of  abdomen- 

W  .?/a,..-I„  general  two  types  <i'^Z:^p.!t^'X^. 
ot  larvie  are  recognized:  the  thysanuriform  [','''■  "'""<:>':  '"'bs;  m..  mandi- 
and  the  .„,<:,>.„.  The  former  type  is  ^^^^  T^:;:,^^^^. 
considered  quite  generalized  and  primitive  '"  ■  •""'^""'"•■uni.  {From  Foi- 
m  form,  and  is  common  among  the  helero-  "'"  """  '"""' 
metabola^  The  body  is  flattened,  the  legs  an,l  antenna-  are  long 
the  caudal  cerci  are  well-<ieveloped,  and  the  mouth-parts  are 
mandibulate.  ' 

3 


t  .iM'n- 


34 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


The  cruciform  type  prevails  among  the  holometabola.  The  body 
is  cylindrical,  and  the  legs,  antenna;  and  cerci  are  much  reduced. 

Many  transitional  forms,  however,  occur,  and  it  is  believed  that 
the  eruciform  type  has  been  developed  from  the  thysinuriform. 

Ecdysis  or  Moulling.~AU  larvae  shed  their  outer  skin  (cuticula), 
at  intervals  to  allow  for  growth.  The  number  of  moults  varies  in 
different  insects,  but  is  constant  for  the  same  species  under  the  same 
conditions. 

In  the  Lepidoptera  the  larva  is  known  as  a  caterpillar,  and  is  char- 
acterized by  the  possession  of  three  pairs  of  true  legs,  and  usually 


4mi,^ 


Fig.  38. — Types  of  larvs.  o.  Grub  of  asparagus  beetle;  b,  cutworm;  c,  cabbage 
root  maggot;  d,  fall  canker  worm;  e,  maggot  of  honey  bee;  /.  spring  canker  worm; 
i.  false  caterpillar  of  saw  fly;  h — a,  b,  c.  nymphs  of  locust;  i — a,  b,  c.  d,  e,  nymphs  of 
squash  bug.     {After  various  aulkon.) 

five  pairs  of  prolegs  on  the  abdominal  segments.  In  the  Diptera  and 
Hymenoptera  the  larva  is  a  maggot,  characterized  by  the  absence  of 
legs.  In  the  group  of  Saw-flies  of  the  Hymenoptera,  however,  the 
larvx  are  caterpillar-like,  possessing  three  pairs  of  true  legs  and  often 
seven  or  more  pairs  of  prolegs. 

In  the  Coleoptera  the  larva  is  termed  a  grub,  and  has  usually  but 
three  pairs  of  legs  (Fig.  38). 

Classificatioii  of  Lorrs. — Escherich  classifies  larva;  us  follows: 
Primary  Larvd.— Larva  like  the  adult,  and  without  provisional  larval  orgaii 
— Tkymnura,  XfMnpkaia,  Prdktilittir,  Orthopiera,  Iwplera,  Corrodentid. 


STRUCIURE,    GROWTH   AND   ECONOMICS   OF   INSECTS 


.^5 


Lla.KsiJicalwn  of  Tertiary  Liirvce. 
A.  Larva;  without  prolegs. 

B.  Larva:  with  well-formed  sternum. 

C,  Larva:  more  or  less  strongly  chitini^ed;  thorax  or  at  least  the 
prothorax  drffermg  from  the  other  segments  quite  no.icelbly 
large  or  more  strongly  chitini^ed,  or  otherwi'se  sculptured  head 
generally   with   lateral   eye   points.    E.ampla:  Rhaph  dians 

CC.  Larva:  weakly  chitinized,.  soft  skinned,  and  mostly  whitish 
but  w,th  chttmized  dark  head,  thorax  differing  but  mtle  from 
DuVt'tle?""^""     ^•-"•''"•-  W^teOrub!,   Stag  t't'lZ 

BBB.  Larv*  with  sternum  wholly  atrophied  or  undeveloped 

C.  Larva:  with  a  head-capsule  and  typically  formed  mouth-parts 
I..a„ples:  Bark  Beetles,  Snout  Beetles,  Bees,  Wasps  An  ' 
Ichneumons,  Midges.  ""ps,  rtnis, 

CC.  Larv^  without  a  head-capsule  or  well-formed  mouth-part, 
Examples:  Most  Diptera.  ' 

AA.  Larvae  with  prolegs. 

B.  Larva:  usually  with  five  pairs  of  prolegs.    BuUerJIies  and  Molis 
BB.  Larva:  w.th  more  than  five  pairs  of  prolegs.    Saijlle.. 

Provisional  Larval  Orga»..-Provisional  larval  organs  are  tiose 
which  belong  to  the  larva  and  not  to  the  imago.  According  to  Esther 
.    such  organs  represent  adaptations  for  special  functionsfso  tha   the 

:'So£?rs;"-^- --—--" =^ 

the'ffrrnf  .? "-'""^  ''°'''''  ""'""'"''  '"^S'"^'  Characters,  so  that 
Ke  fo  m  of  the  m.ago  remains  more  or  less  evident.  In  "tertiary'' 
arval  forms  the  characters  of  the  imago  are  so  repressed  b>  tho     of  The 

larva  that  a  new  form  unlike  the  imago  results 

Urval  organization  distinct  from  that  of  the  imago  may  be  observed  • 

U)  m  the  amount  of  chitinization,  the  color  and  the'armature  of  ha"t 

br.s„es,  sptncs  of  the  skin;  (.)  in  the  number  of  glands;  (3)  in  the  fo™ 


36  ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 

and  segmentation  of  the  body;  (4)  in  the  development  of  feelers  and 
mouth-parts,  (5)  in  the  number  and  development  of  organs  of  locomotion 
and  (6)  in  the  alimentary,  tracheal  and  nervous  systems.  Examples 
can  be  readily  found  to  illustrate  the  differences  outlined  above. 

Pupal  Stage. — After  a  short  period  of  rest  the  full-grown  larva  of 
holometabolic  forms  changes  to  a  pupa  within  a  pupal  skin.  Usually 
the  outer  skin  is  shed,  but  sometimes,  as  in  the  Diptera,  the  outer  skin 
becomes  a  puparium.    During  the  pupal  stage  not  only  are  all  the 


Fig.  39. — Types  of  pupae.  I.  Asparagus  beetle  (free);  2.  puparium  of  cabbase 
root  maggot  (coarctate);  3,  bud  moth  (obtect);  4,  tobacco  sphinx  (obtect);  5,  malt 
of  maple  scale  (free). 

external  organs  of  the  adult  insect  formed,  but  even  the  internal  organs 
undergo  profound  changes.  The  organs  break  down  and  reform,  ami 
the  structures  are  adapted  to  the  new  creature  with  its  new  mode  of  life. 

In  most  insects  the  pupa  is  quiescent  but  it  is  quite  active  in  the 
Culicidae  and  other  families.  There  is  but  little  difference,  except 
the  presence  of  rudimentary  wings,  between  the  larval  and  pupal 
stages  of  the  insects  belonging  to  the  Hemiptera  and  the  Orthoptera. 

Three  types  of  pupae  are  recognized  (Fig.  39):  (i)  obtect,  where  the 
appendage-  and  body  are  closely  united,  as  in  Lepidoptera  and  some 
Coleoptera;  (3)  free,  where  the  appendages  are  free,  as  in  Neuroptf-a, 


STRUCTURE,   GROWTH   AND  ECONOMICS   OP  INSECTS  37 

Trichoptera,  Coleoptera,  Hymenoptera  and  Nematoceran  Dipera;  and 
(3)  coarctate  in  which  the  entire  pupa  is  surrounded  with  a  hardened 
skin,  and  the  appendages  are  not  outwardly  visible,  e.g.,  higher  Diptera 
(Muscids,  etc). 

Pupae  are  protected  in  different  ways:  (i)  in  puparia,  (j)  in  earthen 
ceUs  in  the  ground,  (3)  in  a  rude  cocoon  in  wood  or  earth,  (4)  in  silken 
cocoons,  (s)  in  folded  leaves,  (6)  as  chrysalids.  Examples  of  the 
above  types  are  everywhere  about  us. 

ItUernal  Changes.~In  the  heteromelabola  the  internal  changes  are 
as  direct  as  the  external  changes.    In  the  holomelabola,  however,  some 


of  the  larval  organs  are  reconstructed  into  imaginal  or  adult  tissues. 
Ihe  imagmal  organs  arise  from  embryonal  tissues  (the  imaginal  buds) 
which  for  the  most  part  remain  practicaUy  dormant  in  the  larval  stage- 
in  the  pupal  stage  the  purely  larval  organs  disappear  and  the  imaginal 
organs  continue  their  development.  Histolysis  is  the  term  used  to  ex- 
press the  destruction  of  larval  tissue  by  leucocytes,  and  histogenesis 
lor  the  construction  of  imaginal  tissues. 

Imaginal  Buds.~The  reproductive  organs,  the  dorsal  vessel   and 
the  nervous  system  graduaUy  mature,  but  many  of  the  organs  develop 


38 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


from  "buds"  in  the  larva.  In  the  caterpillar,  for  example,  from  the 
inner  skin  or  hypodermis  arise  buds  which  develop  into  the  wings 
and  legs  of  the  butterfly.  In  a  midge  or  fly  the  head  with  the  eyes, 
feelers,  and  jaws,  are  developed  by  an  inpushing  of  the  skin.  The  food- 
canal,  glands,  and  air-tubes  of  a  moth  or  a  bee  arise  from  imaginal 
buds. 

Imago  or  Adtdt  Slage.—The  pupa  transforms  into  the  imago  or 
adult  insect.  On  the  splitting  of  the  pupal  case  the  full-grown  perfect 
insect  emerges. 

(c)  Hypennetamoiphosis. — With  some  insects  more  than  two 
intermediate  stages  may  be  noted  in  metamorphosis.  In  Meloe  the 
young  larva  (Iriungulin)  is  thysanurif orm ;  later  it  resembles  a  lamel- 
licorn  larva,  being  cylindrical,  fleshy,  and  less  active  (the  scarabmdoid 
stage),  then  a  pseudo-pupa  (the  coardate  stage),  and  later  a  legless 
eruciform  lana.  In  Epicauta  also  triungulate,  carabidoid,  scara- 
bceidoid  and  coarctate  or  pseudo-pupa  stages  occur  (Fig.  40).  In 
Platygaster,  a  proctotrypid,  the  following  supplementary  larval  stages 
are  observed:  (i)  the  cyclops,  (2)  the  oval,  and  (3)  the  elliptical. 


di 


Losses  Due  to  Insects 

While  everyone  will  acknowledge  the  fact  that  damage  is  done  by 
insects,  the  enormity  of  the  losses  is  not  generally  recognized.  How- 
ever, fairly  reliable  data  covering  such  losses  for  several  decades 
in  the  United  States  are  available  in  State  and  Federal  records. 

Every  person  admits  large  losses  due  to  such  pests  as  Potato  Beetle. 
Codling  Moth,  San  Jose  Scale,  Tent-caterpillar,  Cattle  Horn  Fly. 
and  Grasshoppers,  but  later  pages  will  show  many  other  injurious 
forms  that  remain  practically  unobserved  by  the  average  person,  on 
account  of  their  small  size,  or  their  underground  or  boring  habits 
The  damage  they  do  is  often  attributed  to  other  causes,  and  frequenth 
reports  are  unreliable,  unless  corroborated  by  competent  observers 

The  following  estimate  is  based  on  statistics  prepared  by  expert- 
and  published  in  the  Year  Book,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculturi. 
The  loss  on  farm  products,  such  as  cereals,  hay  and  forage,  cotton,  tc 
bacco,  truck  crops,  sugars,  fruits,  farm  forests,  miscellaneous  crop- 
and  animal  products,  valued  at  8370  millions  of  dollars  in  1909,  1- 
greater  than  10  per  cent,  for  there  is  a  loss  of  972  millions,  not  inclu(;- 


j  STRUCTURE,   GROWTH   AND   ECONOMICS    OF   INSECTS  39 

ing  those  in  connection  with  natural  forests  and  forest  products  and 
products  m  storage,  which  would  make  a  probable  total  loss  of 'over 
one  bilhon  dollars.  The  losses  are  estimaled  at  $.,,82,000000  for 
1915,  and  81,400,000,000  for  1517  (J.  Ec.  Ent.,  Feb.,  1918) 

Estimates  of  the  losses  inflicted  by  insect  pests  on  the  farm  products 
of  Canada  are  mainly  based  on  similar  ones  for  the  United  States 
.^t  the  present  time  it  is  difficult  to  form  a  reliable  estimate  of  average 
annual  losses  due  to  insects  from  Canadian  records.  In  some  of  the 
older  provinces  fairly  complete  records  covering  a  series  of  years 
are  available,  but  in  the  newer  provinces  the  records  are  incomplete 
Estimates  have  been  made  of  the  losses  from  some  of  the  more 
serious  pests  that  occasionally  cause  great  damage,  such  as  the  Hessian 
tly  and  the  Pea  Weevil.  In  Ontario  the  loss  from  the  Hessian  Flv 
in  each  of  the  years  1900  and  1901  was  about  two  and  one-half  million 
dollars,  and  from  the  Pea  Weevil  in  1902  over  two  millions. 

If,  however,  the  percentage  loss  in  the  United  States,  viz.,  10  per 
cent,  be  taken  as  a  fair  basis  for  insect  loss  in  Canada  it  can  be  readily 
reckoned  that  the  total  loss  every  year  in  that  country  exceeds  100 
millions  of  dollars. 

Beneficial  Insects 

While  the  damage  done  by  insects  is  enormous  it  must  not  be  sup- 
posed  that  all  insects  are  injurious.  As  a  matter  of  fact  there  are  more 
insects  that  are  either  beneficial  or  non-injurious  than  there  are  in- 
jurious forms.  Man  owes  much  to  the  beneficial  insects  for  their  good 
service  in  keeping  the  injurious  forms  in  check. 

The  fact  that  most  plants  with  colored  flowers  are  largely  dependent 
upon  the  visits  of  insects  for  their  fertilization  and  the  setting  of  their 
fruit  should  make  it  quite  evident  that  insects  play  a  most  important 
part  m  the  economy  of  nature,  and  are  no  mean  things  after  all.  Let 
one  reflect  for  a  moment  on  the  loss  to  the  world  if  the  blossoms  of  apple 
plum,  peach,  grape,  strawberry  and  raspberry  among  fruits  were  not 
crtilized  by  bees  and  wasps;  if  the  clovers  were  not  visited  by 
bees  and  if  the  hundreds  of  beautiful  wild  flowers  of  ti,e  fields  and 
meadows  were  allowed  to  die  without  setting  seeds 

In  addition,  one  should  not  forget  the  part  played  by  scavenger 
and  carrion  insects  that  feed  upon  dead  an.l  decaving  organic  matter 
Ihey  help  to  make  our  surroundings  purer  and  cleaner.     Besides 


40 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


\ 


"insects  constitute  the  most  important  portion  of  the  food  of  adult 
fresh  water  fishes,  furnishing  40  per  cent,  of  their  food,"  according 
to  Dr.  Forbes,  of  Illinois.  They  also  furnish  food  for  most  of  our  birds, 
and  this  food  may  consist  of  many  noxious  forms. 

There  are  also  many  insects  that  are  decidedly  beneficial,  inas- 
much as  they  prey  upon  injurious  forms  or  are  parasitic  upon  them. 
At  the  present  time  a  great  experiment  is  being  conducted  in  Massa- 
chusetts for  the  suppression  of  the  gypsy  and  brown-tail  moths  by  the 
importation  of  certain  parasitic  insects  from  Europe  and  Japan 
(see  Part  IV).  From  an  economic  point  of  view  it  is  important  for 
us  to  know  the  beneficial  forms  so  that  we  may  not  unwittingly  destroy 
them.  Few  persons,  perhaps,  fully  recognize  the  valuable  work  done 
by  the  modest  lady-bird  beetles  in  keeping  plant-lice  within  bounds.- 
Without  their  intervention  it  is  quite  probable  that  most  plants  would 
die  from  the  attacks  of  the  fast  reproducing  plant-lice.  Ground-beetles 
are  also  important  agents  in  the  destruction  of  injurious  larva,  and 
their  value  can  hardly  be  estimated. 

Beneficial  insects  may,  therefore,  be  classified  into: 

(a)  Those  that  prey,  or  are  parasitic,  upon  injurious  forms  (en- 
tomophagous)  such  as  lady-bird  beetles,  ground  beetles,  parasitic 
diptera  and  hymenoptera,  etc. 

(b)  Those  that  pollinate  plants,  such  as  bees,  wasps,  moths,  etc. 

(c)  Those  that  play  the  part  of  scavengers,  feeding  upon  dead  or 
decaying  organic  matter,  such  as  carrion  beetles,  etc. 

(d)  Those  that  serve  as  food  for  fresh-water  fishes,  birds,  etc. 

(e)  Those  that  secrete  or  elaborate  substances  of  commercial 
value  to  man,  such  as  honey-bee,  lac  insect,  cochineal  insect,  silk- 
worm, etc. 

Berlese  divides  entomophagous  insects  into  predatory  and  endopha- 
gous.  Predatory  insects  are  those  which  devour  other  insects  and  their 
eggs  outside  the  maternal  body;  while  endophagous  insects  are  those 
which  enter  the  body  or  eggs  of  their  victim  and  destroy  th»  1. 

Some  entomophagous  insects  feed  exclusively  on  one  speci,.^,  .shilc 
others  feed  on  several  species  (polyphagous) .  From  the  standpoint  ol 
eflSciency  in  the  destruction  of  injurious  species  Berlese  arranges  them 
in  the  following  order: 

I.  Those  preying  on  a  single  species  and  having  few  enemies  am 
adverse  factors,  e.g.,  Nonius  cardinalis,  Pruspallella  berlesei,  etc. 


I  STRUCTURE,   GROWTH  AND  ECONOMICS   OF   INSECTS  41 

■  2/'''>'P''»8<'"s  endophagous  species  which  are  themselves  sub- 

^  ^1.::^^:!"'°"  ^-^  --'  ^^'^  -y  ^^--  ^-o..:::. 

3-  Predators  with  special  victims,  e.g.,  many  lady-birds 
4.  Polyphagous  predatory  species;  Calosoma. 
Entomophagous  insects  include  members  of  the  Coleoptera  Hymen- 
optera,  D.ptera  Hemiptera  and  Neuroptem.    The  coleopteTousmem- 

The  lady-hrds  are  small,  convex,  nearly  hemispherical  bee  e 
generaUy  red  or  yellow  and  spotted.     Their  antenn^  or  ?  ele  s  are 
club-shaped,  and  their  tarsi  are  apparently  three-jointed.    TheTfeed 

TulwHorr"-'  ''f  ''.^  ''''  •"  '"«"  ^P-'-'  -^  "-PeciaUy 
\aiuable  for  keepmg  plant-lice  in  check. 

So  Je'^hi"''*  °^  'ady-birds  are  quite  active  and  hunt  for  their  prey. 
Some  bear  spmes,  whUe  others  are  protected  by  fine  white  down 
Ground-beetles  (Carabid^)  are  active  forms  that  live  on  the  surface 

Th  v'f-r      H  ^''"  "'  ""^"^  •"^''''  *""  -"«  "-«  bright  coll" 
They  hide  under  stones  or  boards  in  the  day-time  I)ut  leave  the  r 
shelters  at  night.    They  destroy  large  numbers  of  caterpilla^  such  a 
cutworms,  canker-worms,  tent-caterpUIars,  and  the  gruC   ^urcuHo 
The  Iarv»  feed  underground  on  the  larv«  of  leaf-feLng  insects 

and^ltStilr  ''''''''''  ^"'^""-  ^^---^^  -- 
J'e^r-beelles  {Cicindelida:)  are  carnivorous  insects,  and  are  most 

ve  Vi"vef  them  T  ^'"^  '"'"'^'  "'"'""«^'  ^-^^'-''^y  "abU 
rlt  J  7  .^         their  common  name.     In  structure  they  are  closely 

I^X^Zt-^'  ^"^  ""^ '''- '-'  ^'-^'^^^ — 

The  larvffi  of  these  beetles  live  in  holes  in  the  ground  and  prey  unon 
unwary  .nsects.  They  have  large  heads,  immense  jaws,  long^sp'awling 
legs,  and  two  prominent  humps  on  the  back  ^       '      ^  P  awung 

mosUy  pfS'f ""  '"""  """'  ^"^  ""P"^'^"'  ''-^fi"'"  fo™^. 

Ickneumon-flies  {IchneumonUa:)  vary  greatly  in  size,  and  the  females 

Of  some   species   possess   a   protruding   ovipositor.     A   common  ex- 

mple  IS  Megarhyssa  (Thalessa)  a  very  long  tailed  ichneumon    whkh 

^nsr  T'^T'^^'''  T ''''""  ''''""^^  •'--^  -"  '•^p-i '- 

egs  beside  the  larval  Tremex  (Fig.  41);  other  common  ichneumons  are: 


42 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


Tragus,  which  parasitizes  the  chrysalids  of  Pa^i/jo;  and  Ophion,-a. 
form  with  a  compressed  body,  which  lives  on  the  Polyphemus  moth 
and  yellow-necked  caterpillar. 

The  Braconids  (Braconida)  are  smaller  and  are  also  parasitic.  The 
most  common  genera  are  Microgaster,  whose  cocoons  are  often  found 
on  the  backs  of  sphinx  and  cabbage  butterfly  larva;  and  Aphidius  which 
parasitizes  plant-lice. 

Ckalcids  or  chalcis  flies  (Chalddida)  are  minute  metaUic  insects. 
One   ,,ecies,  Pleromalus  puparum,  is  a  parasite  of  the  chrysalids  of  the 


Fit.  41.— Female  of  Megarhyssa  (Thalessa)  ovipositing. 


Another,  Aphelinus,  is  parasitic  on  scale  insects 


cabbage  butterfly, 
(see  also  p.  354). 

Proctolrypids  are  very  minute  parasitic  hymenoptera  often  pre>- 
ing  upon  the  eggs  of  other  insects. 

Besides  these  parasitic  forms  there  are  predaceous  Hymenopter.i. 
such  as  the  mud-wasps,  digger-wasps,  wood-wasps,  etc.,  that  feed  their 
larvie  on  insects.  They  fiU  the  brood  cells  with  caterpillars,  grass- 
hoppers, plant-lice,  or  grubs  of  small  beetles  or  flies.  Sphecius  mak.s 
use  of  cicadas  as  food  for  its  young. 

Several  families  of  the  Diptera  are  either  parasitic  or  predaceoiv 
The  two  best  known  are  the  Tachinids  and  the  Syrphids. 

Tackinids  or  tachina  flics  (Tachinida)  are  bristly  flies  closely  relai  li 
to  the  ordinary  house-flies.     They  parasitize  many  kinds  of  caterpill::  rs 


STRUCTURE.   GROWTH   AXD    ECONOMICS   OF   INSECTS  43 

The  Ilemiplera  include  a  few  benpfirni  f„r,«  ..     .    . 

■»  the  as«tssi„-bug  family  (ZlJZf  rJ  '  """f^'  ''''""«'"« 
ing  the  blood  of  ofher  insect  s'^^  v^"'  "^."•■''=''-"^.  «"ck- 
.a„  a.  auaced.    ThelTl^-inJir^aJtirr ''  '■"^■'"^'- 

..  S:f:d^?;:j:-rS-'.--v..-«^^^ 

over  •  ^  inch  long. 

7'Ae  Slink  Bug  Family  (Penlalomida) 
a  so  furnishes  a  few  beneficial  species 
although  a  very  large  percentage  of  the 
species  IS  injurious  to  plant  life.  Two 
common  forms  are.-  Podisus  spinosus 
(spmed  tree  bug)  destroys  potato  beetles 
and  currant  worms,  and  Perillus  circum- 
cmclus  which  appeared  recently  in  large 
numbers  in  potato  fields  where  it  de- 
stroyed potato  beetles  (Fig.  42). 

The  Damsel  Bugs  (X abide,)  prty  upon 
leaf-hoppers. 

The  Ambush   Bugs    (Phmtalida)  are 

'ZtTT'  M ''™^''"^  '"'"  """""^"  °f  -J""»"«  injects, 

rt  very  long.     The  genus  Ckrysopa  is  the  main  one  in  the  familv 

en.^.s   mandibirVt;r X:-r:-rS-^ 

ar/ofterirfr~.''  """""^  "'^^  """"y  °'  ""'  P-ar7pa'2  ts 
often  mfested  wuh  parasites  which  reduce  very  appreciably  the 


Pig.  42— Perillus  circum- 
cmctus.  an  enomy  cif  the  Colo- 
rado pfjtato  beetle. 


44 


ECONOMIC  ENTOUOLOGY 


eflectiveneiM  of  the  primary.    Frequently,  however,  these  secondary 
forms  are  infested  with  tertiary  parasites. 

In  the  control  of  injurious  forms  it  i<i  evident  that  primary  parasites 
are  beneficial,  secondary  harmful  and  tertiary  beneficial,  on  the  other 
hand,  when  beneficial  insects  are  parasitized  the  primary  are  harmful, 
the  secondary  beneficial  and  the  tertiary  harmful. 


Inskcts  and  Birds 

When  it  is  known  that  about  two-thirds  of  the  food  of  our  common 
birds  consists  of  insects,  it  becomes  evident  that  the  agency  of  birds 
in  the  control  of  insects  is  of  the  highest  importance.  The  seasonal 
diet  of  the  robin,  bluebird,  catbird,  king-bird,  flycatchers,  chickadee, 
wren,  swallow,  woodpecker,  cuckoo,  night-hawk,  warblers,  oriole  and 
many  other  birds  has  been  carefully  studied  in  recent  years,  with  the 
resulting  discovery  that  insects  form  in  most  cases  their  only  food,  and 
only  at  certain  seasons  are  small  fruits  eaten. 

Birds  are  no  doubt  of  special  value  to  the  farmer  in  nipping  incipi- 

i  ent  scourges  in  the  bud  on  account  of  their  ability  to  move  rapidly  from 

,  place  to  place  in  search  of  food,  and  on  account  of  their  varied  character 

(  and  habits.    Especially  is  this  true  of  our  winter  birds  which  search 

I  j  every  cranny  and  nook  for  the  hibernating  forms  of  insects  at  a  season 

:  1  when  every  form  destroyed  means  in  most  cases  the  absence  of  hundreds 

or  thousands  of  their  progeny  the  following  summer. 

,  f  An  international  treaty  between  Great  Britain  and  the  Uniteil 

States  for  the  protection  of  migratory  birds  in  the  United  States  an^l 
Canada  was  signed  in  Washington  in  August,  igi6.  For  many  years  the 
numbers  of  such  birds  had  been  decreasing  to  such  an  extent,  through 
careless  and  indiscriminate  slaughter,  that  the  agricultural  and  forest 
crops  of  the  two  countries  were  in  danger  of  suffering  serious  lossi> 
from  insect  depredations.  It  was  deemed  advisable,  therefore,  in 
the  in  -ests  of  the  two  countries  to  adopt  a  uniform  system  of  birl 
protection,  such  as  the  treaty  provides.  The  most  important  provisiuii 
relates  to  close  seasons,  viz:  (i)  a  close  season  on  migratory  gan  o 
birds  from  March  loth  to  September  ist  except  for  maritime  shon- 
birds  when  the  close  season  is  from  February  ist  to  August  15I -: 

(2)  an  open  season  for  three  and  one-half  months  for  wild  fowl;  :iii  I 

(3)  a  close  season  throughout  the  year  on  insectivorous  birds. 


STRUCTURE,   GROWTH  AND   ECONOMICS   OF   INSECTS 

Inter-relations  Betwkkn  Inskcts  and  Plants 


45 


I  he  ulea  of  mter-rclaUuns  m  Nature  was  first  emphasized  hy  Spren- 
gel,  Darwn  and  Muller,  and  later  ecological  studies  reveal  still  more 
clearly  how  all  Nature  is  linked  together  into  a  system,  one  parade- 
pendent  upon  another  in  an  intricate  web  of  life.  Disturbances  in  one 
porfon  of  the  system  are  followe,!  by  disturbances  in  another, 
n    th,s   chapter   reference   is   made   to  some  of   the   relations   be- 

\ZT>  ""'T.u  """"■  '"■■'"'-''="  '""'''''  ""''  ^"'i^'  ""'l  I'etween 
m  ects  and  the^  parasites.  Numerous  other  relations  might  be 
mentioned  but  these  are  sufficient  to  show  that  a  knowledge  of  these 
relations  .s  an  important  part  of  the  equipment  of  the  economic 
entomologist  who  would  deal  successfully  with  the  problems  confronting 

In  a  region  undisturbed  by  man  the  various  parts  of  the  system  of 
Nature  have  practically  reached  a  state  of  balance  through  the  ceaseles 
ac  ion  for  long  ages  of  the  "struggle  for  existence."  Plant  stTugZ 
mth  plant,  animal  with  animal.and  both  with  the  environment.  With 
the  advent  of  man,  however,  the  balance  has  been  disturbed  by  the 
clearing  o  the  forests,  the  cultivation  and  drainage  of  the  land  thi 
growing  of  crops,  and  the  introduction  of  foreign  plants  and  ani;als 
since  tJie  new  set  of  conditions  will  be  favorable  to  the  increase  in  num- 
bers of  certain  plants  and  animals,  including  insects,  and  unfavorable 
to  others     This  disturbance  is  often  widespread.    Favored  insects 

ntiedH T.'  T""^  T  '""""'  "'  '"^  '"'""''-'  -PP'y  of  food  r! 
n,shed  by  the  cultivated  crops,  faster  at  first  than  their  parasitic  enemies  • 
and  insectivorous  animals  such  as  snakes,  toads,  birds  and  predaceous 
insects  will  be  deprived  of  the  necessary  shelter  and  hiding  placL  by 
the  clearing  of  the  land,  and  become  less  abundant 

On  the  other  hand  insects  not  favored,  by  the  destruction  of  their 
food  plants  under  the  new  conditions,  will  diminish  in  numbers 
as  will  also  their  parasites,  both  sometimes  no  doubt  to  the  verge  of 

ZZT-  ;  "TT'  ,"  '^  ""^"""^^  "'^  '^''-'  -"'"'-"s  again 
f.vor  the  insect  it  will  multiply  very  rapidly  because  the  development 
of  he  parasite  lags  behind  its  host.  Moreover,  there  is  always  a 
mit  to  the  increase  of  the  parasite,  otherwise  it  would  exterminate 
Its  host,  and  eventually  itself. 

Alany  examples  of  inter-relaUonships  among  insects  in  addition 


'     'I 


'il 


46 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


!; 


to  that  of  parasite  and  host  might  be  given.  Certain  ants  attcn<i 
certain  plant-lice  with  the  object  of  feeding  upon  the  nectar  excreted 
and  not  of  feeding  upon  the  plant-lice  as  some  ignorantly  suppose. 
Forbes  has  shown  that  the  corn-root  plant-louse  is  actually  dependent 
upon  the  brown  ant,  I.asius  itiger  amerUanus,  for  its  existence,  for  its 
transfer  to  suitable  winter  quarters,  to  suitable  weeds  in  early  spring, 
and  finally  to  the  corn  itself. 

In  bumble-bees'  nests  one  may  often  fiml  a  rclate<l  bee,  Psilhyrus, 
living  as  a  guest  and  fed  by  the  worker  bumble-bees.  This  guest  bei' 
is  not  content  to  live  quietly  in  the  nest;  she  often  <lestroys  the  Bombus 
queen  and  gets  "the  poor  workers  to  rear  her  young  instead  of  their 
own  brothers  and  sisters"  (Sladen). 

AnU'  nests  or  formicaries  often  contain  a  motley  crew  of  other 
insects,  among  which  arc  rove-beetles,  pill-beetles,  fly  larva-,  small 
crickets,  thieving  ants,  and  parasites-the  majority  being  thieves  and 
robbers. 

Again,  no  satisfactory  explanation  has  yet  been  given  for  thi 
preferences  many  insects  exhibit  in  their  feeding  habits.  As  ex 
amples,  we  are  at  a  loss  to  know  why  in  some  districts  the  wheal 
midge  does  more  damage  to  spring  wheat  than  it  does  to  fall  wheat; 
why  the  Hessian  fly  injures  certain  varieties  of  wheat  more  than 
others;  why  the  grape  blossom  midge  injures  the  early  varieties  oi 
grapes  most:  why  tlie  Leconte  and  Kieffer  pears  are  practicallx 
immune  from  the  San  Jose  scalu  iiiiil  the  white  peach  scale;  wh> 
the  Northern  Spy  apple  is  not  troubled  with  the  woolly  aphis;  wh) 
the  Red  Dutch  cabbages  are  free  from  uhe  cabbage  root  maggot, 
why  the  spiny  elm  caterpillar  and  the  European  elm  scale  prefer  ths 
American  elm  to  the  imported  English  elm;  why  the  European  elm 
saw-fly  and  the  elm  leaf  beetle  prefer  the  European  elm  to  tin 
American;  why  the  forest  caterpillar  attacks  the  sugar  maple  n 
preference  to  the  soft  maple;  why  the  maple  scale  prefers  the  sn  . 
maple  to  the  sugar  maple;  why  the  apple  maggot  is  more  injurio.  - 
to  sweet  and  sub-acid  summer  varieties  than  to  fall  and  winter-a.':  1 
varieties;  why  the  brown  mite  is  seldom  seen  in  c|uincc  and  apric.i 
and  why  the  phylloxera  is  more  injurious  to  the  European  vine  th:::i 
to  the  native  American  species. 

Long-continueii  ubscrvation.s  show   that  there  are  "all  grades     , 
association  between  plants  and  insects  from  most  casual  contact     . 


S«UCTU«E,   C.OWTH   AKO   KCONoM.CS   or   .K.,crS  4, 

«x-ed,  yucca,  on  r    lin.r  ."  '^  1"'''''  "■'  '"  ''••«'""'^''  '"»•  -"i'"'- 
much  adaptation  on  the  par,  ..f  XlsecL  '"" "'"  ^'"'""''>- 

mwVrf^,  V,y^,V/«  ^2^2  m*ect»  belongmg  to  the  families  ( >,,,/;. 

Mite.  lAc:!:^^^^a::J^'%^;;^  -!'  '>f'f  «/</<.. 

Krowing  tissue  and  the  larva  P.r„l  .^  ^    ?  ''"^  "  '^"'  *'"''"  ">e 

growth'    The  .ranl^orl    L™  ^^^^^^f « 'f  ^^ 

escapes  to  make  new  galls  '^''"'  *"''  ">^  «''"" 

.'"cS''^.'''^nL:rii ''"'''"''''  °^  "-^  '--^  "™- 

conUinbothsugarandTtlr Randan    '"'."T'  '"  ""^  '''"'^'"^''  '""" 
.He  larva  and  fhe  Kro:r„;ti;s'oT.r:i;"""'™'''^*^'''- '"'»''' 

'^^-'^:!i:z:S::t^:Z';  """"'^ ''-'  ^^  "■-  --''-•  Menus' 

;-^^^   the  captured   insect.   i„.^:;:i,''2:S,n-|;;^ 

attempts' have  been  m  de  .!  cttroHn"'  -^/-quently  epidemic,  and 
■ion  and  distributioHu:  i  cTa^  .^  '"S;!?  'h'  ^  ''T ^^- 
'xperiment  of  this  nature  was  cirri.  ITh  n  .  ^  "'"  ''"''  ''"°^" 
asainst  the  chinch  bug  in  hTmi  sff,  I 'T'"' ^^- ^''^''- 
cultures  of  the  fungus  ^^iS^  ^Jj ^J'^t  ^f "'''"  ."' 
m-.erately  successful,  for  it  was  found  that  th.  ,^'  "'*'  ""'^ 

■n  moist  seasons,  but  not  in  dry  ones  ^.n^helT'^r"'^  "'''"'^ 
"ous.     There  is  no  doubt,  however    that  ^hlf  '^'  ""^  '"J"" 

'actor  in  lessening  the  severity  :rti::  iltct's    .  X  '^  ^"  ""''""^"' 
_Jn  South  Africa,  Algeria  and  Argentina  thelocost  has  been  con 
■-^^^    by   the    introduction   of   bacterial   culture,   of   Co^^^ 


48 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


acridiorum,  but  in  other  regions  where  the  weather  conditions  are  not 
so  favorable  this  method  has  not  met  with  success. 

In  the  southern  States  the  San  Jose  scale  is  often  attacked  by 
Spharostilbe  coccophila,  but  as  a  means  of  control  artificial  propagation 
of  the  disease  on  a  large  scale  has  not  been  successful. 

Tent-caterpillars,  brown-tail  and  gipsy  moth  caterpillars  are  de- 
stroyed in  large  numbers  by  bacterial  disease. 

Following  is  a  list  of  the  more  important  entomogenous  fungi: 

Empusa  musae  on  flies,  E.  grylli  on  crickets,  etc.  and  E.  aphidh 
on  plant-Uce.  Entomophthora  aphidis  on  plant-hce,  and  E.  sphccro- 
sperma  on  many  caterpillars.  Cordyceps  milUaris  on  larvx  and  pups 
of  white  grubs,  wireworms  and  some  lepidopterous  forms.  Most  of 
the  conidial  forms  of  Isaria  and  Sporotrichum  belong  to  the  ascus 
genus  Cordyceps. 

Bolrylis,  Verticillium,  Cladosporium,  ^gerita  and  Fusarium  attack 
many  kinds  of  insects,  especially  scale  insects,  plant-lice,  white  flies 
and  the  chrysalids  of  moths. 

Future  investigations  will  probably  lead  to  the  better  utilization 
of  fungi  in  the  control  of  many  of  the  most  noxious  insects. 

Insects  as  Carriers  of  Plant  Diseases 

Flea-beetles  by  eating  holes  in  the  leaves  of  potato  permit  the  en- 
trance of  the  spores  of  Early  Blight  {Macrosporium  solani)  with  conse- 
quent parUal  destruction  of  the  leaves.  It  has  also  been  shown  fairly 
conclusively  that  certain  aphids  and  other  insects'  act  as  carriers  ol 
Twig  Blight  {Bacillus  amylovorus)  of  apples  and  pears,  that  the 
beet  leaf-hopper  (Eutettix  lendla)  transmits  to  sugar  beets  the  "Curl; 
Leaf"  disease,  and  it  is  now  believed  that  the  squash  bug  (Anna 
tristis),  the  striped  cucumber  beetle  (D.  mllala),  the  12-spotted  cu- 
cumber beetle  {D.  ii-punctaia),  the  cucumber  flea-beetle  (Epilnx 
cucumeris),  the  melon  aphis  (Aphis  gossypii),  and  the  ij-spolled 
lady-beetle  (Epilachna  borealis)  frequently  inoculate  the  stems  of  cui 
bits  with  the  cucurbit  wilt  (Bacillus  Iracheiphilus).  Again,  the  pi-iic- 
tures  made  by  the  plum  curculio  in  plum,  cherry  and  peach  permit 
entrance  of  the  spores  of  the  Brown  Rot  Disease  (Sclerotinia/rucHgeid, 
■Gossard  mentions  among  others  Aphis  menu,  Empoasca  malt,  Eccopiot  uirr 
rugulosus,  and  Lygus  pralensis.  "Any  sucking  insect  can  become  a  carrier,  alsc 
insect  with  the  bark-burrowing  habit." 


™»CIO«.,   0,0„„  „„   ,C„„«,C,   O,   „„CTS  „ 

Tree  crickets  {(Ecanlhus)  are  sai.i  to  l,e  rcs„„„sil,|e  f,.r  fl„.  ,„       i 

Insects  and  Disease 

(Consult  "'';^>'^^ofJ,.4u^En.^,o,y  by  Riley  and  Joha„n«„,  and 
Af  cdKd;  a»i  Velermary  Enlomclogy  by  Herras  ) 

Insects  and  arachnidans  cause  disease  in  one  or  more  of  the  fol 
owmg  ways:  by  direu  >nfeaion,  that  is  by  the  introduZn  of  a  pItLo 
genic  organism  into  the  circulation,  as  in  the  case  of  ^       f     i 

So?si- r  ^is^LJitS^"^^"  ^^---  -  - 

Group  A.-Characteristically  insect-borne  diseases. 
Uoup  B.-Often  insect-borne  diseases. 
Group  C— Possibly  insect-borne  diseases 

Lnder  Group  A  are  included  malarial  fever,  yellow  fever  filariasi, 
RoT"  V""''  '"^'"^  '"'"■  •^"•^""''^  P'^^-.  African  'ticl.,' 

ofiefrnd'ttir'"'' '-'-'  "^ "-'  ^"'^  '^^^^  -<^  --  ^v^; 

^,S^ZL::::;^  '-^°'''  ^-  -°-  <^-ntery. 

beriS'LS  wafe'rYV"!"'''  ''f ''"^'  "'"■^^'  P^''-^-- 'footworn,, 
.J2:  '  '"^  '''*P''"«  ^""  "f  ■"'"•^  "^"i  equine  infectious 


hi 

'it 

i! 


ijl     ■II 


so 


ECONOMIC   RNTOMOIOGY 


Anopheles  Mosquito  and  Malaria: 

Malarial  fever  and  ague  were  common  a  generation  ago,  and  our 
fathers  vaguely  attributed  the  disease  to  the  presence  of  swamps 
whose  numbers  have  fortunately  been  greatly  reduced  by  drainage. 

The  story  of  the  discovery  of  the  causal  organism  andof  its  life- 
history  in  connection  with  the  Anopheles  mosquito  is  one  of  the  in- 
teresting chapters  in  modern  biological  investigation.  The  organism 
belongs  to  the  amoeboid  Protozoa  and  was  discovered  by  Laveran, 
a  French  army  surgeon,  in  1880.  The  part  of  Anopheles  as  a  second 
or  intermediate  host  of  the  malarial  organism  was  worked  out  later 
by  Doctors  Manson  and  Ross.  (A  full  account  of  the  discovery  will  be 
found  in  Kellogg's  "American  Insects.") 

The  malarial  Plasmodium  on  gaining  access  to  the  human  body 
lives  within  a  red  blood-corpuscle  and  thrives  at  the  expense  of  the 
haemoglobin.  A  characteristic  excretory  product  in  affected  cells 
is  the  black  granules  of  melanin.  In  48  hours  the  Plasmodium  reaches 
maturity  and  divides  into  many  spores,  termed  merozoiles,  which  arc 
set  free  in  the  blood.  These  soon  enter  new  blood-corpuscles  and 
reach  maturity  in  48  hours  as  before.  This  production  of  spores  coin- 
cides with  the  characteristic  "chill"  of  ague,  and  is  followed  by  a  fever 
when  the  spores  enter  the  blood-corpuscles.  As  a  result  of  the  de- 
struction of  the  red  blood-cells  the  patient  becomes  anamic.  Certain 
of  these  spores,  however,  make  no  attempt  to  enter  new  blood-corpuscles 
and  may  remain  in  the  blood  for  an  indefinite  period.  These  are  the 
gametes — the  micro-  and  macro-gametes — which,  if  taken  into  the 
stomach  of  an  Anopheles  mosquito,  will,  however,  undergo  further 
development.  The  male  or  micro-gamete  produces  a  number  "f 
whip  like  threads  or  fiagella,  which  are  capable  of  uniting  with  tlie 
female  or  macro-gametes,  producing  vermicules  or  ookinetes.  These 
penetrate  into  the  wall  of  the  stomach  of  the  mosquito  where  they 
rest  as  cysts,  forming  little  lumps  on  the  outer  surface.  These  cysts 
mature  in  about  ten  days  and  burst,  liberating  large  numbers  of 
sporo-blasts  into  the  body  cavity,  whence  they  find  their  way  to  t'le 
salivary  glands.  When  such  an  affected  mosquito  bites  a  humin 
being  these  spores  are  injected  into  the  blood  and  enter  the  red  cr- 
puscles.  It  will  be  seen,  therefore,  that  ordinarily  the  Anophc  es 
mosquito  is  the  only  agency  for  the  transmission  of  malaria  to  n  m 
(Fig-  43)- 


STRTTCTURE,   GROWTH  AND  ECONOMICS 


^-mng  sc-hizont,  which  .nters  a  re,?  I,  ^^h'         "P""^™"^  ''"^comfs  a  schizont.     j. 
'.l.od  corpuscle.     4.  Fullg'own  ,chi,oi°°^  <:orpuscla.     3,  Ynung  schizont  in  a  red 

5    Nuclear  divsio^  Pr"pafa°ry  ,0  sporula"!""'^  S"""""^  «'''""'" ''' '"'^'-''>- 
■n.m  a  single  mother-cell       ,    You„»  ^=  6-  Spores,  or  merozoites,  derived 

-«  and  situated  in  a    ed  blood  corrscl?''":"'^^'^'""'^''. ''="^•'='1  '""  ^  "-"O" 
J>  rived  from  a  mero^ite.     8    Fuw3w„  „='  ""*  m.crogametocyte  (male) 

"-netocvte.     I„  .„.„es  8  and  s  ™'  r^rlAc  fs  X"!"';     'f   P""-"™'"'-  ">-«- 
'l«ito;  or  else  remains  in  the  hur^rn  w     J  .li     '  '"""  ""=  "°niach  of  a  mos- 

--.ation.  the  round  ^^^1'.^-..^'-^^.^^^^^^^'^^.^^^^^^ 


I  i'- 


^t 


52 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


Stegomyia  Mosquito  and  Yellow  Fever: 

The  demonstration  of  the  causal  relation  between  the  Stegomyia 
mosquito  and  yellow  fever  is  another  interesting  story,  and  was  worked 
out  mainly  by  Major  Walter  Reed  of  the  U.  S.  Army  Medical  Service 
in  Cuba  in  1900  and  1901.  In  his  experimental  camp  Major  Reed 
and  his  associates  proved  that  yellow  fever  could  not  be  transmitted 
by  contact  with  yellow  fever  patients,  but  only  by  the  bites  of  infected 
mosquitoes  and  by  the  artificial  injection  of  diseased  blood.  The 
causal  organism  has  not  yet  been  discovered  on  account  of  its  being  a 
filterable  virus.  It  is  known,  however,  that  a  12-day  incubation 
period  is  required  in  Stegomyia  before  its  bite  becomes  infectious  to  a 
second  person.  Moreover,  the  mosquito  can  obtain  infected  blood 
from  a  patiei.t  during  only  the  first  three  days  of  his  disease. 

Based  on  these  facts,  the  control  of  yellow  fever  has  become  an 
easy  matter.  The  patients  are  isolated  as  soon  as  the  disease  appears, 
and  standing  water  in  which  Stegomyia  might  develop  is  treated  with 
kerosene.  Besides,  all  rooms  in  the  building  and  adjacent  buildings* 
are  fumigated,  for  the  purpose  of  destroying  living  mosquitoes. 
Ctdex  Mosquito  and  Filariasis: 

The  tropical  disease,  filariasis,  is  caused  by  a  minute  nematode 
worm,  Filaria,  which  lives  in  the  blood  of  man  and  cerUin  species 
of  Culex  (C.  fatigans).  The  worms  escape  from  the  mid-intestine  of 
the  mosquito  into  the  muscular  tissue  where  they  grow  for  two  or  three 
weeks.  They  then  migrate  to  other  portions  of  the  body  and  often 
collect  at  the  base  of  the  proboscis,  whence  they  are  carried  into  the 
human  blood  circulation.  Sometimes  the  worms  become  three  or 
four  inches  long  and  obstruct  the  lymphatic  canals,  causing  elephan- 
tiasis, characterized  by  enormous  swellings  of  the  legs,  arms  and  other 
parts  of  the  body. 

body."  ga  Mature  microgametocyte,  preparatory  to  forming  microgametes.  ., 
Keating  cell,  bearing  six  Sagellate  microgametes  (male).  ,o.  Fertilization  of 
macrogamete  by  a  motile  microgamete.  The  macrogamete  neit  becomes  an  ookr 
ete.     II.  Ookinete,  or  wandering  cell,  which  penetrates  into  the  wall  of  the  stoma 

.!  ■""'lo'to-  J2.  Ookinete  in  the  outer  region  of  the  wall  of  the  stomach,  i . 
next  to  the  body  cavity.  13- Young  oflcyst,  derived  from  the  ookinete.  14.  Oocj 
"«  m"""*  spo'oblasts,  which  are  to  develop  into  sporozoites.  15.  Older  oocy  1 
10.  Mature  odcyst.  containing  sporozoites,  which  are  liberated  into  the  body  cav 
of  the  mosquito  and  carried  along  in  the  blood  of  the  insect.  1 7.  Transverse  sect .  . 
Of  salivary  gland  of  an  AnophtUs mosQmto.  showing  sporozoites  of  the  malaria  r,,,  , 
site  in  the  gland  ceils  surrounding  the  central  canal. 

1-6  illustrate  sMtogony  (asexual  production  of  spores);  7-16.  spototony  (sex    1 
production  of  spores).     {Afia  Gram  andLeuckart.  by  permission  0/  Dr  Carl  Chu 


STHUCTUM,   GROWTH  AND   ECONOMICS   OF   INSECTS  53 

House-fly  and  Typhoid  Fever- 

snecks"  mlv  rnn,      '^       ^         ""^  alimentary  canal,  so  that  "fly- 
specks    may  contam  many  active  typhoid  germs  ^ 

•1«/Aro*  and  Infantile  Paralysis: 

The   stable. fly   (Stomoxys    cakilrans),    the    horn-flv    r//^«./  a- 

--am),  gad-flies  (ra*.«^  and-CW«^.)  and  Ihe  black  flv  St 
ave  both  piercing  and  sucking  beaks  and  are  true  blood-LSrrf  "a 
uch  hey  are  hable  to  introduce  viru.  into  the  human  bood^'ihrax 

» a  disease  of  many  domesticated  animals  and  of  man-  and  it  « 

beueved  that  these  blood-sucking   flies  are  agents  Ttranil^ 


54 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


^1 


•At 

i 


by  inoculation  forming  malignant  pustule;  but  the  pulmonary  and 
intestinal  forms  of  the  disease  require  other  methods  of  infection. 

In  the  recent  outbreaks  of  acute  anterior  poliomyelitis  or  infantile 
paralysis  in  different  parts  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  the  stable- 
fly  was  strongly  suspected  at  first  of  being  the  transmitter  of  the  causal 
organism.  Later,  however,  in  many  experiments  in  which  monkeys, 
rabbits  and  other  rodents  were  inoculated  by  stable-flies  caught  in 
the  wards  of  hospitals  containing  poliomyelitis  patients,  and  flies  thai 
had  fed  on  animals  inoculated  with  the  virus  were  allowed  to  feed  upon 
healthy  animals,  no  symptoms  of  the  disease  developed.  Besides, 
the  disease  spread  on  some  occasions  in  mid-winter  when  stable-flies 
could  not  be  active  agents.  The  present  opinion  is  that  insects  play 
a  subordinate  r61e,  if  any,  in  spreading  the  disease  and  that  it  is  trans- 
mitted by  contact  with  infected  persons.  The  causal  organism  has 
not  yet  been  isolated,  being  filterable  and  ultra-microscopic  like  that 
of  yellow  fever. 

Tselse-flies  and  Trypanosomiasis: 

Tsetse-flies  (Glossina  spp.)  are  not  native  to  America,  but  belons 
to  tropical  and  sub-tropical  Africa.  They  are  blood-sucking  flies, 
closely  related  to  stable-flies,  and  in  recent  years  have  been  shown 
to  be  causally  related  to  severe  diseases  of  both  man  and  domesticated 
animals.  Dr.  Bruce  made  the  important  discovery  that  nagana,  a 
very  fatal  disease  to  horses,  cattle,  dogs  and  donkeys  in  South  Africa, 
was  produced  by  a  trypanosorae  carried  to  the  blood  by  the  bites  of 
tsetse-flies.  These  trypanosomes  are  flagellate  protozoa,  and  when 
they  occur  in  the  blood  of  certain  warm-blooded  animals  set  up  a  di>- 
ease  called  trypanosomiasis.  They  are  carried  from  one  host  to  anotht  r 
by  certain  invertebrates,  such  as  mosquitoes,  lice,  fleas,  and  especially 
by  such  blood-sucking  flies  as  the  tsetse-flies. 

The  Nagana  disease  is  caused  by  Trypanosoma  brucei  and  the  tsetse  - 
flies  mostly  concerned  are  Glossina  morsitans  and  G.  pallidipes. 

In  the  Congo  Basin  of  Central  Africa  the  terrible  "  sleeping-sickness 
disease  carries  off  tens  of  thousands  of  natives  every  year.  Doctc  rs 
Forde  and  Dutton  isolated  the  specific  causal  organism  of  this  disea-.-, 
which  was  named  Trypanosoma  gambiense,  ard  Bruce  and  Navar  o 
traced  the  organism  to  the  bite  of  the  tsetse-fly,  Glossina  palpal  $. 
Folsom  states:  "  In  the  first  stage  of  the  disease,  marked  by  the  appc  r- 
ance  of  trypanosomes  in  the  blood,  negroes  show  no  symptoms  as  a  ni 


STRUCTURE,    GROWTH   AND   ECONOMICS   OF   INSECTS  55 

though  Whites  are  subject  to  fever.    The  symptoms  may  appear  as 
oarly  as  four  weeks  after  infection  or  as  late  as  seven  year' 

In  the  second  stage  trypanosomes  appear  in  the  cerebro-sDinal 
nu,d  and  m  large  numbers  in  the  glands,  thZ  of  the  necraXTnd 
«roms  becommg  enlarged.    There  is  tremor  of  the  tongue  andhand 
drowsmess,   emaciation   and   mental   degeneration.     The   drows^net 
losses  mto  periods  of  lethargy  which  become  gradually  Longer  unU 
the  pafent  becomes  comatose  and  dies.    Some  victims  do  not  sleeo 

as  a  host  for  a  human  trypanosome  which  is  probably  ident^ral  Jth 
r.  gamHense."    Probably  also  '■  that  some  of  the  vertebmtes  o.he   than 

ZlTu'      :  "  "■•■ '":'''""'  ^"^  "'^'  '^"<'  -  "^  Possib'tyo    tee- 
things being  transmitted  to  man"  (Doane) 

With  regard  to  the  development  of  T.  fambiense  in  Glossina  polpalis 
t  IS  known  that  "two  days  after  biting  an  infected  an  mal  the  flv 

Rat  Fleas  and  Plague: 

Plague,  known  in  three  forms  as  bubomc,  septicemic  and  oneu 
monies  caused  by  BacUlus  pesHs  which  attacks  rats,  X  cats  dot 
and  other  animals.     The  disease  is  transmitted  mainly  by  flers'somf 

X'e  badlh  fpf"'  '"-^  ^"^''.r''  'y  ">^  "''-  ^""w  entrkrto" 
P  ague  bacilh.  Plague  is  primarily  a  disease  of  rats,  an  epidemic  of 
plague  in  these  animals  having  often  been  observed  to  pLede  aT  wel 
as  to  accompany  an  epidemic  among  human  beings  " 

other  nr'"?"'.'"'^''  "^  P"^"""""'^  P'^^g^e  '"  Manchuria  showed  an- 
other phase  of  infection.  This  disease  is  not  dependent  on  fleas  for 
s  transmission,  but  it  could  be  traced  to  an  outbreak  of  plague  fn  the 
tarabagans  or  marmots,  a  kind  of  squirrel.  Dr.  Cantlie  says  that  pLue 
may  develop  or  appear  in  the  following  stages:  W  as  a  disease  fna„"- 
mals,  (.)  as  ^«/,.  m,„or  conveyed  by  infected  insects-  (3)  bubonic 
plague,  sporadic  cases,  carried  from  animals  to  man  by  Let  (4)  eo 
Hemic  bubonic  plague  carried  from  man  to  man  by'insects; 'indTs) 


,i"'(       I' 


S6 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


III 


n 


pneumonic  plague  passing  from  man  to  man  directly,  or  conveyed  by 
msects.    Dr.  Kitasato  is  quoted  as  saying  that  the   (Manchiirian) 
pulmonary  pUgue  cannot  spread  through  the  air  as  the  digestive 
tract  is  plague-proof,  and  that  direct  contact  is  necessary. 
Lice  and  Certain  Diseases: 

Typhus  fever  is  transmitted  from  man  to  man  by  the  Body  Louse 
(Pediculus  vestimenti),  and  Beriberi  probably  by  the  Head  Louse 
(Pediculiis  capitis). 

Ticks  and  Certain  Fevers: 

Although  ticks  are  not  true  insects  yet  they  have  been  considered 
as  coming  under  the  field  of  the  entomologist.  In  certain  western 
states,  viz.,  Montana,  Idaho,  Wyoming,  Utah  and  Nevada,  the  Rocky 
Mountain  Spotted  Fever  occurs  and  is  produced  by  the  bites  of  ticks 
(Dermacenlor  venustus,  et  al.)  which  carry  spirochetes.  The  African 
tick-fever  is  carried  by  another  tick  (Ornilhodoros  moubala),  the 
African  Relapsing  fever  possibly  by  a  tick,  the  African  East  Coast 
fever  of  cattle  by  ticks  (Rhipicephalus  appendiculatus)  and  the  Texan 
fever  of  cattle  by  a  tick  (Margaropus  annulatus)  inoculating  cattle 
with  the  protozoan  spirochate  Babesia  bovis,  a  fact  observed  bv  Dr 
Theobald  Smith. 

Other  Diseases: 

The  terrible  "hookworm"  disease  of  the  South  is  probably  carried 
by  the  common  house-fly.  The  causiil  organism  (Anchylostoma 
duodenale)  a  round  worm  may  also  enter  the  skin  from  infected  soil. 
Pellagra  is  transmitted,  according  to  many  authoriUes,  by  the  bites  of 
species  of  black-fly  {Simulium)  or  by  the  ingestion  of  mouldy  com. 
White  grubs  {Lachnosternu)  are  hosts  for  the  thorn-headed  worm 
(Echinorhynchus  gigas)  and  food  for  swine  which  in  turn  becomes 
food  for  man. 

Leprosy,  that  most  dreaded  disease,  is  now  believed  to  be  trans- 
mitted by  flies,  fleas,  mosquitoes  and  bed-bugs.  Possibly  also  certain 
mites  may  be  occasional  carriers  of  the  bacillus  (B.  lepra). 

It  will  be  seen  from  this  account  that  the  insects  concerned  in  tlio 
transmission  of  disease  are  of  two  kinds:  those,  like  the  mosquito  whi.  h 
transmit  malaria  and  filiariasis,  which  are  essential  hosts  of  the  disea-c 
organisms,  and  those  which  transmit  the  disease  mechanically  \'\- 
insect  which  habitually  attacks  man  or  which  may  enter  the  house  t 


STRUCTURE,   GROWTH  AND  ECONOMICS   OF   INSECTS  57 

or  ulcers  in  man      Thl  iT  f^^'  "^^"'^  dermatitis,  scabies 

bloXfle'h  flies  and  boTflie  "''"''  '•"'  "°"""^  '"^  '""'^  '»"'-> 
nasal  or  a^riculr  m^  ir.i'  """  '"'^^""'"'  ""-''  ">-"'-. 

MacGregor  in  a  recent  paper  (Bui.  Ent.  Res.,  Vol.  viii  pn  ,„  ,6,1 
l;^^e.gh,v  organ,sms  causing  disease  which  m'ay  be  t^lLiL  b'y 

INSKCT  Bkhavior  Toward  .Stimuli 

As  the  relations  of  insects  to  plants  and  to  other  insects  have  br^n 
.scussed  in  previous  sections  attention  will  be  confineThere  to    he 

siie  ne«  lo  the  l.ght     There  ,3  no  conscious  conlrol  of  the  movement 

:?e,L-,ir^r,ht:i7,=:t-r-€ 

co<  kroaches  move  away  from  the  light.  ^ 

^eserved  for  the  .ur„i„;i;:::„irtv:t„r°"  °' """""'  '""'^ "''"« --«>• 


5» 


ECONOMIC   ENIOMOIOOY 


i 

i.  1 ; 


Again,  moat  moths  move  away  from  sunlight  but  move  toward  a 
lesser  light  such  as  electric  or  oil  lamps.  Davenport  explains  thi> 
difiFerence  by  saying  that  "butterflies  are  attuned  to  a  high  intensity  of 
light,  moths  to  a  low  intensity."  Loeb  explains  the  circling  of  moths 
and  other  insects  about  a  light.  The  stimulus  orients  the  insect  by  its 
more  intense  action  on  the  muscles  next  the  light,  and  the  insect  then 
moves  toward  the  light. 

Loeb  states  that  caterpillars  of  the  brown  Uil  moth  as  they  emerge 
from  hibernation  in  spring  are  positively  phototropic,  but  after  they 
have  eaten  this  response  disappears,  showing  that  taxic  reactions  an 
sometimes  dependent  on  the  state  of  the  body. 

"Swaine  finds  that  the  destruction  of  piled  logs  by  the  wood-boring 
larva;  of  the  sun-loving  Monohammus  can  be  prevented  by  forming  a 
dense  shade  over  the  logs  by  means  of  brush.  In  his  study  of  the  army 
cutworm  (Euxoa  auxUiaris)  in  Alberta,  Strickland  found  that  the  larva' 
are  negatively  phototropic  and  hide  beneath  the  soil  till  about  four  or 
five  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  when  they  come  to  the'surface  to  feed. 
With  the  weaker  light  they  become  positively  phototropic  and  a 
general  migration  in  a  westerly  direction  takes  place.  When  food  is 
scarce  hunger  may  overcome  their  aversion  to  sunshine  with  the  result 
that  the  larvae  come  above  ground,  but  they  still  display  a  modified 
negative  phototropism  and  migrate  in  a  northwesterly  direction. 
These  facts  are  of  practical  value  in  controlling  outbreaks  of  this  insect 
(Hewitt)." 

Insects  are  very  responsive  to  the  stimulus  of  heat,  i.e.,  they  are 
thermotactic. 

Some  insects  respond  to  the  stimulus  of  touch  or  contact,  and 
are  said  to  be  either  positively  or  negatively  thigmotactic.  Cock- 
roaches are  in  the  habit  of  squeezing  into  narrow  crevices,  and  Loih 
mentions  the  case  of  a  moth  Pyrophila  which  also  has  the  same  habit. 

Chemical  substances  and  foods  also  act  as  stimuli  influencing  llic 
movf  lents  of  insects.  Maggots  orient  themselves  with  regard  u> 
their  lood  and  then  move  toward  it,  the  orientation  being  the  result  of 
unequal  chemical  stimulation  of  the  muscles  of  the  two  sides  of  tiie 
body.  The  deposition  of  eggs  by  most  insecU  on  certain  plants  is  a!^o 
the  result  of  chemotropism.  The  house-fly  and  many  piercing  inse.  t.s 
such  as  the  biting  flies  and  mosquitoes  are  repelled  by  phenol  and  oti  « 
coal  tar  products. 


STKln  TIRE,   GROWTH    AND    ECONOMICS   OK    INSKl  TS  59 

Wheeler  and  Loeb  give  several  examples  of  geotropism  among 

r.r.  '.h       ""i       '"'"'    """   '""y-''''*  ■">''   cockroaches  at   r«t 
place  1  themselves  on  vertical  rather  than  horizontal  surfaces 

Obseryafons  show  that  taxic  reactions  are  very  adaptive  Ants 
and  aphids  are  posuively  phototaxic  when  thev  get  wingf  ami  honev 
l-ees  are  periodically  phototaxic,  thus  leading  to  swarm  ng  Anu 
".or^over,  are  strongly  thermotaxic,  thus  securing  for  thei  b  J"he 
optimum  temperature  conditions.  "" 

RELATION  or  Insects  to  Temperatcre  and  Hum.d,tv 

Two  im,H,r.ant  factors  influencing  (he  life  of  insects  are  temperature 

n,l  humul,  y.     Their  general  regulatory  action  has  been  Inorntra 

l-ng  t.me,  but  scientitic  da.a  obtaine.l  in  recent  yea  s  enabT  us  to 

>mk  more  defm.tely  regarding  the  behavior  of  insects  Toward  the 

varying  tem{«rature  and  humi.li.y  of  their  environment 

sav  ■'•■A  c'a"r  M    fTV[  ''"'  "'"™  '^°"  --"  ""^  other  forms 
>a>5.     A  careful  study  of  the  records  of  any  species   chartin.  llrZ 

maximum  effic  ency.     With  the  boll  »,p^..;i  ,u        "  .'""f.  P"'"'^  <>' 

matelv  near  S>°F   L^  a  '  ""^'^  P°'"'*  ''«  approxi- 

mately near  8^  F,  and  65  per  i  .nt.  relative  humidity  " 

.eSoptero^s:  irir  :^zifr ""-'' 

for  the  production  of  the  wingles's  aga:?:f:',:.rZu™  S"""'"" 
.c-F    I'ndT,      ',     '""T"  '"'"^^-'^>'  "^"^  '''"^''  -'  ^  temperature  of 

'::odi,;;o"f'm::  ^'""■^""■"^  -^  -"^""^^  '^  -<«-- '» p'-ntX 

With  regard  to  changes  in  humidity,  insects  vary  s,    ,ewhat  widely 
Gardeners  and  florists  have  long  observed  thai  red  .^\a 


<  I 

till 


6o 


ECONOMIC  ENTOHOI.OCY 


metabolic  activities  of  insects  are  related  to  both  temperature  and 
humidity.  He  says:  "Apparently  there  is  a  degree  ..f  atmospheri. 
humidity  which  being  the  most  favorable  to  the  maximum  speed  of 
insect  metabolism  should  be  designated  as  the  optimum;  (hat  this  opti- 
mum varies  for  each  s[x.'cies,  for  each  stage  of  each  s|)ecies,  and  for 
each  stage  of  each  individual." 

The  codling  moth  is  an  example  of  a  common  insect  whose  develoji- 
ment  is  greatly  influenced  by  weather  conditions.  Even  within  the 
limits  of  a  single  state  or  province  the  rate  of  its  development  and  the 
time  of  its  stages  are  inlluenced  by  latitude,  by  early  and  late  .seasons, 
by  cool  and  warm  seasons,  and  by  wet  and  dry  seasons.  The  studeni 
will  find  in  the  observations  of  Simpson  in  Idaho,  Pcttit  in  Michigan. 
.Sanderson  in  New  Hampshire,  Hammar  in  Pennsylvania  and  Michigan, 
Jenne  in  Arkansas,  Cffisar  in  Ontario,  Headke  in  Kansas,  .Sieglcr  anil 
Simanton  in  Maine,  Brooks  and  HlakesUe  in  Virginia,  and  Forbo 
in  Illinois  much  valuable  data  for  investigations  on  the  relation  nl 
insects  to  climatic  factors. 

The  Distkibltion  of  Insects 

On  account  of  the  large  increase  of  international  trade  many  economic 
forms  of  importance  have  been  introduced  into  Canada  and  the  United 
States  from  other  countries,  and  as  it  is  a  matter  of  public  interest 
to  know  if  such  imported  forms  are  likely  to  become  injurious  con- 
siderable attention  has  been  given  of  late  years  to  the  investigation 
of  this  problem.  The  jjroblcm  is  not  yet  completely  solved,  but 
progress  may  be  reported. 

The  common  natural  means  of  dispersal  are  flight,  wind,  animals, 
and  railway!,  etc.  Many  insects  are  able  to  fly  long  distances,  many 
are  carried  by  wind  currents  and  many  are  transported  on  materials 
of  commerce.  A  few  examples  of  such  dispersal  may  be  cited.  'Ilie 
brown-tail  moth  is  a  good  flyer,  and  is  thus  able  to  spread  rapidlj. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  female  of  the  gipsy  moth  cannot  fly,  consequenilv 
the  spread  of  this  insect  follows  the  lines  of  trade.  It  has  been  observ  dl 
that  the  Hessian  fly  spreads  most  readily  in  the  direction  of  the  |  ri- 
valling winds  at  the  lime  of  the  emergence  of  adults,  and  that  the  lai  x 
of  the  San  Josu  scale  arc  carried  by  the  winds.  Again,  warble  and  "l 
flies  are  transferred  from  one  district  to  another  by  their  hosts.    5, in 


STRICTURE,   GROWTH   AND   ECONOMICS   »T   INSECTS  6l 

l.inm'lf  is  rf»|K.nsil,lc  t„r  ||,..  .arrying  of  lice  from  district  t..  district 

■  ■lien  refultinx  '»  war  lime  in  serious  ciWdcmics.  ' 

The  Colorado  [x.tato  l«-elle  niigrated  eastward  from  its  liome  in 
(  "lorado,  preferring  the  cultivate.)  ,H.tato  to  the  wild  solanums  and 
t  -.e  aspamgus  beetles  followc.l  the  lines  of  travel  westward  from  the 
Ailiintic, 

On  the  other  hand,  ther.  ar  many  h.,rr„-  to  the  spread  of  in«cts- 
"ceans,  seas,  mountain  rari,;c  a,>d  ,lc  .r^,.  .„.  natural  barriers  and 
ttnd  to  prevent  wide  .ii  -ribulin..  (  ,i,„,„'.  conditions,  such  as 
temperature  and  mois,u, .  .re  aiso  v.^v  Imp.,  , ant  factor,  in  insect 
distribution, often  mdi„ctly  ,!„.  to  th,  ah.en,  e  .,!  suitable  food  plants. 
The  chinch  bug  and  ihe  Ro.i.v  \i,Hi.,tain  locust,  for  example  do 
not  thrive  under  moist  oondif  jns. 

As  the  habits  of  insects  are  very  variable,  some  being  limited 
others  almost  cosmopolitan  in  iluii  dislrii.ution;  some  sensitive  to 
■emperature  and  moisture  eittremes,  others  more  or  less  indiffererl 
to  these  factors;  some  feeding  only  on  one  or  two  hosts,  others  moa 
or  less  general  feeders  and  therefore  not  so  likely  to  be  restii.  f.d  in 
their  range,  the  problem  of  the  determination  of  probabit  ,  ■  ,e<  t 
(listnbuUon  is  not  an  easy  one  to  solve.  Moreover,  the  prr^ciir,-  m 
absence  of  parasites  complicates  the  problem. 

Dr.  Merriam's  map  of  the  Life  Zones  of  North  Ameria  .tiow^ 
the  distribution  of  birds  and  mammals  and  plants  into  se\en  ^oi,,-, 
running  east  and  west,  viz.:  Arclic,  Hudsonian  and  Canadian  o:  ii„ 
Boreal  region;  the  Transition,  Upper  Austral  and  Lower  Austral  ^f 
the  Austral  region;  and  Tropical  (see  Map).'  It  must  be  understood, 
however,  that  the  boundaries  of  these  zones  are  not  hard  and  fixed 
for  there  is  necessarily  an  overlapping  to  some  extent.  It  is  interesting 
to  note  that  the  great  agricultural  areas  of  Canada  and  the  United 
■States  he  mainly  in  the  Transition  and  Upper  Austral  iones.  Recent 
-tudies  go  to  show  that  in  general  insects  lend  to  conform  to  the  same 
2unal  distribution,  although  several  ,orms,  such  as  the  house-fly 
mosquito,  chinch  bug  and  army-worm,  range  through  several  zones! 

'Mcrriam  slates  the  laws  of  temperatun  control  as  fellows: 

■  ■  "Animals  and  plants  are  restricted  in  northward  distribution  by  the  total 
r.-.|.Uity  01  neal  UuriiiB  the  season  of  growth  and  reproduction;  and  2."  "Animals 
"n.i  plants  are  restricted  in  southward  distribution  by  the  mean  temperature 
»i  a  brief  period  during  the  hottest  part  of  Ihe  year." 


62 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


!  li 


I 


Fio.  44.— Map  of  North  America  showing  the  life  sones      (Afttr  Mariam 


STRUCTURE,   GROWTH  AND   ECONOMICS   OF   INSECTS  6, 

As  a  rule,  however  insects  diffuse  most  readily  in  the  zone  in  which 
hey  ongmated,  and  in  the  direction  of  least  resistance.  The  Trans' 
t.on  and  Austral  zones  are  differentiated  into  an  eastern  hun^d  a 
western  ar.d  and  a  Pacific  humid  division  and  certain  insects  occur  in 
one  division  and  not  in  the  others. 

nf  H^^TT'"'  °!^^^  ""'"'""'"  '™P<"-tance  of  a  study  of  th.  factors 
sums  for  spraying  of  the  trees  to  protect  them  from  itsTag  "     Car"  J 

jt^hitrt^^--?— ---i^^ 
iv^rct  h^rziranrcr  -  —■  - '-  '"- 

Zones,  where  it  has  caused  the  loss  of  many  million,  of  doUars  Even  in  thi 
Ipper  Austral  territory  of  Massachusetts,  it  is  one  of  the  most  dl  tr^ct  ve 
U  rTr  T  '"'"■,''"""•  ^'  ^^  ^^'  '"">  "'^  Transition  Zone,  however 
Deen  reached  it  is  of  only  medium  importance.  In  this  case  it  has  seemed  to 
ose  studying  this  problem  that  this  insect  was  originally  limited  by  the 
Upper  Austral,  but  has  graduaUy  acquired  some  degree  oTekUnce  to 
W  temperatures  and  has  thus  been  able  to  extend' into  ,he  TransiUon 

occu^rlir!!"""^'  ''"'™,'.  "''  "''«'^"°"  '""^  "^'ff"^'™  of  '"^«"^  have 
occurred  along  four  mam  lines.     The  first  was  from  the  east  by  way  of 

.>  0  tir  •  r  "'  °'  '"',  f  ^"^  ^"^""-^  ^'^'^  -d  'he  open  pathway 
u^o  the  mterior  past  lakes  Ontario  and  Erie.     Examples  of  such 
migration   are   the   imported  cabbage  butterfly,  the  two  species  of 
asparagus  beetles,  the  clover-leaf  weevil,  the  clover-root  borer    th 
He  sian  fly  the  horn  fly  and  the  willow  curculio.     The  second  line  was 

o"  t  "brinir-  '  "^"k  '"f "  ''  ^''  "'  ^""'^'^  "P  'he  Atlantic 
u  LhT  «  "^"^  ''*'"''■  '"^'"^  '"^'=^'^'  ""=  harlequin  cabbage 
bu,  and  other  Hem.pteta.     The  third  line  was  northward  from  Central 


64 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


m- 


M«i 


I  :. 
»  1 


and  South  America  by  way  of  Mexico,  passing  up  the  Mississippi 
valley  or  up  the  western  valleys.  Examples  of  such  migration  are  the 
Diabroticas.  the  cotton  boll  weevil,  the  Argentine  ant,  the  potato 
beetle,  Hnlisidola,  harlequin  cabbage  bug  and  the  chinch  bug.  The 
fourth  was  southward  from  Asia  by  way  of  Alaska.  Examples  of  such 
a  diffusion  are  certain  lady-birds,  Lina  spp.  and  SUpha  spp. 

Regarding  ;  he  fauna  of  British  Columbia  E.  M.  Walker  believes  it 
represents  a  minghng  of  Asiatic,  CaUfornian  and  Mexican  types. 

With  regard  to  insects  t-hat  have  come  in  from  foreign  countries 
it  is  geneiaUy  true  that  they  confine  themselves  to  zones  similar  to  those 
from  which  they  have  come.  Of  these  mention  may  be  made  of  Crio- 
ceris  ojsparagi,  Pieris  rapa,  Hvlaslinus  obscwus,  the  warble;  and  bot 
flies,  the  Si,n  Jos«  scale,  and  the  gypsy  and  brown-taU  moth's.  Some 
forms,  such  as  the  codling  moth  and  other  insects,  tend  to  become  cos- 
mopolitan, but  they  seldom  become  epidemic  outeide  of  their  special 
zones. 

Similarity  of  climatic  conditions  in  corresponding  zones  of  'wo 
continents  renders  it  easy  for  species  introduced  from  one  to  the  other 
to  gain  a  footing,  as  the  absence  of  native  parasites  affords  an  oppor 
tunity  for  excessive  raultiijlication. 

The  infl'ieoce  of  elevation  on  tile  distribution  of  insects  is  seen  in 
the  southward  extension  of  the  zones  '.a  hilly  or  mountainous  regions 
In  an  understanding  of  the  distribution  of  many  northern  forms  often 
isoUted  on  summits  south  of  their  normal  zone  geological  history  comt- 
to  our  aid.  The  great  Tertiary  extension  of  land  areas  in  the  north- 
east and  the  northwest,  makmg  land  connections  with  Europe  and  Asia, 
permitted  northern  forms  f  om  these  continents  to  pass  to  Americ.i, 
and  the  advance  of  the  Great  Glacier  southward  during  the  Glacial 
Period  forced  many  northern  forms  south"ard,  some  of  whom  weic 
left  stranded  on  mountain  summits  on  the  retreat  of  the  ice. 

Methods  of  Stud\ing  Economic  Insects 
It  has  been  already  pointed  out  that  one  of  the  characteristics  ■( 
modern-day  investigations  in  economic  entomology  is  the  introduction 
of  the  "field  station"  method,  whereby  each  pest  is  studied  un<:  r 
natural  conditions  both  in  the  open  field  and  in  the  laboratory,  ix 
this  method  it  is  possible  to  study  all  or  most  of  the  factors  that  pi  v 
a  part  in  the  life  of  both  host  and  pest.     No  phase  is  too  trivial  i  r 


STRUCTURE,   GROWTH  AND  ECONOMICS   OP  INSECTS  65 

rxamination,  for  it  may  sometimes  happen  that  apparently  trivial 
nd  mmor  fac  ors  turn  out  to  be  important;  for  exampT  he  dLoZ 

entomology  are  Botany,  20^^  cii^^'^'fTer""™; 
Geography,  and  their  outgrowth^BacterTS'  Fore  t.^  M./  '^  '""^ 
Physiology,  and  the  group  termed  Agriculture  ^''°"'''^' 

WhUe  a  knowledge  of  these  sciences  is  valuable  in  the  studv  of  in 
sect  problems  .t  must  necessarily  be  general  in  its  charlcUr  and  n" 
suffioent  for  the  solution  of  many  of  the  more  difficult  problems  The" 
worker  should,   therefore,   confer  with   specialists   in  ^tV     ^ 

roL    Sometimes  recommendations  are  made  which  are  at  variance 

meet  all  requirements.  fcviseo  to 

In  the  study  of  insects  of  farm  crops,  /or  example,  the  investigator 
working  along  his  own  Une,  frequently  reaches  a  position  S  he 
cannot  make  further  progress  without  more  information  from  '".Lrs 
m  other  branche,  and  from  experienced  farmers     Such  Mnr^^ 
™ay  relate  .0  methods  and  action  of  fert>li.errmethods  of  Svatl" 

11°?','":''°"^'"'  '""'  P'^y-g-Phic  influences,     ndZ 
pr  ctical  apphcatun  of  measures  of  procedure.     Similarly   n  dealh^ 

e  iltll  '""'-^P™*-^  -  '--'-ig^'-"  can  only  be'made  ten' 
h,re  1  full  o-orerat.on  with  the  expert  horticulturist,  the  orchar^st 
the^tholog^t  and  others,  who  are  able  to  give  vaU^ble  ad*::^ 

■Kut  Tih^f  f  """"''  ''"'  '''"''  "'  '"''''  '1^'"^"^^  it'  "-  rar- 
•Hu  ar  method  of  investigation,  for  no  two  kinds  of  insects  are  ,  no 

"«  upon  by  the  .same  factors.    Hence  the  su,.ces.sful  inv^t^Zr  ,' 

cable  to  contrive  .implebuteffecuedevices  for  the  detcrSon  .^ 

.h.  variou.s  factors.     Costly  insectaries  and  apph.    ^e..  are  nTf  Xf 

^•i.ly^necessary;  on  the  otherhand,  fhotemlemyam,  ..thehe-  ll 


66 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


ers  is  to  use  inexpensive  appliances.  The  most  important  consideration 
in  the  rearing  of  insects  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  their  life  history 
is  to  make  conditions  as  nearly  natural  as  possible.  Cages  of  various 
kinds  covered  with  muslin  or  wire  netting  are  in  common  use.  Some 
may  be  flower  pots  and  lamp  chimneys  in  which  the  host  j>lants  are 


Fli-   45 


Types    uf 
cover  tops; 


I'icrground    bret'din)<    C4«iies      j,     15-in'h    pots    wuh 
15-inch  pots  with  cyiin'ier  siiap- d  tops.      '.Aft^  Vavi 


growing;   others,   breeding   cages   of   larger  size  and  naorc  elatxn 
construction. 

In  the  sludy  of  underground  iVms  *uch  as  white  grubs  and  u 
worms  the  cages  are  usually  bt^riefl  to  the  lull  -iepth  in  the  ci 
iJayis  has  found  large  tlower  pni  (:_a£<?s.  (feep  cylinder-chariftH  cstct^^. 


Pi 

c.  «ah 
Sides 


STRUCTURE,    GROWTH  AND   ECONOMICS   OF   INSECTS  67 


Pic.  46.— Insect  breeding  cage.  a.  Sliding  glass  ,Ir,or:  b.  galvanized  iron  base- 
<,  galvanized  .ron  holder  for  records;  J.  wooden  base;  ,-.  w,  „den  bou.  nrdetachaWe' 
Sides  are  covered  with  cheesecloth,     (After  WtbUer.)  detachable. 


t  t"ur  ci-ps  in 


VIS.  which  fit  into  each  other  and  are  scpar.-.ied  by  netting  of  diff.  rem  si' 
•■■:  r-j'anide  a=.  ihr  LL~-jin.      \AfUf  pitUn  hv  iJmis.j 


68 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGV 


!  1.1 


cages  constructed  of  wire  gauze  useful.  One-ounce  tin  salve  boxe- 
are  employed  lo  stu<ly  the  habits  of  the  grubs  their  growth  anri 
moults. 

In  the  breeding  of  aphids  and  other  insects  which  readily  succumb  to 
heat,  the  cages  arc  placed  in  "shelters"  covered  with  a  canvas  screen 
so  as  to  permit  free  air  circulation  (Figs.  45-49).  When  trees  arc 
convenient  the  shelters  may  be  placed  under  them  and  the  screens 
remo'.od. 

The  rearing  and  distribution  of  parasites  of  insects  demands  special 
contrivances  which  may  be  easily  made.    Much  valuable  information 


Pig.  48. 


-Insectary  and  aphid  breeding  .shelter,  showing  canv,-i.s  curtain  rolled  • 
(Photo  by  J.  J.  Oatis.) 


is  available  as  a  result  of  the  experiences  of  the  workers  in  the  Paras: ! 
Laboratory  at  Melrose  Highlands,  Mass. 

The  economic  entomologist  should  be  a  good  photographer,  and  t  1 
laboratoi-y  should  possess  a  full  photographic  outfit  and  a  dark  roi.  1 
Cameid  records  are  among  the  most  valuable. 

A  very  important  part  of  the  work  of  the  iir.ustigator  is  the  keep  1 
and  filing  of  lecords  of  the  collections,  experiments  and  observatiu  • 
Two    catalogues   of   the   collections— the   Accessions  Catalogue   a. 


1 


.^^!imm-mm4 


STRUCTUHE,   GROWTH   AND   ECO.VOMiCS   OF   INSECTS  69 

-hatis  ad.,>ab,y  adapted  tZJ':'^:'''  "'"*  '''''"'  '"  ""' 
J«d,scussed^     This  method  saves   unnecessary  transcribing,   is 


"r LTcTr  ;""''"^ " "-"'  ^^'^^^^  "'^  -i^e-stagestd  tt : " 


'aij'^nv^^^  irt?r?w^'Trr'r^wBfe 


*fi?;- 


i:JKr 


Part  ii 

!  TABLES  FOR  Tlffi  mENTmCATION  OF  INSECTS  mjTOIOUS  TO  FARM 
GARDEN  AND  ORCHARD  CROPS.  ETC 

I.  INSECTS  l.VJURIOUS  TO  CKRKAL  CROPS 

^ -C.. .,.  Bu„.  „  c.  E.  F.  0„..a.  B„„.  ,,  w.  V...  .„„  p„,„„,  „,.„,  ,„  „.  s.  pcp.  A«., 

!Z  p  ':"'"•  """''•  "'-'^*''^''  -™'  P--'  ■'"  the  ,oil.-,r,„. 

3.  Large  dirty-brown  maggots,  H-  inch  long.-..W„„  .„,,,„„,  .  ,„ 
^Vcwj  a»</  Leaves: 

rf«/r,,c/„,),  p.  ,45.  '■     ""'*  '""nune.-ff„„„,  piy  (Mayrliola 

(b)  Stems  above  Jast  joint  dead,  and  the  hi-ad«  „.!,,•.„    ■    -i 

head"  disease.    Greenish  ma;^.,^  s  em  :bo     'iasr  ;:^:  "^^   L  t''" 

"  /Sr:  ^z:';:j;f^!;-:;'- ''"' "  ""^^^  ^''°- "— '- 

(rf)  Stems  brolien  down  and  tunnelled,  blackish  near  the  ioinls-  h,,  I    ,       • 

^  ^::;i:r^^ris;^i=-^^^ 

'"  ^:;^^i;;::irr"  j:f '""  *"^^  -'"-'  -rpi„ars.-.™,.,.,„ 


73 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


Heads: 

(a)  Htads  turn  white  and  grains  are  shrivelled  or  imperfectly  filk'il-  Wheat 
Stem  Maggot  (Meromyza  amerkana)  and  American  Frit-fiy  {Osdnh  car 
honaria),  p.  361. 

(A)  Heads  shrivelled  and  bliffhtcd.  and  imperfectly  filled;  the  presence  01 
orange-colored  maggots. — Wheat  Midge  (Oipiosis   ritici),  p.  349. 

(r)  Heads  covered  with  green  plant-lice— Grain  Louse  {Aphis  airHO-),  p.  142 

{d)  Heads  turn  white;  minute  dots  or  lines  on  leaves  usually  run  parall< , 
with  the  veins  and  remain  white;  the  work  of  minute  \nsects.~Grass  Thrip^ 
(Anaphothrips  sirialus),  p.  119. 

(e)  Spotting  of  the  leaves,  spots  whitish  at  6rst,  turning  brown  or  black.- 
Six-s  potted  Leaf-hop  per  (Cicadiila  (>-itotala),  p.  154. 

(/■)  Heads  blasted  and  stems  withered;  the  presence  of  frothy  masitcs  «n  tin- 
stems. — Grass-feeding  Froghopper  {/'hilanus  Uneatus),  p.  153, 

II.  INSECTS  INJURIOl/S  TO  INDIAN  CORN  OR  MAIZK 

(Consult  Bull.  44  Illinois  Affric.  Exper.  Station) 
Planted  Seed: 

(a)  Plant  fails  to  come  up  after  planting;  grain  destroyed  by  a  n  i«Kot  whi.  !i 

eats  out  the  interior. — Seed-corn  Maggot  (Phorbia  fusciceps),  p.  277. 
(6)  Plant  fails  to  come  up,  or  the  young  plant  suddenly  wilts  after  it  is  above 
ground;   the  presence   of  hard,   smooth,   yellowish,   wire  like   worms.   - 
Wire-worms  spp.,  p.  293. 
Roots: 

(a)  Young  plants  killed  or  withered;  roots  eaten. — White  Grubs  or  Wire-worm^ 

P-  303- 
(6)  Young  plants  unequal  in  growth;  roots  dwarfed  without  external  injur> ; 
presence  of  ants. — Corn-root  Louse  (Aphis  maidi-radicis). 
Stalks: 

(a)  Plants  cut  off  near  surface  of  ground. — Cutworms,  p.  185. 

(b)  Plants  unthrifty  and  covered  with  greenish  plant-lice.— C(jr«  Plant-lou^' 
(Aphis  maidis),  p.  142, 

(c)  Stalks  punctured  and  slit. — Corn  Bill  Bugs  (Sphenophorus  spp.),  p.  338. 
(J)  Pith  of  stalk  and   pedicel  of  cob  tunneled  by  a  flesh-colored  caterpillar, 

terminal  internode  broken. — European  Corn  Borer  (Pyrausta  nubilalis). 
Leaves: 

(a)  Leaves  thickly  covered  with  green  plant-Iicc. — Corn  Plant-louse  (Af  : 
maidis). 

(b)  Leaves  eaten. — Army-worm  (Cirphis  unipuncta)  and  Grasshopper,  p.  i  ,0. 

(c)  Leaves  perforated  by  round  or  oblong  holes  arranged  in  parallel  tra- 
verse rows. — Corn  Bill  Bugs,  p.  338. 

(d)  Leaves  wilted  and  brownish,  sometimes  sickly  and  whitish;  the  piesenc  •^\ 

small  red  and  larger  black-and-white  bugs.— C/i»ncA  Bug  (Blissus  le 

pterus),  p.  161. 

(c)  Leaves  wilted  and  brownish  caused  by  the  maggot  of  a  syrphid  fi 
Corn-feeding  Syrphid  Fly  (Mesogramma  politus),  p.  251- 


IDENTIFICATION    OF   INSECTS   INJ17HI0IS   TO   CROPS 


73 


1 


(*)  ^S,.lk.  of  .a«  covered  wi.l,  ,„a„Mi.e,     cv„  /.,„,^„„„  (  ,^j.    „„.,.,_ 


HI.  I.N'SKCTS  I.VJUKIOUS  TO  CLOVKR 

(C.in.uU  Bull,  m  Illinoi,  Aaric.  E<|,rr.  Sl.i 


MJ  ,U.I-.\LF.\ 

.11.  tonij) 


M  Second  year  pl,„l,  H-ilteil  and  dead,  breaking  ofT  easily  al  ll,,-  ernwn 
Main  root  .unnelied  and  occupu,,  hy  white  ,'„„es»  ^n  ,st      ,,    dirk 

2     /I,!  «  ""  ,p"T  '''"'•  "'"'''  ""«'  ""'  "— ■   <"   root  Lew 
Kool  Mealy  Bugs  (Psrudococcus  irifolii).  a   ui 

'"'  falu'J^  fl,""'"'  "i,""  ''"'"'"  *""'•'"''  ^^""^  '■"  "■'  P'">  "'  'he  stem  which 

''\fn'.T  ""h    '7^-",'^'">""1  ""d  dead;  plants  covered  with  large  green 
long-legged    plant.l,ce.-/.,.a   or   CW  P,an,-,„.e    iMononpkZ  '«,. 

ictiiri," 

(..)  Leaves  fuU  of  round  holes,  and  edges  gnawed.-CWr  Uaf  W.nil  ,pi„ 
lonomus  punctalus),  p.  331.  '  '  ^'^"^ 

(*)  Leaves  eaten  and  with  a  ragged  appearance.-Cr.„*„/,^„,  „  ,„ 

tr",      't"'""*  "''"''•  ^^"°"'^''  0^  ""O-^",  wUh  ;r,e?;  orange 
S  ;V48      ""°"  "'"""  •"=  '<""--""- WA/«,e  ioZZ 
ll"ids  and  Seed: 

(a)  Florets  at  blossoming-time  green  and  undeveloped;  the  ovaries  empty  or 

(6)  Florets  withered  and  seeds  undcveI„M;  the  presence  of  frothy  masses  on 

stems.-.)/,*/,™,  Frosl,opper  (PUI^„s  spumarius),  p.  ,,3 
M  Seeds  eaten,  becoming  brown,  brittle,  and  hollow;  alTccted  seeds  dull  brown 

Cfow  5«i  Chalcul  iBruchopkagm  f„„rb,U\  p.  355 

rTTv,"*  J",'"'"""'  destroyed,  a  dri.y  eaten  in  the  head.-CW  5«i 
il.f-ked  or  Stored  Clover  Hay: 

I")  Hay  containing  while  silky  webs  and  particles  .-.(  eTcrcmcnt  -C,Wr  II,. 
wrm  UryPsopygia  coslalh),  p.  20S.  ™ent.-C„,rcr  //jy- 


w-z;''iv.  '*» 


MICROCOIMf    RESOIUTION    leST   CHART 

(ANSI  ond  ISO  TEST  CHART  No    2) 


I        I.I 

1.25 


If  IS  m 

l!f  m 

^  lis   lllllio 


1.4 


1.8 
1.6 


^     /IPPLIED  \hMC5B 


'653  Eos'   Mom  ^tre 


74 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


IV.  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  PEAS  AND  BEANS 


Planted  Seeds: 

(a)  Plant  fails  to  come  up,  due  to  work  of  While  Grubs  or  WireTiarms,  or  Bean 
or  Seed  Corn  Magsol,  p  2  77- 
Stalks  and  Leaves: 

(a)  Plants  cut  off  at  night  near  surface  of  the  ground. — Cutworms,  p.  185. 

(4)  Plants  unhealthy,  often  killed  by  sucking  lice.— Pea  Louse  (Macros! phum 

pisi),  p.  149. 
(c)  Plants  (beans)  sickly  and  sooty,  caused  by  a  black  aphis  feeding  at  the  tips 
at  blossoming  time. — Bean  Aphis  (Aphis  rumicis),  p.  148. 
Seeds: 

(a)  Seeds  (peas)  within  the  pod  partly  eaten  and  web-covered;  pellets  of  excrc 

ment  about  injured  seed.— Pm  Moth  (Laspeyresia  nigricana),  p.  226. 
(i)  Seeds  within  the  pod  (peas)  perforated  with  holes;  footless  grubs  within.- 

Pea  Weevil  (Bruchus  pisorum),  p.  319. 
(f)  Seeds  (Beans)  perforated  with  (sometimes  many)  holes;  footless  grubs 
within. — Bean  Weevil  (Bruchus  oblectus),  p.  319. 


M 


V.  INSECTS   INJURIOUS   TO   STORED  GRAIN  PRODUCTS 

(After  Girsult.  Bull.  156  Illinois  Ag.  Exp.  St.) 

Moths  or  Millers, 
(a)  Caterpillar  small,  whitish,  living  in  grains  of  corn  or  wheat,  pupating 
within  the  grain,  and  emerging  through  a  round  hole  covered  with 
silk  at  or  near  the  tip  of  the  kernel.  Adult  moths  grayish  clay 
yellow,  small. — Angoumois  Gram  Moth  (Sitolroga  cerealella),  p.  214. 
(6)  Caterpillars,  spinning  much  silk,  usually  forming  a  silken  tube  I" 
which  they  retire;  this  tube  covered  with  food  particles.  Living  in 
flour,  meal,  chaff,  sometimes  among  grain,  or  in  food  substances. 
Full-grown  caterpillars  make  a  cocoon. 

1.  Caterpillar  free-living  usually  not  concealed  within  a  silken  tube, 
olive-green  to  pinkish,  infesting  grain  or  meal,  webbing  partick'S 
together,  covering  bags  of  grain  with  a  web  of  silk  and  generall; 
scattering  silk  in  all  directions.  The  moth  is  brown  and  gray. 
Cocoon  elliptical,  slender,  fragile  and  of  clear  %iik.— Indian  Me.il 
Moth  (Plodia  inter punOella),  p.  214. 

2.  Caterpillars  living  in  densely  woven  silken  cases  covered  willi 
particles  of  the  food  substance.  Common  in  flour  or  chaff  in 
corners. 

(i)  A  yellowish  white  to  pinkish  caterpillar  in  flour,  webbir.g  it 
together  and  forming  a  cocoon  covered  with  particles  itf 
flour.  Moth  dark  grayish. — Mediterranean  Flour  Moth 
(Epkestia  kuehniella),  p.  213. 

(2)  A  soiled  grayish  caterpillar,  darker  at  each  end,  livini; 
in  chaff  or  other  vegetable  dibria  in  dark  damp  placi-, 


IDENTIFICATION   OF   INSECTS   INJURIOUS   TO   CROPS  75 

securely  webbing  the  food  substance  'igether,  so  that 
it  becomes  matted;  larval  case  and  cocoon  completely 
hidden,  covered  with  the  food  substance.  Adults  very 
beautiful  and  delicately  colored  moths.— Jfej/  Snout  Molk 
(Pyralis  Jarlnalis),  p.  208. 
Beetles  or  Weevils. 

(a)  Small  insects  living  in  kernels  of  grain,  or  among  grain  and  other 
stored  products. 

I.  A  very  small,  fat,  humped-backed  grub,  in  kernels  of  wheat  or 
corn;  yellowish-white,  legless,  and  wrinkled,  unable  to  crawl; 
pupa  within  the  kernel.    Adult  smaller  than  a  grain  of  '.vheat, 
with  a  snout,  and  elbowed  feelers  attached  to  the  snout, 
(i)  Adult  beetle  chestnut-brown,  without  spots  on  its  upper 
winfrs.     Slightly  larger  than  the  next,  more  common  in  the 
North.— Ceanory  or  Black  Weevil  (Calandra  granaria),  p. 
337. 
(2)  Adult   beetle  somewhat  duller  brown  than  the  preceding 
with  four  reddish  spots,  one  on  each  outer  comer  of  the 
upper  wing.    A  southern  species.— Rice  or  Spoiled  Weevil 
(Calandra  oryzig). 
2.  Small,  more  or  less  slender,  somewhat  flattened  grubs,  with  dis- 
tinct head  and  thoracic  legs,  crawling  about  in  the  debris  of  var- 
ious  grains    or    their   products,     or   in   vegetable  foodstuffs. 
Adults  flattened,  longer  than  wide,  the  head  not  prolonged  into 
a  snout.    They  occur  with  the  grubs,  actively  feeding. 
(i)  Grub  uniform  in  color,    whitish,  about  one-fourth  inch 
long,  slender,  its  head  narrower  than  the  first  body  segment; 
pupa  with  the  thorax  not  toothed  laterally,  but  with  most  of 
the  abdominal  segments  bearing  a  tooth-like  lobe,  acute  at 
each  outer  corner  and  toothed  along  its  sides.     Adult  beetle 
active,  smooth,  elliptical,  and  reddish  hxova.— Confused 
Flour  Beau  (Tribolium  confusum),  p.  328. 

(2)  Grub  whitish,  with  a  rectangular  yellowbh  area  on 
each  segment  above,  only  the  margin  ^itish  as  seen 
from  above;  head  broader  than  first  body  segment. 
Pupa  bears  along  each  side  of  the  thorax  and  abdomen 
a  series  of  stout  lobe-like  teeth,  which  are  cylindrical- 
rectangular  and  blunt.  Adult  beetle  smaller  than  in  the 
preceding  species,  color  dark  chocolate-brown,  sides 
of  the  thorax  sav/-toothed.— 5aK;-(o<i(*eii  Grain  Beetle 
(Silvanus  surinamensis) ,  p.  326. 

(3)  Grub  dull  white  with  a  dark  brown  head;  fleshy,  three- 
fourths  inch  long;  posterior  end  with  two  dark  horny 
points.    Pupa  while,  adult  beetle,  elongate,  depressed, 


76  ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 

nearly  black,  one-third  inch  long. — Cadelle  {Tenebroides 

mauritanicus),  p.  336. 
(b)  Large  insects,  concealed  in  the  bottoms  of  bins,  corners,  and  the  like, 
feeding  upon  flour,  meal  or  bran.     Adults  large  black  beetles;  the  lar- 
vae, large,  cylindrical,  wormlike  creatures,  resembling  wireworms. 

1.  Adult  not  quite  black  in  color,  shining,  its  third  antennal  joint  not 
quite  twice  as  long  as  the  second;  larva  light  yellowish, shining. — 
YcUov  Meal-worm  Beetle  (Tcncbrio  molitor  ),  p.  327. 

2.  Adult  black  and  without  luster,  its  third  antennal  joint  :hrice  a-^ 
long  as  the  second;  larva  very  dark,  shining. — Dark  Meal-wcrm 
Beetle  {Tenebrto  obscurus),  p  328. 


L       f  I 


Roots: 


VI.  INSECTS  IN7URI0US  TO  ROOT  CROPS 

(Turnips,  rape,  mangeh,  and  carrots) 
{Consult  Bull.  53  C.  E.  F..  Ottawa,  and  Bull.  60.  111.  Exp.  Sta.) 


(a)  Tips  of  roots  of  young  carrots  with  rusty  patches  on  surface,  or  rust  colored 
tunnels  in  the  pulp,  due  to  slender  yellowish- white  maggots. — Carrot  Rivi 
Fly  {Psila  ross),  p.  262. 

(6)  Roots  of  turnips  bored  or  tunnelled  by  minute  grubs  or  maggots. — Turnip 
Flea  Beetle  {Phylhtreta  vittata);  Cabbage  Root  Maggot  {Phorbia  brassic<i\. 

P-  273- 
(c)  Roots  cut  oQ.—WireiiormSt  White  Grubs,  Cut-worms,  pp.  185,  293,  302. 

Stem  and  Leaves: 

(a)  Young  plants  cut  otf  at  the  ground. — Cutwo'ms,  p.  185. 

(&)  Surface  of  first  leaves  of  turnip  and  rape  eaten  into  small  holes  by  small 

active  black  striped  beetles. — Turnip  Flea  Beetle  (Pkyllotreta  vittata),  p.  314 
(c)  Leaves  partly  consumed  by  pale-green  caterpillars. — Cabbage  Worm  {Pieris 

rapa),  p.  175- 
((f)  Leaves  eaten  by  caterpillars  with  black  and  yellow  stripes. — Zebra  Catir- 

pillar  {Ceramica  picta),  p.  188. 
(e)  Leaves  wilt  and  turn  yellow,  with  pr'   ~nce  of  greenish  lice. — Turnip  Plant- 

louse  (Aphis  brassica),  p.  148. 
{/)   Young  leaves  eaten  into  holes  and  1.       ibr  blotches  by  small  active  grc<  ri 

caterpillars. — Diamond  Back  Moth  {Plutella  maculipennis),  p.  232. 
(?)  Under-surface  of  leaves  covered  with  a  very  fine  loose  web;  leaves  yellow- 
ish in  patches,  and  minute  red  objects  present. — Red  Spiders,  p.  367. 
(A)  Leaves  eaten  by  red  beetles  with  black  stripes  (Prairie  Provinces). — Rd 

Turnip  Beetle  (Entomoscelis  adonidis),  p.  309. 


VII.  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  POTATO  CROP 

Tubers: 

(a)  Surface  of  tuber  eaten  and  eyes  sometimes  destroyed  so  that  growth  d. 
not  take  place;  or  holes  bored  in  tlie  tuber. — While  Grubs,  Wirewor" 
Millipedes,  p.  369. 


IDENTIFICATION   OF   INSECTS    INJURIOUS   TO   CROPS 


77 


s.'ii/Aj  and  Leaves: 

M  Stalks  cut  on  at  the  smund.  ~C»/«.o,mj,  p.  ,8, 

rTVT  ""^  '"'"""'  "'"^  '"^'^'"^  =°"  K'-b.  and  striped  beetle, - 
Ctoai.  PoMo  Beetle  (Uptinotan^  dccemlineala) .  p   ,08 
(^)  Leaves  nddled  with  small  holes  or  surface  eaten  in  spots  by  small  active 

^,  '?;:  "';''  "■"'  "  "««=''  "PP'-^^ce,  presence  of  long  black  or 

str. ped  soft  beetles,-B/,'.,„  BeeUe.  (Epicaula  spp.),  p.  3.3.       ' 
(^)  Stalk  wUts  and  d,es,  tunnel  in  stalk  near  the  ground,  and  presence  of  a 
wh„e  footless  grub.-/.„,./<,  stalk  Borer  ^TricHoLis  trnoZaT,7'l 

..u  Jir:r„;y;2r  *'^ '"™''  -'^^^"-^ '°  "■-  ">-^-'°  «--'-- 

VIII.  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  GARDKN  VEGETABLES 

c.r^c^i^™;^:^:cS^-r  ^s^rta^-r  ^-^' 

and  potatoes  have  already  been  considered.))  '  ''  ■""' 

Roots  of  cabbage  and  cauliflower  and  bulb  or  ba.sc  of  onion  mined  by  while 
maggots -«„„,A/.j,„,,  (p,„,j,.,  j,^,,.^^  ^^^  ^^^        «^./„!„)  p  .  ' 

cru:T.t'j;2:  »!:c^^^^^  --^'"  --  -  p-- -Vo 


(<!) 


(*) 


M 


•ives: 


(0 


(i/) 


('■) 


(/} 


is) 


.ng  plants  cut  off  near  surface  of  ground.-Cte^ormj 
Stalks,  vines  and  leaves  of  cucumber,  etc.,  eaten,  and  base,  mined  by  small 
white  grubs.-C«c«m6er  Beetles  (Oiabrotka  spp.),  p   ,07 

klves     Z"""^''  ?7  ""'''• """  P"^^""  "'  '"8"=  ''"k  stink-bugs  on 
leaves.— 5}uoi*  Bug  {Anasa  trislis),  p.  160 

Leaves  and  vines  of  cucumber,  etc.,  sickly  and  dirty,  under  surfaces  infested 
with  greenish-black  lice.-.Vrf„„  Plant4ouse  (Aphil  lossypii) 

Leaves  of  cabbage,  etc.,  wilted,  and  under-surface  covered  with  greenish 
plant-hce.-CMas.  Plant-louse  {Aphis  brassier),  p.  ,^3.  ^        '"" 

IX.  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  APPLE 
(Comiult  M«».„(  „/  f ,.,-,  /„„,„  by  siingerUad  .»d  Crosby)  / 

ri-llt  !^''i«  Tr*"''  ""  '?''."«  ■"""'  °'  ™^"'"8^  ""  ">e  smaller  roots.- 
Woolly  Aphis  (Schtzoneura  lanigera),  p.  145. 


'|M1 

'li 


>1    t 


78 


ECONOMIC    ENTOMOLOC.V 


(6)     Large  while  grubs  feeding 

(Lachnosterna  sppj^  p.  302. 

Trunk,  Branches  and  Twigs 


on  the  roots  of  nursery  stock. — White  Grubs 


(a)     A  green  curiously  shaped  bug  producing  longitudinal  slits  in  the  bark, 

eggs  laid  under  the  edges  of  the  ?,\its.— Buffalo  Tree  Hopper  {Ceresa  bubalus  > , 

P-  »57. 
(fe)     White  woolly  patches  on  the  twigs  which  are  usually  scarred. — Woolly 

Aphis  iSchizoneura  lanit;era),  p.  145- 
((■)     Green  soit-bodied  sucking  insects  in  clusters  on  young  growths,  particularly 

at  ends  of  twigs,  producing  distortions. — Apple  Aphids  (Aphis  malt,  A. 

sorbi  and  A.  avena),  p.  143. 
{d)     Snout  beetles  gnawing  off  the  bark  in  patches. — Imbricated  Snout  Beetle 

(Epicarus  imbricatus). 
(f)  Fixed  to  bark: 

1.  Scales  round  and  gray  and  black  producing  an  ashy  gray  incrusta- 
I  tion  on  the  bark. — San  Jos6  Scale  {Aspidiotus  perniciosus),  p.  126. 

2.  Bark  rough  with  mussel-shaped  sca.\ei.^-Oyster-shell  Scale  (Lepido- 
sophes  ulmi)f  p.  124. 

3.  Bark  scurfy  with  white  scales. — Scurfy  Scale  (Chionaspis  furjuru). 
p.  125. 

(/)  Afaking  tunnels  in  the  wood: 

1.  Large  square-headed  legless  borer  at  or  near  the  ground  in  tunnel-, 
with  sawdust-like  excrement. —Round-headed  Borer  (Saperda  candid >i. 

p.  320. 

2.  Large  flat-headed  legless  borer  in  upper  trunk  :n  tunnels  with  saw- 
dust-like  excrement. — Flat-headed  Borer  (Ckrysobothris  femorata), 
p-  300- 

3.  Large  grub  in  decaying  wood. — Eyed  FJaler  (Alaus  oculatus)  anJ 
R^ugh  Osmoderma  (Osmoderma  sct-hra),  p.  305. 

4.  Making  tunnels  between  the  bark  ar.d  wood.  Fruit  Bark  Beetle 
(E-xoptogaster  rugulostis),  p.  339. 


Buds: 


(o)  Light  green  caterpillars  with  brown  head  and  shield,  folding  together  the 
opening  leaves  and  feeding  within. — Oblique  Banded  Leaf-roller  iCacffcia 
rosaceana) ,  Fruit-tree  Leaf  Roller  (C.  ar gyros pila) ,  and  Leaf  Crumpler  {Minroid 
indigenella) ,  p.  230, 

(b)  Brownish  caterpillar  with  black  head  and  shield  eating  the  centre  of  tht 
bud,  or  tunnelling  it. — Eye-spotted  Bud  Moth  (Tmetocera  ocellana),  p.   .:> 

(<■)  Measuring  worms,  eating  leaves  of  buds. — Canker  Worms  (Alsophila  po'tf- 
taria  and  Paleacrila  vernata),  p.  205. 

Caterpillars  feeding  within  pistol-shaped  cases  and  eating  irregular  holt-  in 
the  bud  leaves. — Pistol  Case  Bearer  {HaploptHia  malivorella),  p.  235. 
Caterpillars  feeding  within  cigar-shaped  cases  and  eating  small  round  h  iles 
in  the  bud  leaves. — Cigar  Case  Bearer  (Haploptilia  fletcherella),  p.  234. 

{f)   Click  beetles  feeding  on  buds. — Corymbites  spp.,  p.  297. 


id) 


(e) 


IDENTIFICATION   OF   INSECTS   INJURIOfs    TO   CROPS 


70 


- Trnt-ialer pillar  {Malacmoma 


l.'iiies: 

(o)  Gregarious  caterpillars: 

Caut pillars  prolaled  by  webs: 
I.  Webs  in  forks  of  branches  in  spring.- 
cmericana),  p.  203. 

'■  Z'^'  Tr"."*  ""  '"*'■''  '"  '"""""  ""■'  "'!>■  autumn -faW  H>» 
fVorm(,Hypl,anlri(,lexhr],p.,liu  '•""Urt 

3.  Leaves  partly  eaton  and  drawn  logethir  by  a  web  -P^/.„„  u- 
{Dickomeris  pomcUlla),  p.  ,,5.  '        web.-Pa/mrr  It  orm 

Caterpillars  not  protected  by  a  utb- 

\  '^RTr\°fr^r^'"''  ■"">"''C''U-rpiUar[D.Uanaminislra)  p  .oS 
.  Red-humped  Apple-lree  Caterpillar  (S,l,iz,.ra  coneinna),  p   ,00        ' 
3.  Forest  Caterpillar  (.V.  di:stria).  p.  J04  '' 

(6)   Sohtary  caterpillars: 
Protected  caterpillars: 

..  Mining  within  the  leaf,  pupa  inside  of  folded  kal.-Apple  Leaf  Miner 
(.Ttscieria  mali_  Utlla),  p.  235.  '  '       "' 

2.  Mitjing  within'the  leaf,  mature  larva  and  pupa  within  a  small  oval 
^'^^^^^^y-~R'sple.de,ttSHieldBeare,(Vr'iiscaspi:nZt^^^^^ 

'■  pS"cI"«  "  "  ^f°'-f^^^  -«  which  stands  out  from  the  leaf  - 

tistol  Case  Bearer  (Hapluptilia  maliiorella),  p  33. 
4.  Jeedmg  within  a  cigar-shaped  case  which  stands  out  from  the  leaf- 

Ugar  Case  Bearer  {Haploptilia  fletcherella),  p  ». 
.  "eding  within  a  folded  leaf. — Ira/- ff„«-,f7v,„,„  ,•  ,  ^ 

■  Feedmg  within  a  tube  of  silk,  open  at  both  ends,  on  epidermis  and 
.nn^r^ttssues,  leaving  the  veinlets.-fi^  MotH  dnutoZaoZl::), 

7.  Feeding  on  tissues  of  leaves  beneath  a  silk  wA.~Apple  Leaf  skele 
lomzer  (Psorosina  hammondi),  p.  2,3.  ''     '-'"l-Htele- 

8.  Brown  caterpUlar  feerling  within  a  crooked  black  case  and  a.f.K  a 

"•  "'^S^^ri;:^:^'"  '^edaytime,-C.„*„  „w 
2.  Sleek  i6-legged  caterpillars,  feeding  at  night.-<:»/w,„,  „    :S6 

ifort  (Hemerocampa  leucostigma),  p  202 
«•  Large  green  caterpUlar  with  a  reddish-brown  horn  at  tail  and  seven 
.bl,,„.  ..npes  on  .ach  sii^.^AppU  SpHn.  ^Spkin.  «  p  "s 


5- 


So 


ECONOMIC    ENTOMOLOGY 


M 


7-  Small  catcrpil!ar3  with  bnnvn  Iicacl  and  yellow Lsh-Krccn  body,  feeding 

on  leaves.— ^l^/>/f-/(<j/  nucciihitrix  (Hufculalrix  pomijoliella),  p.  ^i'' 

(cj   Planl'Hre.     (;ri'eni-»h  or  rosy  tolnn-d  sucking  insects  feeding  on  the  undt  r 

sides  of  leaves,  often  distorting  them.— -I/'A/a  mali,  A.  sorhi,  und  A.  avena. 

P-  143- 
(rf^  Beetles: 

I.  Larue  brown  beetles  feeding  at  night  on  leaves. — Stay  lieetlis  (f.ad. 

nosUrna  spp.),  p.  j02. 
a.  Small  brown  beetles,  feeding  at  night. --/,f(i/  Beetles,  p.  jor. 
(e)   .UiVfi.     Oval  reddish-brown  mites  feeding  on  leaves  causing  them  to  beconn 
blanched,  yellow  or  sickly. — Clover  Mite  {Bryubia  pratcnsis),  p.  3^17. 
Fruii: 

(a)  Boring  tunnels  through  the  fruit: 

1.  Tunnels  made  mostly  about  the  core;  made  by  a  pinkish  caterpill.ir 
three-fourths  inch  long  when  full  grown;  brown  excrement  often  visible 
at  opening  at  blossom  end  of  apple.— Corf/iMg  Molh  (Carpocap  j 
pomondla),  p.  21Q. 
3.  Tunnels  not  so  deep  as  in  i,  often  blotched  mines  near  the  surfact. 
Made  by  caterpillars  not  so  large  as  codling  worms. — Lesser  App> 
Worm  {Laspeyresia  prtmivora),  p.  227. 
3.   Funnels  irregular  and  numerous  made  by  a  maggot. — Apple  Masil"! 
{Trypeta  pomonella),  p.  266. 
(6)  Puncturing  the  fruit: 

1.  Four-humped  beetles  puncturing  the  fruit  and  distorting  it. — App'( 
Cunulio  (Anthonomus  qiiadrigibbus),  Plum  Curculio  {Conotrachdm 
nenuphar),  p.  329. 

2.  Purplish  spots  about  the  circular  scales. — San  Josf  Scale  {Aspidioiu. 
Perniciosus),  p.  126. 

3.  Puncturing  and  deforming  the  fruit.— Several  species  of  Capsida 
(False  tarnished  plant  bug  and  the  apple  red  bugs);  and  Syntomaspii 
druparum  (p.  165). 

(c)  Eating  holes  in  the  fruit: 

1.  Large  light  yellow  or  apple-green  caterpillars  with  a  narrow  cream 
colored  stripe  along  middle  of  the  back. — Green  Fruit  Worms  {Gr<ip- 
tolitha  spp.J,  p.  197. 

2.  Yellowish  hairy  beetle  one-half  inch  long.— BwmWe  Flower  B^'dt 
{Euphoria  inUa),  p.  305. 

3.  Green  worm-like  saw-fly  larva  hibernating  in  cavities  scooped  out  uf 
apple.— /JocJfe  False  Worm  {Ametaslegia  glabrata),  p.  347. 

X.  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  PLUM 

Roots: 

(a)  Bu    ows  made  by  a  caterpillar  about  the  crown  of  the  roots,  occasior -lly 
in  young  trees. — Peach-tree  Borer  {Synanlhcdon  exitiosa),  p.  216, 

Trunk,  Branches  and  Tuigs: 

(a)  Tunnels  in  the  wood  by  flat-headed  grubs;  sawdust-like  excrement  at  Uie 
mouth  of  tunnels.— /'/a/'/teoifaf  Borer  {Chrysobothris  femorata),  p.  300. 


IDENTIFICATION   OF   INSECTS    INJURIOUS   TO   CROPS  8l 


i  Krulis.     Ftiiil  Ihirk-lirrllr  (/■J./u^/u- 


*  (iiscolorcfi,  a 
Pyi).  P-  340. 


Ill  leaves  anil  fruit 


(') 


(ft;   Tunnels  iji  ihc  hark  hy  small  U-gK-, 

KUiter  ril^ithnils),  p.  ,i  (<( 
U)    Hascs  of  buds  |>iTf„ralecl,  l,arl>  l,erom 
wither.— P,u,  Bliihl  Berlle  {Anhandru. 
W)  Fixrdlobark: 

I.  Klat  or  sad.lle-shaped,  or  hemispherical  dark-bro«n  scales;  winterine 

oms  small  and  flatfish.    I.ar„e  scales  appear  after  mid-summer, 

brittle,  contam  only  a   whitish   dust   or  em,,ly   eKK-shells.-f,,,;, 

J-ccamum  {Lccanium  coriii),  p.  i2(, 

».  Ashy-gray  appearance  of  bark  of  badly  infested  trees  <lue  to  small 

gray  or  black  circular  scalcs.-i-„„  Jose  Scale  {AspiJhIus  pnmciosus). 

3.  Mussel-shaped  scales,  with   whitish  eggs  underneath  in   wintcr.- 
Oystcr  SMI  Sale  (Lepidosaphrs  iilmi),  p.  124 

4.  Bark  scurfy  with  scales  with  purplish  c-gs  underneath  in  winter.- 
iciirfy  Scale  (Cliionaspis  fiirfiira),  p   125 

A  grass  green  curiously  shaped  bug  producing  longitudinal  slits  and  eventu 
J-'LL')        tr  '"'^  ""  ""^ '""''  °'  ""  '*''«^~''"^'''»  Trei-hopper  {Ctrfsa 
ifsirs: 

(a)  Feeding  in  Colonies. 

'■  ?en,?J":;rnTf  ^''  "'•''  '"  ""^  '"'•'''  °'  branches.-^™,,;™, 

i  enl-caler pillar  (Malacosoma  amerkana)  p   203 
2.  Catet-pillars  protected  by  webs  covering  the  leaves.-faH  Web-uorm 

{.Hyphanlria  lexlor),  p.  181. 

lea/Aphts  (Aphis  prmii/olii). 
(A)  Solitary. 

..  Measuring  worms  feeding  in  the  day  time  in  spring.-C.„*„  Worms 

{Alsophila  pomelana),  p.  205. 
r    Fat  greasy  caterpillars,  feeding  at  night  in  spring.-C/Mrm,,  p.  192 

TuZctTf^n?  """  '"""^  '"="^''  P'-""'^  °^-"  head  and  tail.- 
lussock  Moth  aremcrocampa  Uucoslitma),  p.  202 

4-  Large  buzzing  beetlcs.-y„„<r  Beetles  (Laehnoslerna  spp.),  p.  302 

S.  Large  app  e-green  caterpillar,  with  a  horn  near  the  tail,  and  with  seven 

broad   oblique    white   stripes  along  each   sid,.~Pl„m.trce  Sphinx 

(Sph:nxdrupi/erariim),p.  178. 
Other  larva;  are  Kcasionally  found  feeding  on  the  leaves  of  plum - 
„,„ .  "  ^  """^  iL'menitis  disippus),  Polyphemus  and  Cecropia,  p.  ,80. 

(a)  A  snout-beetle  puncturing  and  making  a  crescent-shaped  slit  in  the  skin  of 

they.ung  fruit  which  soon  drops.-«„„c„rc„//„(C»L,.c*«;„.„e:;*"r)! 

/.)  Makmg  a  round  hole  in  the  young  fr„it.-W„„  Gouier  (Coccotcrus  scutel- 


83 


i;('(t\(tMK    rSKtMoi  iH.Y 


•  fruil .     Himhlf  t'loufr-hff 


(()   A  mcJiuni  sizcil  bct-tlr  caliriK  holes  in  the  ri|n' 

(Euphoria  ittda),  p.  lOv 
((/)  A  long-IcKKCtl  straw  colurtj  bcntlc  caling  holes  in  thi-  hulf-ripe  fruit. - 

Cha/rr  {Macrodactylus  subspinosus),  p.  305. 


-Ko  > 


XI.  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THK  CHERRY 


(a)  A  thick  whitish  grub,  with  brown  head  and  legs,  feeding  in  decaying  root- 
Beetle  large  with  powerful  mandibles.— 5/0^  Beetle  (Lueanus  dama),  p.  .\i  - 
(b)  A  large  white  tlcnhy  grub,  with  reddish  head,  feeding  in  old  roots. — Roii^'r- 
Osmoderma  (Osmodtrma  scabra)f  p.  305. 

Trunk,  Branches  atid  Tuigs: 

(0)  A  snout  beetle  gnawing  the  twigs  and  fruit. — Imbricated  Snout  Bet:.- 

(Epicarus  imbricalus). 
(i)  A  small  beetle  boring  in  the  branches  just  above  a  bud,  and  burrowing 
downward. — Apple  Twig  Borer  (Amphicerus  bicaudatus),  p.  337. 

(c)  A  flattened  grub  tunneling  in  the  bark  and  sap-wood;  beetle  bronzy  metallic 
— Divaricated  Buprestis  (Dieerca  diiaricaia). 

(d)  Large  suckirg  insect  with  transparent  wings,  inflicting  wounds  on  tlie 
smaller  limbs  and  depositing  egg"*  therein  in  August  and  September 
Dog-day  Cicada  (Cicada  Hbtcen),  p.  157- 

(e)  Small  circular  scales,  black  in  winter,  with  a  circular  depression  about  s 
central  nipple. — Sar%  Josi  Scale  (Aspidiotus  perniciosus),  p.  126. 

if)   Dirty  nests  inclosing  a  colony  of  yellow  caterpillars  one-half  inch  long  a! 
end  of  twigs. — Cherry-lree  Torlrix  (CaccEcia  cerasivorana),  p.  330. 

F^eaves: 

(a)  A  small  beetle  feeding  on  the  leaves  of  red  cherry.—CAerfy  Leaf  BffiU 
(Galerucella  clavicollis),  p.  iit. 

(b)  A  shiny,  dark-green  slug,  one-half  inch  long,  feeding  on  soft  tissues,  Iea\  in^ 
the  veins. — Pear  or  Cherry  Slug  {Eriocampoides  Umacina),  p.  348. 

(c)  Shining  black  plant-lice  infesting  the  terminal  twigs  chiefly,  which  bee  jme 
distorted  and  discolored.— CAcrry  Plant-louse  (Myi.us  cerasi),  p.  144. 

(rf)  Large   bluish-green   caterpillar    two  inches  long  with  blue  warts  on  tach 

segment,  and  coral  red  ones  on  the  third  and  fourth  jCgments. — Pronu'Mi 

Moth  (Callosamia  promcthca),  p.  180. 
(e)  Large  pale-green  spiny  caterpillar,  striped  on  each  side  with  white  arl 

liiac. — Jo  Moth  (Uyperchiria  Jo),  p.  i8o. 
(/)   Caterpillars  in  colonies  protected  by  webs  in  forks  of  branches  in    .ir.n.- 

— American   Tent-cater  pillar    (Malacosoma    americana'^,   and  Forest    /"'■ 

caterpillar  (M.  disstria)  not  in  webs,  p.  203. 
(g)  Caterpillars  in  colonies  protected  by  webs  covering  the  leaves  in  summer 

and  early  autumn.— /^dJ  Web  Worm  (Ilyphantria  textor),  p.  181. 


IDENTIFICATIOS'   OK    ,  .sKfTS    INJIRI.KS   Til   (  RllPS 


«f 


ho  „y  head  tmlrng  w.hln.-  «»«  C,,,,,,//,,!!,,,,,,,,,*,,,,,  „„„;,«,,),,,,  ,,, 
»  r  Z        ,  r  -"T"" /"■«"" "•  l""->'  jui-  -ar  .he  pi..  in,lu,int 

Xir.  INSKCTS  IN-JURIOUS  TO  TIIK  PEACH 

Kool  and  Lmer  Trunk: 

(a)  Tunneling  in  ,he  b.rk  and  ,apw„„d  „(  ,he  root  and  lower  irunic,  cau.inR  an 
exudahon  of  Kum,  which  i,  ,een  a.  base  of  Iree  minifle.!  wi.h  .he  ca.iinKs 
ftacH  Tree  Born  (Synanlkedon  rxilimi),  p   2,f,. 
Trmk  and  Branckrs: 

'"'  '""rly  spring  a  minute  caterpillar  Ixires  into  ,he  shool,  of  new  leaves 
MhriK  the  growing   terminals. -/■«,/,    Tun  Harrr   {.Inar.ia  lin,.„rlt„)', 

(ft)   Black  hemispherical  «rales  attached  to  the  bark.-P,,,r*  Uaf  I.rr.,„i,.,„ 
(Ucanium  mgrojascialiim),  p.  1J9. 

''*  th^Tr'T  "l^^';''' ""'' ""»"'""  '"">  ""••  ^'"^  <"  "»•  'wig»,  causing 

them  to  break  and  fall.-A'™  Vark  Wenil  mycrrus  novebor.a„.us). 

sTt^l   ,'  f?'-^'  """"'■   '""'''  P""^""""  ''  '^""y  "PPearancc.-^ 
ion  Jo!l  Scale  (Aspuliolus  pnniciosus),  p.  1 26 

0™1  scars  and  longitudinal  slits  on  bark  produced  by  a  green   buffalo- 
shaped  bug.-Bu/a;„  Trcr  Hopper  (Crresa  bubalu!)   p   , ,- 

(.)  P'ant-lice,  living  in  colonies  under  the  leaves,  causing  them   to   thi.k.n 

and  curb-PMC*  Tree  Apkis  (ifyzm  perska:).  p.  144 
(6)   Minute  round  scales  located  usually  along   the   veins.-.S',,,,  /„,    v,j,V 

[Aspultolus  ptrniciosus),  p.  12(1. 
(c)   Caterpillars  protected; 

'.  In  a  tortuous  tube.-i™/  Crumpler  i.M.ufola  indiiinella).  p.  „, 
=.  In  folded  leaves.-OW,„,.  /j„„rf,</  I.mJ  K„ll,-r  {Ca.oena  ,„.<«,■„„„  1 
p.  230. 
friiil: 

(a)  Long-legged  yellowish  beetles  eating  holes  in  half-grown  peaches.-«„„ 

t-kajer  [Macrodaclyliu  subspinosut),  p  305 
(«  Large  yellow  hairy  beetles  eating  holes  in  ripe  peaches.-«„„W.  Flo-urr 

Beetle  [Euphoria  mda),  p.  305. 
ic)  Small  snout-beetles  making  a  puncture  and  crescent  in  the  voung  fruit  - 

num  Curculio  (Conolrackelus  nenuphar),  p.  329. 

XIII.  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  RASPBERRV  AM)   Bf.ACKHERRV 
Rools  and  Base  of  Canes: 

(a)  Large  grub  over  two  inches  long,  boring  large  tunnels  in  the  woody  portion 
of  mam  root.  The  canes  suddenly  dk.^ianl  Root  Borer  iPrianusUlicollh) 
p.  321.  ■""*'• 


\\.. 


iM 


("I 


84  ECONOMIC   KNTOMOMK'.V 

Cams  at  liiiM-  .,f  in.iiii  rci.,l  «ir(lliil  hy  a  >i,llin\Mi  whilt  laliTiiilkr  in  lal. 
■.iimmiT  ami  aulumn.     Ilr.iivl-lr  Crm.-il  Ihtrrr  {Himli..i.l  m,ir^in,ila),  p.  -M.'i 

Lontjitutlinul  row  of  i-uiuturt-^  on  latRs,     fiUuk  Ihirii'J  I'm  Critktt  {(I'.ian 

tltti\  n'lirkiirni^),  |>.  1  id. 
Ih)  Tilii  of  ^a^|lllC^ry  lanfi  wilting  in  i-arly  .umniiT,  due  to  a  nirdlinK  of  lli, 

lanrs  inMilt-  Ihc  liark.     Rjsphrrry  Cjiii-  .U,;ji;i'(  (I'harhhl  riilnuir.l),  V-  ^''. 
(. )    Tips  of  shooH  of  ra-pliiTry  iviltini;  in  July  and  Auiiusll  (wo  rows  of  hori- 
zontal punilures  ono  ini  li  apart  at  lia-t  of  wilti'd  |Mirtion,  willi  a  small  h  rl. 

Ijctwccn.     Canes  burruwt-d   lo   the  base  before  autumn.— /^a-vpitrry  (<)'(■ 

Utinr  {Ohrrm  liimiiciiluU},  p.  .iU. 

Swellinws  on  canes  of  ra*pt)erry  and  blaiLberry.— Atii-HCtA-ni  Cdm  Borrr 

i^Agrihis  riijUoUis),  p.  .Jol. 

A  small  snoul-beetlc  puncturinn  llic  flower  stem  close  to  the  burls,  a' 

also  the  hwU.-Slr.iultirry  Wnvil  [Aiilli,ini<miis  s/jn.i/Hj),  P-  J.fJ- 

A  small  yellowish  beetle  eatinn  the  flower  buds,  which  either  [ail  lo  open  ut 

wither. — P>itc  Brn-u-n  Hyliiriis  (Hyfiirm  unUolur),  p.  aga. 

.\  small  brownish  caterpillar  eatinK  the  opening  buds.— BuJ  Mi/lk  iTrntl  ■ 

ccrti  oLtittina),  p.  225. 

DuRs  sucking  the  sap  o(  young  growing  parts,  anil  arresting  their  develo|. 

ment.— r<irHi.(4ti/  Plant  lliif;  {Lygiis  fralrnsis),  p.  163. 

Suckers  and  leaves  curled  up   with  enclosed  lice.  — BramWc  Flea  Lou., 

(TriiiZii  tripttn(taU),  fr.  152. 

Small  greenish  larva;  with  spiny  tubercles  eating  the  leaves  in  spring 

Raspberry  Saw-Fly  (,.\fmofliadni(!  rubi),  p.  347. 

(u)  .\  loopcr  feeding  on  fruit  of  raspberry  and  blackberry.— /taj^JwryCeomi.ir 
{Synchlora  aerata). 


HuJi: 

(*) 
(r) 

Lfiivcs: 

M 
W 
(.0 

Fruit: 


XIV.  I.SSKcrS  INJURIOUS  TO  TlIK  C.OOSiaiKRRY  AND  CURRAN  I 

Canes: 

(a)  Tips  of  canes  girdled  and   willed;  pith  tunnelcil.— C/irranf  SliM  C/r.  .' 

(Janus  integer),  p.  345- 
((1)   Centre  of  cane  tunneleil  by  a  while  caterpillar.— /m/>iir(ii/  Currant  II  "■' 

{Synanthedon  tipulijormis),  p.  217. 

(c)  Small  flat  circular  scaks,  black  or  gray,  with  a  depressed  ring  aboi.'  .1 
c-ntral  nipple  in  black  (arms.— San  Jose  Scale  ilspidiiitus  pernieio':-; 
p.  126. 

(d)  Oval  hemispherical  scales.— CiirrjiK  Lecanium  (Ucaniim  ribis). 

(e)  Longitudinal  rows  of  punctures  on  canes.— B/jct-dorneii  Tree  Cr  it' 
((Eeanthus  nisricornis),  p.  116. 


k.;:ls: 


branch 
{a. 


ifj;r. 


(<■) 


IDENTIFICATIDN    OF    INSK 


:i  IS  (Nji'HiDis   I 


>   IRcil'S 


imally  Kr.-c„,,h  yellow,  oa.in„  h„|..,  in  ,l„.  l.-av. .,  in  .-arly  s,„i"  '     ,11       ) 
I*-  r.oavr,  curlnl,  hIMcmi,     ■„!  „i,h  „  r..,l.lisl,  a,,,„..ran„.  „„  „„„.,  ,„,,, 

(./)  M,.a,urin„  worm  f„.,H„s  „„  |..av..<  n(  „,„,„.|,orry  an,i  l.h.,,,  ,„,,,„, 
01   Wh.te  spots  on  Iravi.,  pr,«l,uT,l  l,y  a  pale  .'n.cn  su.UnK  in,,.,,  „. 

'M  GrMnplant-Iicc. -<;,„„  (;,„„r/,„,v.|,    ,-,  ,  tpbi,  lanborni) 

h>,il: 

M  (;royish  ca.crpillar  hnrins  into  y,.unK  fruit  an.l  eating  ou,  !,,,„„,,„,, 

<„.„,„*rryA„„/lf,„„,  ,/,.pMi„  fr„.<„h,rm)  "i  "»  '  "ntent,,-- 

(/.)  Purphsh  ,,H,ts  surr„un,|inK ,mall  cir.ular .seal..,.     s.,„  /„,/ .V,„/,  (  , „„,,■„„  , 

U)   Yellow  oval   nuK-ots  ealin«  the  g.,o«.|,erry.     6-,.,.„7,rrrv   l/,V/,r  f(V,;, 

W)  Small  while  mare„t  eating  the  currant  an,l  Koo»,l,errv   rau-lnL-  ll„.  f,  ■, 

XV.  ixsix  rs  INJURIOUS  TO  Tin;   grait. 

(C„„,„t.  B„|.   jj,,  N.  Y.  A„.  I!,,..  S..  .,„,,  F.„„„,,  „„„,  ,„,  ^,  ,    j,  , 

(.)  ProducinK  soft  y,         irregular  spherical  galls  on  rootlets  an.l  larger  roots 
causing  death._(„        ,■,„.  /.„,;;„.,,.  (/v,y//„„™  tv,,,.,,;.).  n      ,«  ' 

(o)  Young  =;hootssudcionly  break  off  or  droop  in  .prinff- asm-ill  h  I    ■     ,    . 
.He.aseofthesh.t  leading  in.oa,,„rri..^,,;^';-™-^^^ 

W  Canes  exhibiting  white  cottony  masses  attached  to  a  reddish  i 

Collo„y  Scale  ^Puhinaria  .ilh,,  p.  ,jc  '»  "'-J-l'-h-l-rown  scale.- 

(..)  i'_^7='"'''ll-.d  with  irregular  holes  about  mi.l-summer  by     little  beetle  - 
Crape  Vme  Futia  {FUia  lilidda),  p.  ju,  nuiie.— 


g6  ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 

(6)  Small,  shining,  blue  beetle  boring  into  buds  in  spring,  also  eating  small 
holes  in  eipanding  leaves— Gro^e  Vine  Flea  Beetle  [Haltica  ckalybet)  p.3is. 

(c)  Long-legged  brownish  beetles  eating  the  blossoms,  leaves  and  (r  i  :.— 
Rase  Chafer  (Macroiactylus  subspinosus),  p.  3oS- 

(d)  Greenish  caterpillar,  feeding  within  a  folded  leaf  and  skeletonizing  it,  about 
mid-summer.— Gra/>«  Leaf  Polder  [Desmia  funeralis). 

(r)  Leaves  blotched  and  scorched,  finally  curling  up  and  falling,  caused  by 
little  jumping  insects.— Cfo^r  Thrips  or  Uaf  Hopper  (TypUocyhacomts). 

(/)  Large  greenish  caterpillar,  with  a  pale  yellow  stripe  down  each  side  and  a 

horn  near  tail.— Gro/^e  Viite  Sphinx  (Ampelxca  myron),  p.  178. 
(g)  Several  other  sphingid  larvK  feed  on  the  leaves  of  the  grape. 
(*)  Black  beetle  eating  the  tissues  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves,  and 

discoloring  them.— Red-headed  Syslena  {Syslena  frontalis),  p.  315. 
(0  Producing  small,  irregular,  spherical  galls  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves. 

—Grape  Vine  Phylloxera  {Phylloxera  vaslalrix),  p.  148. 
ij)  Large  reddish-yellow  beetle  with  six  black  spots  on  wing  cover,  eating  holes 

in  leaves.— S^oKerf  Pelidnola  {Pelidnola  punctata),  p.  302. 


Fruit. 


ia)  Ripening  fruit  discolored  and  burrowed  by  a  whitish  caterpillar.— Cra/)f 

Berry  Moth  (Polychrosis  viteana),  p.  228. 
(6)  Holes  eaten  in  ripe  fruit;  1  cetle  large,  yellowish,  hairy.— BumWe  Flower 

Beetle  {Euphoria  inda),  p.  30S. 
(r)  Holes  eaten  in  young  fruit  by  a  long-legged  beetle.— JJose  Chafer  {Macro- 

daclylm  subspinosus),  p.  305. 


ia) 


(k) 


m 

.  ■ 

(r) 
id) 

1 

i 

Lfinrs: 
{a) 

I 

1     ■ 

(b) 
{c) 

■ 

{i) 

XVL  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  STR.\WBERRY 

A  pinkish  caterpillar  boring  irregular  channels  through  the  crown  and 

larger  roots,  causing  them  to  wither  and  dic—Slrawherry  Root  Borrr 

{Anarsia  lincatella),  p.  215. 

A  white  grub  boring  downward  from  the  crown.— S<raa*erry  Crown  Borrr 

{Tyloderma  fragarir),  p.  332. 

A  large  white  grub  eating  the  roots.— -Way  Beetle  {Lad  uosterna  sp.),  p.  3o-'. 

Grubs   girdling   the  roots,  causing  deith.— Strawberry  Root-weevil  {Otio- 

rhynchus  ovatus),  p.  }i<i. 

Brownish  caterpillars,  in  June  and  August,  tolling  the  leaves  into  cases  ami 
fastening  them  with   si\k.— Strawberry   Leaf  Roller   {Ancylus  complano'. 

p.  232. 

Young  plants  gnawed  off  at  the  surface.- CutOTrms,  p.  185. 

Small  pale  spotted  active  beetles  riddling  the  leaves  with  holes  in  June.  - 

spotted  Patia  {Paria  6-nolala). 

Small  active  jumping  striped  beetles,  eating  holes  in  the  leaves.— 5/ri>' J 

Flea  Beetle  {Phyllotreta  vittata),  p.  314. 


IDENTIFICATION   OF   INSECTS   INJUEIOUS   TO   CROPS  87 

W  Twenty-legged   grubs   eating   holes   in    the  \t^vts.-Slrauher,y  Sa-a,  jly 
hrnil: 

(a)  Caterpillars  feeding  on  the  berry.-AV^;*  Borer  {Papdperna  nilda),  p.  ,„r, 

(b)  Minute  black  bugs  producing  a  buggy  odor  when  eaten  with  berry  -ffca- 
hke  Negro  Bug  (Cnrimdxna  putkaria),  p.  167. 

(c)  Flower  buds  drooping  and  bending  over.-5/ra-^*€,ry  Wenil  (Anikommus 
signatus),  p.  332. 

(d)  Fruits  deformed  to  "buttons.  "-Slra-Mcrry  Thrip,  (F.,Mr!ps  Irllici),  p.  ,22. 

XVII.  INiSKCTS  .VI'FECTI.NG  SH.AIJK  TRKES 

(Consult  Itsicis  Afeeli„g  Park  and  H'mdhnJ  Trers  by  Pelt) 

hi)  feeding  on  the  leaves. 

(ft)   Feeding  or  resting  under  webbed  tents. 

(0  Hairy   yellowish-brown    and    black    marked    caterpillars    fce<ling 
on  leaves  within  webbed  tents  in  July-Sept.;  adult  moths  white 
<'rbIack-spotted.-M/llV6UV»,  (//,vM^„,„V,,„„fu),  p  ,si 
(2)  Hairy  black  caterpillars,  white  stripe  along  middle  of  back   lateral 
white  and  yellow  line  with  blue  spots.     Resting  in  silken  webbed 
tents  at  angles  of  branches.-Orciarrf  Tenl-caler pillar  {Malaco.oma 
americarta),  p.  203. 
M  Feeding  free  on  the  leaves. 
I.  Adult  moths  not  while. 

(i)  Caterpillars  with  a  broken  line  of  white  dots  along  back 
and  resting  in  mas.ses  on  sides  of  branches  and  trunks   not 
within  webs.-ForM(  Tenl-caler pillar  {Malacosoma  disslria) 
p.  204.  " 

(2)  Caterpillars  with  red  heads  and  yellow  and  black  tufts  and 
pencils.  Female  moth  wingless.-Il/„7e-mar*frf  Tussock  Moll, 
Ulemcrocampa  Icucostigma) ,  p.  202. 

(3)  Brownish  caterpillars  with  blue  and  reddish  warts;  hibernat- 
ing as  egg-masses  covered  with  hair;  adult  female  moth  with 
white  wings  marked  with  dark  wavy  lines,  wings  of  males 
light  brown.-- C,-/,sy  Molh  (Porlhclria  dispar),  p.  200 

(4)  ".Measuring  worms"  feeding  in  the  daytime  in  spring  and 
early  summer.-FaH  Canter  Worm  (Alsophih  pomeloria) 
p.  20s. 

(5)  Caterpillars  with  tufts  of  white,  black,  or  yellow  hairs,  and 
pencils  of  black  or  orange  or  white  hairs.  Feeding  on  hickory 
butternut,  etc.— r/jfr  J/0//K  (//a;,s«„/a  spp.),  p  ,83 

(6)  Caterpillars  with  sharp  pale  yellow  hairs  and  with'  a  pair 
of  long  black  hair  pencils  on  the  first  and  third  abdominal 
segments,  and  a  single  one  on  the  eighth.  Feeling  on  elm 
maple,  hickory,  oak,  ash,  poplar,  etc.-.l  merfcoH  Dagger  Moth 
(Acronycla  amerieana),  p.  198. 


88 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


(7)  Cateipillars  black  with  a  loose  covering  of  soft  whitish  hairs. 
Feeding  in  clusters  on  walnut,  hickory,  oak,  beech,  etc. — 
Walnut  Caterpillar  (Datana  integerrima),  p.  199. 

(8)  Small  green  caterpillars,  skeletonizing  the  leaves  of  birchc> 
and  forming  small  round  white  moulting  cocoons  on  the 
twigs  and  leaves, — Birch  Leaf  Skelelonizer  (Bucculatrix 
canadensiseUa) ,  p.  336. 

(9)  A  bright  yellow  looper  with  rust-colored  head  and  with  ten 
crinkled  black  lines  along  the  back.  Attacks  elm,  basswood, 
hickory,  apple,  etc. — Lime-tree  Winter  Moth  (Erannis  tiltaria), 

7.  Adult  moths  white. 

(i)  Caterpillars  reddish-black  with  only  two  pairs  of  proleg.-; 
with  three  pairs  of  small  tubercles  on  back;  hibernate  as  egp- 
masses  of  ao-ioo  on  branches.— 5n(m^-U'Ai/e  Linden  Moth 
{Ennomos  suhsigniarius),  p.  206. 

(2)  Dark  brown  caterpillars,  with  a  lateral  row  of  white  hair> 
and  bright  red  tubercles  on  sixth  and  seventh  adbominal  scj;- 
ments;  hibernate  as  one-fourth  grown  caterpillars  in  nests  nf 
webbed  leaves  on  tips  of  trees;  adult  moth  with  a  tuft  of 
brown  hairs  at  tip  of  abdomen. — Brown  Tail  Moth  {Euprocli^ 
chrysorrkoea)y  p.  200. 

3.  Adults  are  butterflies.  Caterpillars  large,  black,  red-marked  and 
spiny,  feeding  in  clusters  on  terminal  branches  of  elm,  viillow, 
poplar. — Spiny  Elm  Caterpillar  (Aglais  antiopa).  p  176. 

4.  Adults  are  beetles.  Adults  eating  irregular  circular  holes  in  e!m 
leaves  and  grubs  skeletonizing  the  under  surface. — Elm  Leaf  Bedlf 
(Galerucella  luleola),  p.  309. 

5.  Adults  are  Saw-Sies. 

(i)  Larvae  cylindric,  coiled,  yellowish- white,  with  a  black  line 
down  the  middle  of  back,  feeding  on  elm,  poplar,  willow,  etc.-  - 
Elm  Saw-jly  {Cimbex  americana),  p.  347. 

(2)  Larvae  with  jet  black  head  and  green  body,  each  segment 
except  second  marked  with  double  parallel  rows  of  dark 
dots;  feeding  on  larch  leaves. — Larch  Saw-jly  {Lygaonema!iis 
erichsonii),  p.  346. 

(aa)  Boring  in  trunks  and  branches. 
(6)  Adults  are  moths. 

1.  Whitish  caterpillars  with  distinct  spots  and  tubercles  making 
burrows  in  twigs  and  larger  branches,  which  often  die  and  project 
above  leafy  branches.  Moths  are  white  with  blue  and  black 
markings. — Leopard  Moth  {Zeuzera  pyrina),  p.  237. 

2.  Large  white  or  reddish-white  caterpillars  making  large  rovM<\ 
irregular  borings  in  oak,  maple  and  locust.  Moth  is  large,  d:irk 
grey. — Carpenter  Worm  {Prionoxystus  rohinice),  p,  238, 


IDENTIFICATION   OF   INSECTS   INJURIOUS   TO   CROPS  89 

(M)  Adults  are  beetles. 

I.  Long-horned  or  ceramhycid  beetles. 

(i)  Large  fleshy  legless  grubs  n.aking  broad  shallow  tunnels  in 
sapwood  of  sugar-maples,  often  killing  limbs.  Adult  beetle 
brilhantly  marke.l  with  yellow  and  black.-5»f.r  mpU 
Borer  (.Plagwmiiis  spniasiis),  p.  323. 

(2)  A  whitish  hairy  grub  making  a  central  burrow  plugged  with 

[hlaphidion  villosum),  p.  gjj. 

(3)  White  flattened  legless  grubs  working  under  the  bark  of  elm- 
adult  a  gray  beetle  with  red  lines  and  black  spots.-Sm  B»el 
{Saptrdatrtdent<Ua),p.  31,. 

(4)  White  legless  grubs  making  large  irregular  channels  in  sap- 
wood  and  inner  bark  of  poplar;  large  blackened  swollen  .scars 
on    he  surface  of  the  trunk  and  limbs  of  affected  trees,- 

rll'^°"l  ^1"""'''  """"'"'''  '"""^'^  '"  W"  Producing 
rough  discolored  scars  on  the  trunk.  Saperda  cavdida  bores 
mto  hawthorn,  mountain  ash,  and  fruit  trees,  and  Saperda 
leslUa  into  basswood.  -"'yerua 

(5)  Club-shaped  grubs,  making  irregular  ugly  scars  opening 
into  burrows  in  black  locust.  Adult  beetle  is  dull  black 
brightly  marked  with  golden  yeUow,  and  feeds  on  golden  rod 
blossoms.-iM„5(  Borer  (Cyllene  robinia:),  p.  32, 

2.  iletalhc  wood  borers  or  Buprestid  beetles 

(.)  Large  headed  flattened  legless  grubs  making  shallow  tunnels.- 

Hal-headcd  Borer  (Chrysobolhris  femorata),  p.  300 
M  A  flattened  whitish  grub  with  a  large  flattened  head,  making 
irregular  spiral  burrows  in  the  inner  bark  of  birch.-ij,<,„« 
Birch  Borer  (Agrdm  anxius),  p.  3ot. 
(000)  Sucking  the  juices  from  twigs  or  leaves. 
(6)  On  the  leaves. 

'■  I'rf"?"!  /""'?'  "^"^  °"  "^''^  """^  f^'^^y  =?"■«;  branch 
^"'fyd<:formcd.~SpruceGMApl,is(Cker,nes,iv,L).;.  ,50. 
f"f"7«  Sf^  ™  white  and  Norway  spruce,  not  terminal,  pine- 
apple  .Up,d.-spruce  Call  Aphis  {Cher«es  abielis).  p.  140 

'   IZtT   """"^..P'r'f^  ""  l-vesofIarch.-i„.A,r™«y 
Aphis  [Chermes  sirobilohiiis)  ' 

(M)  On  the  bark. 

'■  fl^t."  rr"''  ,^°''''""'  '.'"''■''"  ™ ""''"  ^"''"^ »'  ^1"  kaves.- 

f-lm  Bark-louse  (Cossyparia  spuria),  p.  130 
^'  of°ll'J7  '"''f'^^="'*'^'■^<^  'o  brown  scales  on  under  side  of  twigs 
of  soft  maple,  elms,  etc.-C»«»„y  Maple  Seal,  {PMnaria  vilb). 


I 'ill 


go  ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 

4,  Hemispherical  reddish  scales  mottled  with  black  lines  on  under 
side  of  branches  of  maples.— Tfrra^in  Sc<llc  (Lecanium  nigrofas- 
ciatttm),  p.  129. 

5,  Flocculcnt  white  masses  upon  Kreenbark  of  cultivated  white  pine. — 
Pine  Bark  Aphis  (Chermes  pinicorticis) ,  p.  150. 

6,  Twigs  of  balsam  twisted  and  leaves  curled  by  plant-lice. — Balsam 
Twig  Aphi^  {Mindarus  ahieiinus). 


XVIII.  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  GREKNHOUSE  I'L,\NTS 

(u)  Minute  active  white  four->vinged  flies  living  on  the  under  side  of  leaves, 
sucking  the  juices;  young  are  oval,  flat  and  greenish.~-tr*f/e  Fly  {Aleyrodes  vapor- 
ariorum),  p.  151- 

(6)  Small  soft  mealy-covered  bugs,  with  eggs  enclosed  in  cottony  sacks.— J/ra/v 
Bugs  (Pseudococcus  spp.),  p.  131. 

(r)  Oval,  flat  or  saddle-shaped  scales,  on  leaves  of  lemons,  ferns,  oleanders, 
crotons,  etc.— So//  Scale  (Lecanium  hcmispkericum),  p.  134. 

(i)  Round  scales  on  leaves  and  twigs  of  ivy,  date  palms,  etc.— Hard  Seal. 
(Aspidiolus  spp.),  p.  r34. 

(<•)  White  scales  on  leaves  of  Boston  fern,  aspidistra,  etc.,  causing  spotting  an.l 
browning. — Aspidistra  Scale  (Hemichionaspis  aspidislrte),  p.  133. 

(/)  Green  plant-lice,  often  infesting  violets  and  sucking  the  juices  from  tht 
leaves,  checking  the  growth.— GrecB  Aphis  (Myzus  persicte),  p.  144. 

(1)  Black  plant-lice  sucking  the  juicesof  chrysanthemums.— B/iii-ty4^*!s(,'';cri) 
siphum  sanborni),  p.  149. 

(*)  Red  mites,  spinning  fine  webs  on  under  surface  of  leaves  and  sucking  tlit 
juices  rendering  the  leaves  sickly  yellow.— Kerf  Spider  {Tetranychus  bimaculatus) . 

(>)  A  small  maggot,  causing  the  edges  of  violet  leaves  to  curl  and  turn  yellow.- 
V iolet  Gdl-Jly  (Diplosis  piolicola). 

(j)  A  small  greenish-white  and  striped  caterpillar,  eating  lower  epidermis  nf 
chrysanthemums,  cinerarias,  roses,  carnations,  etc.,  and  tying  the  leaves  together. 
Greenhouse  Leaf-Iyer  ifUyclania  jerrugalis),  p.  210. 

(t)  Maggots  feeding  in  f -^wer  and  leaf  buds  of  greenhouse  roses,  causing  them  to 
brown,  blacken  and  die.— A'se  Midge  (Dasyneura  rhodophaga),  p.  248. 

(/)  Flesh-colored  legless  grul  attacking  roots  of  cyclamen,  gloxinia,  primula.— 
Cyclamen  Borer  (Oliorhynchus  sulcalus),  p.  336. 

XIX.  INSECTS  AFFECTING  DOMESTIC  ANIM.'VLS 

(Consult  Insects  Afftclini  Domestic  Animats  by  Osborn.  Bull.  5.  U.  S.  Div.  Ent.) 

A.  Sheep 

(0)  Maggots  in  nostrils  and  in  nasal  sinuses,  causing  catarrh  and  stagger.; 
deposited  by  a  two-winged  fly  in  June  and  July.— SArfi*  Bt>l-]ly  ((Bstrus  avis). 

(J>)  Wool  falls  off  in  patches  and  large  scabs  form  on  body  with  much  itching  due 
to  a  mke.—SHeep  Scab  {Psoroptes  communis),  p.  366. 


IDENTIFICATION   OF  INSECTS   INJURIOUS  TO   CROPS  gi 

(c)  Brownish  flattened  tick-like  insects  sucking  the  blood;  common  on  lambs  in 
i\tnng.—Sheep  Tuk  (Mehphagm  minus),  p.  279. 

B.  Cattle 

(a)  Swellings  or  "warbles"  along  the  back  in  winter;  bee-like  flies  bothering 
rattle  m  June  and  J\i\y.—Oi-warble  {Hypoderma  Unealum  and  //.  hovis).  p  355 

(*)  SmaU  flies  clustering  on  base  of  horns,  flanks  and  bellv  of  cattle  in  summer 
fausing  them  much  annoyance.— //o™  Ply  [Hamatobia  serra'la).  p.  272. 

(c)  Slaty-colored  sucking  lice,  often  abundant  on  neck  and  shoulders  of  neglected 
cattle.— 5*Df(-nos«(i  Ox  Louse  (Hcemalopinus  euryslernus),  p.  000.  Long-nosed  Ox 
Uuse  (ffamalopinus  viliUi),  p.  i6g. 

(d)  "Little  red  lice"  feeding  on  the  rough  parts  of  the  skin  and  on  the  hairs 
tausmg  irntation;  most  abundant  in  spring.— B,Vm«  CalUe  Louse  {Trkhodecle's 
^talaris),  p.  100. 

(e)  Hair  falls  off  in  patches  and  large  scabs  form— with  much  itching-due  to 
mites.  Common  CatUe  Scab  Miles  (Psoropies  Communis  bovis),  Sarcoplic  Scab  Wile 
iSarcoples  scabiei  bovis),  TaU  Mange  Mile  (Chorioples  hovis  bovis).  (See  Farmers' 
Bull.  1017,  U.  S.  Dep.  Ag.). 

C.  Horses 

(a)  Hots  attached  to  wall  of  stomach— adult  fly  light  brown;  does  not  bite 
but  horse  is  worried;  eggs  laid  on  hairs  of  legs  and  shoulders.— //orje  Bol-fy  (ffaslro- 
philits  inleslinalis),  p.  258. 

(i)  Similar  to  (a)  but  eggs  are  attached  to  hairs  of  lips  and  nostrils.— C*m 
Bol-Jly  (GastrophUus  nasalis)  and  the  Red-tailed  Bitl-flv  (G.  hxmorrhoidalis)   p   259 

W  Large  black  fly  that  flies  swiftly  and  bites  severely,  giving  much  annoyance 
to  horses. — Horse  Gadfly  {Tahanus  alralus),  p.  252. 

D.  Hogs 


169. 


(a)  Gray  sucking  lice,  often  quite  large.— //o|  Louse  (llcmalopinus  urius),  p. 


E.  Poultry 


ks  at  night;  piercing  the 
-n  death.— C*ii:*en  Mile 


(a)  Yellowish  or  reddish  mites  infesting  hens  and 
^kiii  and  sucking  the  blood,  causing  much  irritation  a- 
Dcrmanyssus  gallina),  p.  364. 

(6)  SmaU  pale  yellow  active  insects  feeding  on  rough  parts  of  skin  and  bases 
»i  hairs  and  feathers,  causing  much  irritation.— CommoB  Hen  Louse  (Menopon 
pdlidum),  p.  100. 

(r)  Minute  mites  burrowing  under  the  scales  of  foot,  leg,  comb  and  beak,  pro- 
ducing "scaly  leg"  with  much  irritation.  Contagious— //tA  .Wilr  (Sarcoplrs 
niHans),  p.  365. 

{(()  Small  mites  causing  the  feathers  to  break  off.  Contagious.— Bt^/Bminj 
utile  (Sarcoptes  gallina). 


92 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


XX.  INSECTS  OF  THE  HOUSEHOLD 
A.  Annoying  the  Inmates 

(a)  Slender  two-winged  insects;  only  the  females  bite  or  pierce  the  skin;  lar\a 
and  pupil  live  in  stagnant  water.— CommoM  Mosquito  (Cutex  pipiens),  p.  2^y 

ib)  Similar  to  (a)  but  larger  and  with  wings  spotted.— A/o/aria;  A/osjm/o  (Atif 
phehs  mactdipennis),  p.  244. 

(c)  Two-winged  insects,  with  four  blacli  lines  on  thorax;  they  lap  but  do  m.i 
pierce;  eggs  laid  on  manure  or  decaying  organic  matter.— //ouse  Fly  (Musca  d.- 
mesiica),  p.  270. 

(d)  Similar  to  (c)  but  with  six  black  lin"  on  thorax,  and  with  piercing  moutli- 
parts.— .SfaHe  Wy  {Slomoxys  calcilrans),  p.  3;i. 

(e)  Compressed,  wingless  long-legged  insects  with  piercing  and  sucking  moutli 
parts,  hiding  in  bedding  and  clothing;  eggs  laid  among  hairs  of  cat  or  dog.— Cm 
and  Dog  Flea  (Pulex  serralkeps),  p.  280. 

(/)  Reddish-brown,  Bat  bugs  with  buggy  odor,  hiding  in  day  time  in  cracks,  bin 
active  at  night;  with  piercing  and  sucking  mouth-parts.— B«i-6«js  {Cimex  leclii- 
larius),  p.  167. 

B.  Feeding  on  or  Destroyino  Clothing,  Carpets,  Upholstery,  Etc. 

(a)  Tiny  dusky  moths,  laying  eggs  in  furs  or  woolens,  the  larva  eating  holes  in 
them.— Cosc-mo*in«  Clotkes  Moth  (Tinea  peUioneila),  p.  236.  Webbing  Clothes  Molli 
{Tinea  biselliella),  p.  237.     Tapestry  Clothes  Moth  (Jrichophaga  tapetzetla),  p.  237- 

(6)  Small  oval  red,  black  and  white  beetles,  whose  grubs  are  hairy,  feeding  nn 
carpets  on  underside,  usually  along  a  crack  of  the  floor.— B«/u(<>  Carpel  BcctU 
{Anikrenus  scropkulariie),  p.  igi. 

(c)  Tiny  active  wingless  insects  with  silvery  appearance,  and  with  three  loni; 
feelers  at  hind  end  of  body,  feeding  on  linen  or  paper  containing  starch,  sugar,  cic 
Silver-fish  (Lepisma  saccharina),  p.  95. 


il 


C.  Feeding  on  Food  Products 

(a)  Active  wary  light-brown  insects  with  a  "roachy"  odor,  found  in  pantriis 
and  bakeries;  several  species  but  the  most  common  is  the  Croton-bug  or  Germ  in 
Cockroach  (Eclobia  germanica),  p.  105. 

(i)  Brown  beetles,  one-third  inch  long,  whose  grubs  are  brown  above,  white  bel.u! 
and  covered  with  long  brown  hairs;  found  where  meats,  skins  and  feathers  ;irc 
kept. — Larder  Beetle  (DermesUs  lardarius),  p.  291. 

(c)  Large  black  flies  with  bluish  i'ldomen  and  with  black  spines  on  thor:ix: 
eggs  laid  on  meat.— Bto  or  Meat  Fly  {Calliphora  vomiloria),  p.  273. 

(d)  Little  red  ants  that  have  their  nests  in  the  wall  or  beneath  the  floorinR  - 
House  Anls  {Monomoritim  pharaonis),  p.  361. 

ie)  Black  ants  and  pavement  ants  living  outdoors  sometimes  invade  houses  - 
Black  Anls  (Motumorium  minulum),  p.  361. 


PART   III 


CLASSIFICATION    AND    DESCRIPTION    OF    COMMON 
INSECTS 

THE  COIIMON  ORDERS  AN'D  GROUPS  OF  I\SECTS 

SYNOPSIS  OK  THE  ORDERS  OF  INSECTS  REFERRED  TO  IN'  THE  CLASS 
BOOK 


Aptera  Group. 


Neuropteroida  Group, 


Orthopteroida  Group. 


f         I 

Thysanura. 

I           II 

Coilembola. 

III 

Plecoptera. 

IV 

Ephemerida. 

V 

Odonata. 

VI 

Neuroptera. 

VII. 

Mecoptera. 

VIII. 

Trichoptera. 

IX. 

Mallophaga. 

X, 

Isoptera. 

XL 

Corrodentia. 

XII. 

Blattoidea. 

XIIL 

Mantoidea. 

XIV. 

Phasmoide". 

XV. 

Dermapter 

XVI. 

Orthoptera 

XVII. 

Thysanoptera 

XVIII.  Horaoptera. 

XIX.  Hemiptera. 
XX.  Siphunculata. 

XXI.  Lepidoptera. 
XXII.  Coleoptera. 

XXIII.  Diptera. 

XXIV.  Siphonaptera. 
XXV.  Hymenoptera. 

A.  With  two  wings;  mouth-parts  formed  for  sucking  or  piercing;  metamor- 
phosis  complete.— O/iTBRA  (Flies). 
93 


Hemipteroida  Group  J 
Dipteroida  Group.     | 


!;  I 


I'! 


04 


ECONOMIC  ENTOUOLOGV 


AA.  With  four  wings. 

B.  Alouth-partsi  formeti  for  biting. 

C.  Upper  wings  horny;  metamorphosis  complete. — COLEOPjfj^  \ 
(Beetles),  p.  280. 
(-^C.  Upper  wings  parchment-tike;  lower  wings  folded  under  tin. 
upper;       metamorphosis      incomplete.— O^rHOiTK/fO/i)  i 
Group  (Locusts,  etc.),  p.  103. 
CCC,    Upper   wings   membranous    with    many  veins. — NEUROI' 
TEROIDA  Group  (Nerve-winged  insects),  p.  96- 
BB.  Mouth-parts  formed  for  sucking  and  biting;  wings  with  few  cross  vein- 
and  similar    in  texture;    metamorphosis   complete. — UYMESOi' 
TERA  (Bees,  etc.),  p.  343- 
BBB.  Mouth-parts  formed  for  sucking;  wings  covered  with  scales;  metamor 
phosis  complete.— LEPIDOPT ERA  (Butterflies  and  moths),  p.  i6<j. 
BBBB.  Mouth-parts  formed  for  piercing. 

C.  Beak  jointed;  palpi  absent;  last  joint  of  tarsi  not  bladder-like. 
D.  Wings  of  uniform  texture;  beak  arising  from  the  hindrr 
edge  of  under  side  of  the  head;  metamorphosis  incomplete. 
—lIOMOPTERA.p.  1:2. 
DD.  Fore  wings  leathery  at  base,  membranous  at  tip;  beak 
arising  from  the  front  of  the  head;  metamorphosis  incom 
p\ete.~~HEMIPTERA  (True  Bugs),  p.  158. 
CC.  Beak  unjointed,  palpi  present;  last  joint  of  tarsi  bladder'likt'. 
and  without  claws;  wings  simitar;  metamorphosis  incomplete.— 
THYSANOPTERA  (Thrips),  p.  118. 
AAA.  Wingless. 

B.  Mouth-parts  formed  for  biting;  louse-like  insects. 

C.  Mouth-parts  retracted  within  the  head;  no  metamorphosis. - 
APTERA  Group,  p.  94. 
CC.  Mouth-parts  not  retracted  within  the  head. 

D.  Antennje  with  many  segments;  metamorphosis  incompletf. 
—CORRODENTIA  (Book-lice),  p.  103. 
DD.  AntenniB  with  not  more  than  five  segments;  metamorplio- 
sis  incomplete. — MALLOPHAGA  (Biting-lice),  p.  100. 
BB.  Mouth-parts  formed  for  sucking. 

C.  Tarsus  with  a  single  hook-Uke  claw;  with  a  fleshy  unjoiniici 
beak;  parasitic  on  mammals  {Parasitica). — SIPHUNCULA'J A, 
p.  167 
CC.  Tarsus  five-jointed;  body  compressed;  metamorphosis  complett 
SIPHONAPTERA  (Fleas). 

The  Aptlra  Group 
Chief  Orders  and  Families: 

A.  Abdomen  with  at  least  10  segments;  antennae  many-jointed;  usually  v.\(^ 
terminal  abdominal  appendages. — Tkysanura  Order. 
B.  Body  covered  with  scales. — Lepismida. 


CLASSIFICATION  AND  DESCRIPTION   OF   COMMON   INSECTS 


95 


\.\. 


nil.  Hdily  not  covered  with  stales. 

('.  Caudal  apiiendancs  many-jointed.— C',i»i;orfii</,r. 

CC.  Caudal  appenilages  sickle-shaped.— y -i,V 

.Udomen  with  not  more  than  six  segments;  ante^ni  with  not  more  than 
eilfht  jomts;  no  caudal  appendages.- tuHcwWd  Order. 
B.  Ventral  spring  present. 

C.  Spring  on  penultimate  abdominal  segment. 
D.  Abdomen  globular.— 5M<n/*i,ri</«. 
DD    Abdomen  cylindrical.— £,i/<,moi,y,rf«. 
CC.  Spring  on  antepenult  abdominal  iegmcnt.-Pudurida 
BB.  Ventral   spring   absent.— A phoruridr 
Of  the  above  Apterous  families  only  one,  the  UphmU^  „t  the   Thysanura 
(ontams  forms  that  are  of  economic  importance. 

ORDER  THYSANDRA 
LEPISMIDiE  (FisH-MuTHs) 

The  Fish-moth.  SUver  Fish,  or   "SUcker"    iLephma  sauharina 
Linn.)   sometimes    does   injury    to    books, 
papers,  labels   and   starched   clothing.     It 
shims  light  and  is  quite  active. 

Adult.— A  minute,  glistening,  scaly,  fish- 
lite  active  insect,  wingless,  i,^  inch  long, 
body  tapering  to  hind  end  where  are  *hree 
long,  bristle-shaped  appendages;  antenna 
prominent;  coxe  strongly  developed;  biting 
mouth  parts. 

Another  species,  Lepisma  domeslka  Pack. , 
is  found  in  bakeries  and  mills  in  some  locali- 
ties. It  has  dusty  markings  on  its  upper 
surface  and  is  },i  inch  long. 

Co«/ro;.— Frequent  use  of  fresh  insect 
Jiowder,  sodium  fluoride,  or  a  poison-bait 
"f  sweetened  gluey  paste  and  white  arsenic 
on  bits  of  cardboard. 


Pig.  50.— The  silver  fish 
(Lepisma  saccharina).  (Aftrr 
MarlaU.) 


PODURID.fi  (Springtails) 
Two  species  may  be  noted  in  passing. 
■ichorules  armatum  sometimes  attacking  seedlings  causing  disfigure- 
ment and  loss,  and  A.  nhkola  often  abundant  in  maple  sap  in  early 
spring.  Both  species  are  minute,  and  have  some  of  the  habits  of 
flea-beetles  (Fig.  51). 


I      ) 


Mi 


96 


KCONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 

TirK  Nki  kiipTiKoinA  (1h)h  p 


if^i 


'.^""■tain  orders  of  aquatic  insects  have  a  superficial  resemblanci 
of  wing  venation,  and  were  formerly  grouped  together  into  one  order, 
the  Neuiojitera.  Of  the  six  main  Order- 
three  have  incomplete  metamorphosis,  vi/  . 
Plecoptera,  Bpfietnerida  and  OJonata,  am] 
three  complete  metamorphosis,  viz.,  Tri- 
choptera,  Ncuroptera  and  Mecoptera. 

It  is  probable,  therefore,  that  the  first 
three  orders  are  not  so  '  iily  evolved  as  thi 
last  three.  The  formi .  are  lower  than  the 
Orthoptera,  while  the  latter  arc  higher  an-l 
come  between  the  Uemiptera  and  llu 
Lepidoptera. 

Chief  Orders:^ 

The  Neuropteroida  (or  nerve-winged)  group  of 
insects  includes  six  main  orders  which  may  be  spp.i- 
rated  as  follows: 

A.  Lower    vings    folded   in   plaits   under   thu 
upper. 
B.  Wings     covered     with     hairs;      tar-i 
5-jointed ;    metamorphosis    complel     - 
TrichopUra  (Caddice-flies). 
BB.  Wings  not  covered  with  hairs. 
C.  Tarsi  5-jointed;  wings  equal  and  with  many  veins  and  cross-vein-; 
mouth-parts  well  developed;  metamorphosis  complete. — Neurop- 
tcra  (Dobson  flies,  Aphis  lions,  etc.). 
CC.  Tarsi  3-jointed;  hind  wings  larger  than  fore-wings;  with  caudil 
filaments;  biting  mouth-parts  poorly  developed;  metamorpho-i- 
incomplete. — Plecoptera  (Stone-flies)  (Fig.  54). 
AA.  Lower  wings  not  folded  under  the  upper. 

B.  Head  prolonged  into  a  beak;  antenna;  long;  metamorphosis  (C'l- 
plele. — Mffoptera  (Scorpion-flies) . 
BB.  Head  not  prolonged  into  a  beak;  antenns  inconspicuous;  metani'  r- 
phosis  incomplete. 

1  Handlirsch  .irranges  these  orders  into  KTuups  as  follows: 

Odonata Sub-class  Libetluioidea. 

Plecoptera  (Epht- merit  1;.) Sub-class  Ephemeroidea. 

Plecoptera Sub-clasa  Perloidea. 

Ncuroptera     '; 

Megaloptern   [ Sub-claas  Neuropteroidea. 

Raphidioidea  | 
Panorpattt    ] 

Trichoptera  \ Sub-clasa  Panorpoidea. 

Lepidoptera  J 


F:3.  SI. — The  snow 
flea  (Achorutes  nivi' 
cola).  Enlarged  greatly. 
(After  Folsom.) 


CLASSIFICATION   ANU   DESCRIPTION   OF   (OMMON    INSKCTS         97 

C.  Abdomin  wilh  1  or  ,t  long  lilanunl.;  lower  wingi  mud.  smaller 
than  upper;  antenna'  sliort.  -KplitmnH.,  (Mav  llii^)  (H|(.  5O 
CC.  Abdomen  without  jointed  lilamenls;  winK~  ah..ul  n|Uiil  in  -iz,  ; 
antenna' short.    (W.01,1/,1  (Drason  lliei). 

The  larva'  of  most  of  the  Neuropteroid  insects  are  a.|uatic  and  are  „(  Utile 
....nom.c  importance  in  asricullure.  They  are  of  imporlanee,  however,  in  fish- 
.  iilturc.  In  the  Stone-flies  Newcomer  has  recently  reported  that  several  sm'.ies  of 
l.r.,opu.yx  (es,».cially  T.  pa.i/,c„)  with  well  develoiH-d  mouth  parts  cause  consi.ler. 
il)le  injury  to  foliaife  and  fruit  in  Central  Washinglim. 


Pig.   5 j.— .May-fly  {.Iltxogcnia),  adult. 
{Afttr  Folsom,) 


Fig.   53.— May-fly.  nymph 


LARViU,  FORMS  OF  THE  NEUROPTEROIDA 
A.  Body  cylindrical,  caterpillar-like.— .l/reo^fcra. 
AA.  Body  more  or  less  depressed,  not  caterpillar-like. 

B.  Mandibles  united  with  corresponding  maiilla'.— AVuro^/fra. 
BB.  Mandibles  separate  from  corresponding  maiilla?. 

C.  Body  encased  in  a  shell  of  gravel,  etc.— Trkhopicra. 
CC.  Body  not  encased  in  a  shell. 

U.  Abdomen  with  external  lateral  gills  and  terminated  by  2  or 
3  long  gill  ptixxixs.—Epkemerida  (Fig.  53). 


gS  ECONOMIC   ENTOUOLOOV 

1>1>.  AlKlnmcn  without  external  lateral  Kill-«- 

K.  Lower  lip  strnnK  cxtenHilr  and  lurntHhrd  with  a  pair  '  ' 
npposahle  ho«k<t;  ahdomrn  tfrminutrd  by  j  lca(-liU 
tracheal  kHU,  «)r  with  5  «pinr  like  appendaiieH. 
Odonatd. 
KK.  Lower  lip  not  extensile  and  without  hooka;  cauil.i 
lilamcnts  and  antenna;  lun){  and  slender;  thorax  wii!> 
,1  pdirK  of  tracheal  kIIU.     PUcoptfrii. 

On  account,  however,  of  their  common  occurrence  the  economn 
entomologist  should  know  a  little  at  least  regarding  their  habits  aixl 
life-history. 

Stone-fliet  (Plecoptert).  The  nymphs  live  under  stones  in  swiii 
streams,  are  flattish,  and  have  tracheal  gills,  long  legs,  cerci  ami 


Pic.  54. — An    ad'ilt    Itone-fly     {PteronarciS    rtgatis). 
Fotsom). 


Slightly    reduced.     {A.' 


antenna;.  The  adults  are  greyish  and  have  prominent  wings.  '1  he 
hind  wings  are  the  larger  and  when  at  rest  are  folded  under  the  frniii 
ones.     The  larva;  furnish  food  for  fishes  (Figs.  54  and  55). 

May-flies  (Ephemerida). — May-flies  are  well-known  insects,  LiIiil' 
attracted  to  lights  in  immense  numbers  in  early  summer.  They  h:w 
large  delicate  wings  and  2  or  3  long  caudal  filaments.  The  forewina- 
are  much  larger  than  the  hind  ones.  The  nymphs  live  at  thcbotton^i  i 
bodies  of  water,  and  have  long  legs,  caudal  filaments  and  prominent 
tracheal  gills.  They  mature  in  i  to  3  years,  and  furnish  abuncLini 
foi  i  for  fishes. 


CLASSIflCArKlN   AND   llf:S(  KIITION    OK 


loujiD.N  iNsFrrs 


9" 


1  Ik'sc  inserts  arc  also 
of  waltT,  fceilinK  on 


Dragon-flies  and  OaniMl-fliei  (Odonitai. 

Mill  known.  They  arc  rapid  lliirs  ovtr  Ijodiis 
iliis  ami  nios,  uitoi's.  The  nymphs  live  at  llie 
lotto.n  of  pomis  and  streams.  They  have 
Inng  legs,  and  are  Hat  and  spiny.  J)raKon-llies 
liiild  their  winKs  horizontally  when  at  rest,  and 
I  he  nymphs  have  rectal  respiration;  while  the 
ilamsel-llies  hold  their  win)?s  vertically  when  at 
rest,  and  the  nymphs  have  three  caudal  tru- 
.  :.oil  Kills  (Fig.  56). 

Caddice-fliei  (Trichoptera).  The  lar\a-  of 
these  insects  are  known  as  cadjiie-uwms,  and 
live  in  water  within  protecting  cases  of  line 
travel,  leaves,  sticks,  stalks  or  small  shells, 
i.i.tened  together  by  threads  of  silk.  They 
Tuwl  about  carrying  their  cases  with  ihem. 
When  full-giD"M  they  change  to  ^k^ie  within 
I  he  cases  and  at  length  emerge  as  four-winged 

llies.     During  summer  immense   numbers  are    'tong.fiy   (PitruHany, 
aitrictcd   to  lights  at  night.    The  wings  are   '""'"'■ 
hairy,  and,  at  rest,  are  held  like  a  roof  over  the  back.     The  eggs  are 
usually  laid  on  water  plants. 


.Nymph  uf 


n...  3b.-Drauon-f[y  a.bdMa  pulMh).     Last  nymphaUkin  and  .vint,.     Slightly 
reduced.     (After  Fohom.) 

Dobson-flies,  Lace-wings,  Ant-lions  (Neu,.  fterfL).~Dobson-flks 
arc  large  insects  with  prominent  biting  mouth-pa.-ts  and  wings.  Their 
larva,  live  under  stones  in  swift  streams,  and  h,ive  rather  conspicuous 
iracheal  gdls.     They  become  full-grown  in  about  three  vears 


lOO  ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 

Lace-wings  are  delicate  pale-green  insects  with  finely  veined  wings 
The  larva;  have  large  jaws,  and  owing  to  their  habit  of  feeding  upon 
aphids  are  called  aphis-Hms.    The  pups  art 
enclosed  in  a  white  cocoon  of  silk  (Fig.  57). 

Anl-lions  are  predaceous  larva,  which  lit- 
in  wait  for  their  prey  at  the  bottom  of  funnel - 
shaped  pits.  The  adults  have  narrow  delicait 
wings. 

Scorpion-flies    (Mecoptera).— 5cof/iiV)«-^;n 
have  their  head  prolonged  into  a  beak.    Tlit 
larvae  live  in  the  ground  and  are  caterpillar- 
Both  larva  and  adult  are  carnivorous. 


Fig.  57. — A  lace-wing 
(Chrysopa).  Slightly  re- 
duced.    {After  Folsom.} 


like. 


ORDER  MALLOPHAGA  (BITING  UCE) 


Chief  Families  and  Genera: 

A.  AntennK  filamentous,  exposed,  3- or  5-Joinled;  maxillary  palpi  absent, 
mandibles  vertical;  middle  and  hind  segments  of  thorax  fused. 
B.  Antennas  3-jointed;  tarsi  with  a  single  daw;  infesting  mammal- 
~-TrichodectidcB, 

Genus:  Tricfiodectes. 
BB.  Antenna  s-jointed;  tarsi  with  two  claws;  infesting  birds.— PhilopleriJu- 
Genera:  Docophorus,  Lipairus,  Nirmm,  Goniodes,  Goniocotes. 
AA.  AntennK  clavate  or  capitate,  concealed,  4-jointed;  maxillary  palpi  4- 
jointed;  mandibles  horizontal;  middle  and  hind  segments  of  thorax  stp:i- 
rated  by  a  suture. 
B.  Tarsi  with  a  single  daw;  infesting  mammals.— Cyro/iWa. 
Genus:  Gyropus. 
BB.  Tarsi  with  two  claws;  infesting  bMs.—Liollieida:. 
Genera:  Menopon,  Trinolan. 
(Consult  Bull.  5.  n.s,  Divison  of  Etomology.  U.  S.  Dept.  ot  Agriculture,  by  Osborn) 

Although  most  commonly  found  on  poultry,  Biting  Lice  some- 
times infest  the  larger  domestic  animals.  They  do  not  suck  blond 
but  feed  on  the  rough  parts  of  the  skin  and  at  the  base  of  hairs  ;in(! 
feathers,  causing  considerable  irritation.  Young  chicks  frequenll> 
suffer  severely  from  their  attacks.  ^ 

The  most  abundant  species  found  on  fowls  is  the  common  hen 
louse  (Menopon  pallidum),  a  pale  yellow  active  insect,  }is  inch  Inn?. 
with  six  legs  (Fig.  58). 

The  eggs  or  "nits"  are  oval  objects  attached  to  the  vanes  im! 


CLASSIFICATION   AND   DESCRIPTION  OF   COMMON   INSECTS       lOI 

i.irlis  of  the  feathers,  usually  on  the  down  feathers.     They  hatch  in 
S  lo  10  days  and  become  full  grown  in  2  to  3  weeks. 

Dampness,  filth  and  warm  weather  favor  their  increase. 

Control.— (a)  Sanitary  surroundings  with  access  to  a  dust  hath. 
i7i)  Dusting  with  lice  powder,  such  as  insect  powder,  or  one  pre- 
\ared  as  follows:  3  parts  gasoline,  i  part  crude  carbolic  acid  (go- 
95  per  cent.),  or  i  part  cresol.  Mix  together  and  add,  with  stirring, 
plaster-of-Paris  to  take  up  all  the  moisture  (about  4  qts.  to  i  qt.  of 
liquid),  (c)  Dusting  with  sodium  fluoride. 
All  remedies  should  be  applied  more  than 
once. 

Following  are  the  common  Mallophaga  in- 
festing domesticated  birds: 
A.  Feather-lice  Infesting  Chickens: 

1.  Head  nearly  square,  abdomen  not  con- 
spicuously marked,  J^5  inch  long. — 
Goniocotes  hologasler  Nitzsch  (Lesser 
Chicken  Louse). 

2.  Head  almost  circular  in  front,  nar- 
rowed behind,  thorax  small;  head, 
thorax,  and  legs  yellowish;  white 
stripes  on  segment  of  abdomen,  }■£ 
inch  long. — Goniocotes  abdominalis 
Piaget  (Larger  Chicken  Louse). 

3.  Yellowish  with  black  markings,  uncommon.— Gowioco/es  biir- 
netti  Pack. 

4.  Smooth  and  shining,  head  squarish,  Jf  q  inch  long,  tawny,  pubes- 
cent.— Goniodes  dissimilis  Nitzsch. 

5.  Body  elongated,  smooth  and  shining,  black  margins.— i»/>e«r«s 
variabilis  Nitzsch. 

6.  Yellowish,  slender  louse,  J^o  inch  long,  common.-A/c«o/.o« 
pallidum  Nitzsch  (Hen  or  Chicken  Louse). 

K.  l-eather-Uce  of  Ducks  and  Geese: 

I.  Head  and  thorax  red  with  dark  bands;  abdomen  whitish  at 
middle,  brown  at  sides,  ]i  inch  hng.-Docophorus  icierodes 
Nitzsch. 

-'.  White,  smooth,  and  shining,  on  Roose. —Li peur us  tadoriice 
Denny. 


58- — Chicken  louse. 
iMeitopon.) 


'  i  i 


Hi'. 


s- 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 

Large,  H  inch  long,  elongated,  yellowish,  head  cone-pointed,  on 
ducks. — Lipeurus  squalidus  Nitzsch. 
.  Large  well-marked  louse,  ^i  inch  long,  on  ducks.— rr/no/Mm 
luridum  Nitzsch. 

White,  almost  transparent  louse,  on  goose.— Trinolum  lituralum 
Nitzsch. 
C.  Feather-lice  oj  Turkey: 

1.  Head  with  hind  angles  extending  backward  into  bristly  styles; 
l^  inch  long. — Goniodes  slylifer  Nitzsch. 

2.  Yellowish,  elongated,  flat  pointed  body,  if  inch  long.— Lipeitrn^ 
polytrapezius  Nitzsch. 

Orthoptksoid  Insects 

The  old  Order  Orthoptera  is  now  broken  into  ^,overal  new  Orders  1)> 
[he  elevation  of  certain  Families  to  ordinal  rank.     The  relationship 
of  these  and  other  allied  orders  is  shown  by  the  following  grouping: 
I.  Sub-class:  Orthopteroida. 

Orders:  Orthoptera,  Phasmoidea  and  the  allied  orders  Derma[)- 
tera  and  Thysanoptera. 
II.  Sub-class:  Blattaeformia. 

Orders:  Mantoidea,  Blattoidea  :md  the  allied  orders  Isoptera, 
Corrodentia  and  Mallophaga. 

Chief  Economic  Orlhopkroid  Orders: 

A.  Hind  femora  large  and  fitted  for  jumping.— Or/Ao/>/rro  (/.Of «!(.',  Cncicts,  etc. 
.\A.  Hind  femora  not  large,  not  fitted  for  jumping. 

B.  Body  elongate;  abdomen  witliout  movable  forceps. 

C.  Front  legs  spined  and  fitted  for  grasping.— .WaM/oWcii  {Manlid 
CC.  Front  legs  not  formed  for  grasping,  legs  long  and  slender.-/'/; j.- 
molded  {Walking  sticks). 
BB.  Body  elongate;  abdomen  with  movable  forceps;  fore  wings  she        I'l 
horny,  hind  wings  nearly  circular.— /Jcrmn/'/era     (Eardiigs). 
BBB.  Body  oval,  flattened;  legs  fitted  for  running.— /f/aWoWco  (Cockroaches). 


ORDER  ISOPTERA  (WHITE  ANTS) 

Family  TERMITID.£ 

This  order  is  characterized  by  incomplete  metamorphosis,  bin 
mouth-parts  an<l  net-veined  wings  that  fold  flat  upon  the  back. 


CLASSlncATION  AND   DESCRn-TION   „F   COMMON  INSECTS       ,03 

There  is  but  one  Family-the  Termitid^.  The  member,  of  each 
>pec.es  live  m  communities  in  the  ground  or  sometimes  on  trees  an! 
mclude  males    females  and  neuter  workers  and  soldiers     ThTv  fee 

Termites  are  most  abundant  in  tropical  or  semi-tropical  countries 
A^few^speces  such  as  Leuco,ern.es  flavipes  are  found  as  Jr  notTs 

ORDER  CORRODENTU  (BOOK-LICE) 
Family  PSOCID^ 
These  insects  have  biting  mouth-parts  and  are  either  wingless 
or  w.th  roof-hke  wings.     The  Family  Psoad.  include    the  minute 

CO  lections.  The  most  common  species  is  Alropos  dimnatoria  a  minute 
e-colored  wmgless  insect.     It  feeds  upon  the  paste  of  booS"ngs' 

and  upon  decaymg  vegetable  and  animal  matter  ^ 

C«„«r«/._When  severe  infestations  occur,  fumigate  with  sulphur 

..  lb.  to  1000  cu.  ft.)  or  with  hydrocyanic  acid  gas.  ^ 

ORDER  BLATTOIDEA  (COCKROACHES) 

Family  BLATTID.S 

iJcneta  and  Species: 

^'  ~)2in:;i:T''  "^"" '- '"'  ™'"'  ^^^^  ™^^ »'  '™a'-  ^-o^'- 

RR    s,,/'  *'"7^''"7'"' '"'°"'"'  '""'  °'  Pronotum  yellow. 

5.  jcfman,™  (Croton  bug),  length  H  inch 
'emorrrptaid"'""'  °'  '™"^  ■"'""■"^  ""P--"  -J  <""<ie,l;  fu.e 
B.  Wing-covers  n„t  reaching  lip  of  ahdomen.^B/,,//^ 
B.  orientalh  (Oriental  Cockroach) 
BB.  Wmg-covers  reaching  beyond  the  abdimen.-P.,;;,,,,,,,, 
,,,V  ^.:"8-'=°™^s  much  exceeding  abdomen.-y.  amerUana 
CC.  Vl.ng-covers    but    little  exceeding  abdomen;  a  bright   yellow 
stnpe  on  basal  half  of  their  outer  margin,    r  .u.,JaiJ 


I      I 


AA. 


J.! 


104  ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 

Several  injurious  species  of  cockroaches  occur:  (i)  American 
Coclfroach,  (2)  Australian  cockroach,  (3)  Oriental  cockroach,  and  (4' 
German  cockroach  or  Croton  Bug. 

I.  American  Cockroach  {Periplaneta  amerkonaL.),  a  native  species, 
is  a  large  dark  brown  insect  ij-i  inches  long,  with  well-developed  wing- 
in  both  sexes,  i}i-2  inches  long;  thorax  with  an  obscure  yellow  border. 
Eggs  held  within  a  capsule  until  hatched.  Duration  of  Ufe-cyck 
about  a  year.     Nocturnal. 


pjt;     5g_ — 7hc    oilental    roach    {Blatta    orientalis); 
natural  size.     (After  Marlall,  U.  S,  Bur.  Enl.) 


female;    b,    male. 


2.  Australian  Cockroach  {Periplaneta  auslralasiic  L.),  iM  inches 
long;  resembles  preceding  but  the  yellow  band  on  thorax  is  much 
brighter  and  more  definitely  limited.  Upper  wings  have  a  dash  01 
yellow  on  each  side.     Abundant  in  the  south. 

3.  Oriental  Cockroach  (Blalla  orientalis  Fol.)  or  "black  beeiK, 
is  a  nearly  wingless  dark  brown  or  black  robust  form,  about  an  imh 
long— the  male  with  wing  cases  one-half  to  three-fourths  length  ot 
abdomen;  female  wingless.     Notably  gregarious  and  larger  than  the 
Croton  Bug  (Fig.  59). 


CLASSIFICATION   AND   DESCRI"TION   OF   COMMON   INSECTS       105 

4.  Gennan  Cockroach  or  Croton  Bug  {Ectobia  germanka  L.),  has 
a  light  brown  thorax  marked  with   two  dark  brown  stripes.     Bnlli 
sexes  with  well-developed  wings.     Active  and  wary,  relatively 
•'s  inch  long. 

All  the  roaches  have  a  foetid  roachy  odor,  and  are  said  to  feed  on 
ilie  bedbug  (Fig.  60).  They  are  particularly  abundant  in  pantries, 
kitchens  and  bakeries  and  they  feed  on  almost  any  kind  of  dead  animal 
matter  and  cereal  products.  The  eggs  are  produced  in  a  brown  cap- 
sule which  is  often  carried  about  for  a  time  before  deposited  in  a  crev- 
iic  or  nook. 

Control.— \  bait  of  powdered  borax  mixed  with  sweetened  chocolate; 
a  trap  of  iiour  and  plaster-paris  and  water;  fumigation  with  hydro- 


PlG  6o.-The  German  roach  iEctob.a  germanica):  a.  first  stage;  b.  second  stage; 
'■  ,"""'."?«%'',•  ^°r}^  !'^8e;  ,.  adult;  /.  adult  female  with  egg  case;  j,  egg-case 
enlarged;  *,  adult  w,th  wings  spread.     All  natural  size  except  g.     {FromRihy.) 

cyanic  acid  gas.  Dust  the  runways  or  hiding  places  with  sodium 
fluoride  mixed  with  flour  by  means  of  a  dust  gun  or  blower.  Boric 
acid  is  also  effective. 


ORDER  MANTOIDEA   (PRAYING  MANTIDS) 

Family  MANTID.ffi; 

The  Praying  Mantids  are  predaceous  insects  and  for  centuries 
have  been  looked  upon  as  uncanny  creatures  both  in  the  old  and  new 
worlds.  The  most  common  American  species  is  Slagmomantis  Carolina, 
liut  this  form  does  not  breed  normally  north  of  southern  New  Jersey, 
IVrmsylvania  and   Oliici.     In    iSgg,   however,   the   European  spc.  les 


^1 


io6 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


{Mantis  religiosa  Linn.)  was  found  in  New  York  State,  and  in  1914 
n  Ontario. 

The  adult  forms  are  elongated,  with  large  grasping  forelegs,  long 
prothorax  and  a  small  transverse  head.  The  eggs  are  laid  in  shingled 
masses  on  twigs,  coated  with  a  hard  gummy  substance. 


ORDER    PHASMOIDEA    (WALKING-STICKS) 
Funily  PHASMIDA 

This  Family  is  represented  by  the  common  Walking-stick  insect 
(OJa/iAeromero/cmoraia,  Say),  a  peculiar  creature  with  longslenderbod:,- 
and  legs.     The  outer  wings  are  either  wanting  or  very  short. 

Life-history. — The  eggs  are  dropped  singly  in  autumn  from  the  shrubs 
and  rest  on  the  ground  all  winter  among  the  leaves,  hatching  in  early 
summer.  The  nymphs  feed  upon  leaves,  and  reach  maturity  in  late 
summer  and  early  fall,  when  they  resemble  the  twigs  upon  which  they 
rest.    Occasionally  this  insect  becomes  injurious  on  hazel  and  beech. 

ORDER  DERMAPTERA=EUPLEXOPTEILV  (EARWIGS) 

European  Earwig  (Forficula  auricularia  Linn.). — This  insect  is  hel<! 
in  check  in  Europe  by  parasites  and  other  natural  agencies  but  the 
practical  absence  of  these  checks  allows  it  t')  multiply  rapidly  in 
America  wherever  it  has  been  introduced.  .\i  Newport,  R.  I.,  it  is  a 
serious  pest  of  Lima-beans,  dahlias,  early  roses,  chrysanthemums, 
clovers,  grasses,  etc. 

The  adult  females  hibernate  in  the  soil,  and  the  white  eggs  are  laid 
in  the  soil.  The  nymphs  are  night  feeders.  They  are  white  at  firsi 
but  gradually  darken  in  color  to  a  steel  grey — 4  instars.  Adults  ap- 
pear about  the  middle  of  July.  They  are  rich  reddish  brown  with 
yellow  brown  wing-covers  and  legs;  about  54  inch  long.  The  forceps 
is  nearly  straight  in  the  female,  but  curved  in  the  male. 

Control. — Use  poison  bait  before  July  ist  and  spray  plants  with 
arsenate  of  lead ;  collect  by  traps. 

Labia  minor  Linn.,  also  an  adventive  earwig  from  Europe,  is  widil> 
distributed   in   U.   S.   and   Canada.     Not  of  economic  importan(c'. 


(■LASSIFICATION   AND   DESCRIPTION  OF   COMMON  INSECTS       107 

ORDER   ORTHOPTERA   (LOCDSTS,  GRASSHOPPERS    AND  CRICKETS) 
FAMILIES 

A.  Antenna;  shorter  than  body.—AcridiJa  {Locusts  or  Short-horntd  Crass- 
hoppers). 
AA.  Antenna  longer  than  body. 

B,  Tarsi  4-jointed.— iocuj/Wa  (Long-horned  Grasshoppers). 
BB.  Tarsi  3-jointed.— Cr>HW«  (Crickets). 

AcRiDiD^i;  (Locusts  ok  SnoRT-HoiiNED  Grasshoppeks) 
Sub-families,  Genera  and  Species   (Figs.  61-63). 
Stih-families: 

A.  Pronotum  extending  over  abdomen;  daws  of  tarsus  without  [lulvillua; 
size  small. — Tcttigina. 


ixpl.^ 


Fig.  61.— Abdomen  of  female  Metanoplus  bivittatus.  A,  lateral  view  B 
Jcrsal  view;  C,  central  view;  D,  egg  guide;  au.,  the  auditory  organ;  sp..  spirkcle- 
ovp.,  ovipositor;  g.pl.,  genital  plate;  p.pl..  podical  plate;  cer..  cercus.     [After  Lugger.) 

AA.  Pronotum  not  extending  over  abdomen;  claws  of  tarsus  with  pulvillus- 
size  larger. 

B.  Prosternum  with  tubercle. — Acridime. 
BB.  Prosternum  without  tubercle. 

C.  Vertex  and  front  of  hcact  meeting  at  an  acute  a.i\^\v.~Tryxalin(e. 
CC.  Vertex  and  front  rounded. — (Bdipodincp. 


io8 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


Genera  of  the  Tettig'ina: 

A.  Antenna;  la-jointcd  and  pronotum  rounded. — Batrachidea, 
AA.  Antennffi  i3~i4-iointed;  pronotum  horizontal, — Tellix. 
AAA.  Antenna:  22-jointed;  pronotum  horizontal. — Tettigidea, 
(For  species  see  Blatchley's  Ortkoptera  of  Indiana.) 
Genera  of  the  Acridina: 

A.  Wings  as  long  or  longer  than  the  abdomen. 

B.  Pronotum  sloping  from  median  carina;  extremity  of  abdomen  in  mah 
not  swollen. — Acridium  or  Schistocerca. 
BR.  Pronotum    flattened;    extremity   of   abdomen    in    males  swollen.- 
Mclanoplus. 


Fig.  62. — Abdomen  of  male  Melanoplus  biviltalus.     A,  lateral  view;  B,  dorsal  vif» 
C,  ventral  view.     {After  Lugger.) 


Species  of  Acridium: 

A.  Size  large;  antennae  rather  short. — A.  amcricana. 
AA.  Size  medium;  antennie  longer. 

B.  Color  yellowish-brown  or  olive-green. — A,  alulacca. 
BB.  Color  rusty-brown;  no  yellowish  stripe  on  dorsum. — A,  rubiginon 
Species  of  Melanoplus: 

A.  Apex  of  last  ventral  segment  of  male  distinctly  notched  (Fig.  63) 
B.  Length  of  body  to  tip  of  wing-covers  29-35  mm. — M.  spretus. 
BB.  Length  of  body  to  tip  of  wing-covers  23-26  mm. — M.  atlanis. 
AA.  Apex  of  last  ventral  segment  of  male  entire,  or  at  least  obscurely  notcheil 
B.  Anal  cerci  enlarged  at  apex. — M.  bivillatus. 
BB.  Anal  cerci  tapering. 

C.  Species  of  medium  size;  anal  cerci  much  narrowed,  but  withm  i 
notch. — M.  femur-ruhriim. 
CC.  Species  oi  lar^e  siice;  unal  ccrti  suddenly  nairuwcd,  makih 
prominent  right-angled  notch  on  lower  side. — M.  di_fferenti<ili 


CLASSIFICATION   AND   DESCRIPTION   OF   COMMON   INSECTS 


log 


(,'nrrii  of  Ike  Tryxalintt: 

A,  Fovcol^  of  vertex  present,  an,l   visible  from  »l,„ve.     Lateral  carina.,  of 
pronotum  incurved.— i/tnoj,,//,,,,,  ciirli/imnii 

r    t'!',w  Vr'"  "''7,"^'^.''"!"''  '""""^  "'"'''  l»'M<:i.-Chrys,,l,raon  con.persum. 
'I'lieril  and  Speacs  oj  Oidipodinic: 
A.  Wings  with  the  disk  yellow. 
B.  Apical  half  of  wing  dusky. 

C.  Dorsal  aspect  of  head  with  a  slight  median  carina  which  is  quite 
prominent  in  the  central  lonoh.-Emopiolophns  sordid,,!. 
tC.  Uorsar  aspect  of  head  without  median  carina;  central   fovcola 
less  distinct.— C*(jr/o;*ug(i  nridijasciata. 

,  i    S"  ■  ^"■^''  ''"''  ''*"''  ^"°''  ""=  wings.-5/./wf„S,»«»  ao„alr. 
A  A.  W  ings  with  the  disk  black.-Z>,M05/„>a  Carolina 
AAA.  Wmgs  transparent  with    dark  veins;  tegmina  smoky  brown  with  .larker 
spots  and  yellowish  blotches  on  5ides.-C„«»»/u  prUudda 


Pig.  63.-Tip  of  male  abdomen  of  M,lo„op,us.  dorsal  view.     A ,  .1,  f,„,„.,uh,um  ■ 
B.  M.  spr„us:  C.  M.  aUams:  I).  M.  difer,n,ialis  ' 

In  the  West  the  Rocky  Mountain  Locust  (Mdanoplus  sprelus) 
dKl,  and  occasionally  does,  produce  much  injury  to  grain  and  other 
tr.ips.  Another  species  more  widely  distributed  is  M.  allanis  which 
-metimes  becomes  migratory.  The  Red-legged  Locust  or  Grasshop- 
per y/_/.„„r-r«W),  the  Two-striped  Locust  (M.  bmllalus)  and  the 
Pdlucd  Locust  (Ca»,„«/a  pdlucida)  in  the  East  and  the  Differential 
Locust  (.V.  drffermtialis)  in  the  South  are  the  species  that  do  most 

D-i^^'^'t!-'"!  ^'"'*  "'  Grasshopper  (Melanoplus  femur-rubrum 
UtU.).-This  locust  IS  usually  the  most  abundant  form  in  the  East 
and  IS  most  numerous  in  low  grounds  and  cultivated  fields  where  veee- 
talion  IS  more  or  less  rank  (Fig.  64). 

Adull.-Oi  medium  size,  about  an  inch  long;  reddish  brown  in  color- 
eKmma  sometimes  without  spots  but  usuaUy  spotted,  surpassing 
the  hmd  femora,  which  are  reddish  brown;  hind  tibia  red  with  black 


no  ECONUUIC   ENTOMOLOGY 

spines;  cerci  of  male  narrowing  from  tip  to  base  and  subgenital  plai. 
narrower  at  apex  than  at  base. 


(  ■ 


Fig.  64.— Red-legged  srasshopper   Utttlanoliliis  fcmiir-rubrum):  Above,    a.l 
male;  below,  adult  female.     About  twice  natural  size.     (After  W.  R.  Walton,  I 
Bur.  Enl.) 


-%. 

.^ 

1 

T> 

.,      '< 

V.  .J 

■"""^•iPi 

Kwr   1 

Pici.  65. 


-Locust   ovipositing;  egg   pod  in  ground   at   right.     Enlarged  oni:- 
(After  Gibson,  Ent.  Circ.  5.  Dept.  Agric,  Ottawa.) 


j;jg5._Deposited  in  pod-like  masses  in  the  ground;  obIong-<  la!. 
Nymphs.— Vary  in  size  according  to  age  and  month;  all  stag'  - 1'> 
developing  wings;  grey  to  yellow;  five  moults. 


CLASSlnCATION   AND   DESCRIPTION   OF   COMMON   INSKCTS       ,,, 

«inler  there  (Figs,  r,j  and  66). 

The  Lesser  Migratory  Locust  i.Mel,,- 

'•"plus  atlanh  Riley).    -A  native  Ameri- 

liiti  species;  often  abundant  in  Kastern 

Canada,  causing  serious  injury.     Corn- 
eared   with   M.  femur-ruhrum   the   fe- 

ni.ile   ha.s  a  yellow  under  surface,  and 

mure   .lislinctly  banded    hind  femora, 

:ind  the  male  has  the  apex  of  the  sub- 

«inital  plate  notched,  the  cerci  shorter 

and  less  tapering,  and  longer  tegmina 

which  arc  aUo  more  distinctly  spotle.l. 

It  has  a  .listinct  patch  of  black  on  the  neck  or  collar.     Kgg  deposition 

"ccurs  from  July  to  September.     Mature  forms  appear  from  July  ,st 

an.l  are  often  abundant  in  open  sandy  regions  with  sparse  vegelati.m' 


Fl...  66.  -K^g  pod  of  |,„^^,,5j 
ijpL-neii  to  ahow  arriinijcmciu  of 
eKB-J;  individual  ckks  at  side 
natural  siao.  {Aflcr  liibson.  l-.til 
(  irc.  5,  D-pi.  Attic,  (lliiiua.) 


Pic.  67.— Lesser   migratory   gra.sshopper   (Melanotlus   iillan„\.    ak  j  , 

«.e;^be,ow,  adult  female,     Ah„ut  t«.ee  natural  «z.. ''u/^'";"Je.  ^^r.^,  ^'t 

The  nymphs  undergo  five  moults;  the  eggs  are  deposited  in  the  ground 
m  small  pod-Iike  capsules,  and  hatch  in  the  spring  (Fig.  67). 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


Differential  Locuit  {MeUimiplus  Jijferenliulis  Uhltr).  This  locu-! 
is  larger  than  those  ilescr!l)e(l  above,  about  i,'  j  inches  long,  ami  is  dark 
lirownish-fjreen  or  olivc-lirown  in  color.  The  hind  legs  are  yellow  wilh 
black  basal  tibial  ring  and  black  spines.  The  subgcnital  plate  shot' 
and  broad,  an<l  the  ccrci  ot  male  lH)ol-shaped.  It  is  fond  of  the  Orcali  - 
Rag-weed.     It  is  a  southern  form. 


Fig.  68. — Two-striped   grasshopper   (Metano/ytus   bivitlatus):    Above,   adult  i:  .i!i 
below,  adult  female.     Twice  natural  siie.     (Afltr  W.  R.  IVallon.  U.  S.  Bur.  f.ni  ' 

Two-striped  Locust  {Melanoplus  bimllatus  Say). — This  Iocum  i- 
not  so  large  as  the  Differential  locust,  being  about  ij.^  inches  1  'n;, 
and  is  dull  olive-brown  above  and  yellowish  beneath.  A  narrow  yel- 
lowish stripe  runs  along  each  side  from  the  eye  to  the  tip  of  the  lep- 
men.    The  hind  femora  are  yellow,  and  the  hind  tibiae  coral  red  lilh 


CLASSIFICATION    AMD   DESCRIPTION  OF   COMMON   INSKCTS       n, 

lUck  spines     The  ccrci  ..f  the  male  are  stout,  and  tw.,  lol,e,l;  thv 

.I.Ken,tal  plate  .,  narrow.     The  youn^  an.l  newly  lransf.,rme,l  a  l-.l.s 

IZaC  *•  ""■     ""  '"'"^f"™'"'""^  »-  '^"-  than  those  "f 

Clew-wtaged  Loctiit  (Cmnula  pdlua.h  Scu.l.ler).  This  I.ku., 
^..cas„,nally  doe,  serious  injury  in  the  West,  and  frequents  hixh  ,lr^- 
-nl  It  >s  of  a  hght  brown  color;  the  legmina  are  smokv  hrown  wili. 
. Urker  spots  and  yellowish  blotches  on  the  sides  an,l  a  el'lowish  l.rown 
-.ri,H;  along  each  humeral  angle.  The  wingsare  transparent  and  pellucid 
«.th  dark  vems.  Body  of  male  ,9  mm.  long,  of  female  .,  „  m. 
.^  often  associated  w.th  .11.  a,lanis  in  the  Kast,  an.l  is  the  earliest  of  ,h 
i;msshop[)ers  (Fig.  69). 


^i^ 


Abuut  tw.«  natural  size.     (/!/,„  W.  R.  „•„«„„,  h.  TBur.  £«  ) 

Carolina  Locust  {Dissostcira  Carolina  Linn.).-This  locust  is  larger 
h.in  the  precedmg  spec.es  and  is  of  a  pepper-and-salt  color,  with  varia- 
1.0ns  from  grey  to  yellow  or  reddish.  The  hind  wings  are  black 
".argmed  w.th  yellow.  It  is  sometimes  injurious  to  corn,  wheat,  alfalfa 
inn  soy  beans. 

yalural  Enemies  0/  £«r«./..-Robber.flies,  bee-flies,  flesh-fly  and 
Anv-fly  larv^,  d.gger  wasps  and  blister-beetle  larvae;  birds  and  domes- 
tic fowls;  toads  snakes,  moles,  mice,  ground  squirrels,  skunks  and  hogs- 
mitcs,  sp.ders,  "ha.r-snakes,"  etc. 

Conlrolof  Locusts.~ia)  Application  of  poisoned  baits  (see  Part  1\' 
P-  398).  (i)  Use  of  hopperdozers.  (c)  Destruction  of  eggs  bv  fall 
cultivation,     (d)  Co-operation  of  , munities.  SSS  by  tall 


114 


ECONOMIC    ENTOMOLOGY 


I.OCUSIID*  (LoNG-HOBNED  GraSSUIIPPKRS  OR  LoCUSTs) 

More  Common  Genera  and  Species 

A.  Wingless  or  with  rudimentary  wings  and  wing-covers. 

B.  Pronotum  not  extended  over  meso-  and  metanotum.— C«ii<*' .'.V.; 
BB.  Pronotum  extended  over  meso- and  metanotum. — Thyreon  '.s. 
AA.  Winged. 

R.  Tegmina  expanded  in  tiie  middle. 

C.  Tegmina  much  broadened  in  the  middle,  concave.— Cyi'., '■»:;'' 
CC.  Tegmina  somewhat  broadened  in  the  middle,  not  concave. 
[).  Ovipositor  very  small.— -tflVroMnlrum. 
1)1).  Ovipositor  of  medium  i\i.e.—Ambly!OTypha. 
BB.  Tegmina  not  expanded  in  the  middle. 

C.  Vertex  of  the  head  with  a  conical  projection  forward. — 
Conocephahts. 
CC.  Vertex  of  the  head  without  a  conical  projection. 

D.  Ovipositor   straight   or   very   nearly   so;   insect  small.  - 
Xiphidium. 
DD.  Ovipositor  curved;  insect  large. 

E.  Ovipositor  curved  sharply  upward.— SiiiicifrtiJ. 
EE.  Ovipositor  sword-shaped. — OrcheHmttm. 
Species  of  Ceuihophihis: 

A.  Fore  femora  about  as  long  as  proriotum, — C.  mactUatiis. 
AA.  Fore  femora  longer  than  pronotum.— C.  breripes. 
Species  of  Thyreonotus: 

A.  Pronotum  well  rounded  behind. — T.  dorsalis. 
AA.  Pronotum  nearly  square. — T.  pachymerus. 

The  members  of  this  family  are  seldom  of  sufficient  importance 
economically  to  require  special  treatment.  The  katydids,  shield- 
backed  grasshoppers,  cricket-like  grasshoppers,  and  meadow  grass- 
hoppers belong  here  and  are  interesting  objects  of  study.  Recently 
it  was  found  that  two  species  of  katydids  (Scudderia  furcala  Brurner 
and  Mkrocentrum  rhombifoiium  Sauss.)  are  injurious  to  oranges  in 
California,  often  causing  serious  loss.  (Bull.  256,  Bur.  Ent.  V  ^ 
Dept.  Agr.,  1915) 

Gryllid*  (Crickets) 
Genera  and  Species 

A.  Fore  libiK  broad,  fitted  for  digging  (P'ossorial  Crickets). 

B.  Insect  small;  antennae  ten-  to  twelve-jointed. — Tridactylus. 
BB.  Insect  '".rge;  antenna  many-jointed. — Gryllotalpa. 


.Vpf, 


The 
meri 
barn 

-hori 


ClASSinCATION  AND   DESCRIPTION   OF   COMMON   INSECTS 


"5 


!■(  llu:  same  linglh  as  ihi- 


AA.  Fore  tibia;  sltnder. 

B.  Hind  femora  stout  (True  Crickets), 

C.  Last  segment  of  the  maxiliarv  palpi 
next  to  the  last.— CrvZ/nt 

..../,.  ,'","!::'  '™°"  *"'^"  '^'-  crickets).-*.,,,,,,. 
A.   Black  field  crickets. 

B.  Ovipositor  ,,-,4  m„,.  ,„„g.  „,|^  „„„  „,,„j„  ._^   ;».„„, v/r,„„V„, 
B«-Ov.pos,tor,8mm.Iong;male.,tout._(;.„W„c:.-,„„,.  ^ 

A  A.  Straw  colored  house  crickets.-  C.  rf»„„  .,/,V„j. 
.^pnit's  of  Armohius: 

"  ^t:;;:d;:x;::^^:^i-;r  -"  ^'"«^'^  -'-  "-^''^'  — • 

A  \.  Ov.pos.tor  shorter  than  hind  femora  an.l  arcuale.-.V.  r.>,j„„,. 

Vfi'M  0/  (Ecantkus  (Fig.  70); 

.\.  Antenna  with  one  black  mark  on  each  basal  joint. 
a.  Black  marks  like  small  rounded  dots,-*'  nheus 

I^LT  "'"  ''""'  '""'  '"■'  ''""''"'•  "■^'  o"''™"''  oblong.-(F 
ongiistipennis.  ° 

\.\.  Antenna,  with  two  black  marks  on  the  first  basal  joints. 

B.  Antenna,  wholly  black,  also  head,  thora..  an.l  legs.     Marks  on  first 

^.;",;'"'^^  ""'^  °"  ^'"'^""-  ^'""«-^-'  p-""''.  <i--t.- 

Tlu'fielfcTf  r'"  ""'"*  ''"'''*'  ^''■'•^'""'  /-""''.v/-'"--^  Burn,.).-- 
llu  held  cr  tket  ,s  omnivorous  and  seldon,  .Iocs  enough  damage  to 
-nt  spectal  attention.  It  is  fond  of  grain,  however,  and  often  enter! 
tarn.s  destroying  a  considerable  amount  of  grain 
^l</»/(.-A  large  black  cricket  existing  in  two  forms-the  commoner 
*c.r.-w,nged  form  in  which  the  wings  are  rudimentary  and  the" 


11 

'ii 


ii6 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


w 


winged  form  in  which  they  project  beyond  the  tip  of  the  l  gmina.  Th. 
Icgmina  are  deep  black  to  grayish  brown,  in  the  male  reaching  the  tip 
of  the  abdomen,  in  the  short-winged  female  not  quite  so  long  and  in 
the  long-winged  form  slightly  surpassing  the  tip  of  the  abdomen.  Tib- 
ovipositor  never  exceeds  the  body  in  length.  Length  of  insect  16-23 
mm.  (Fig.  71). 

Eggs.—YeMovi,  cylindrical,  laid  in  the  soil  in  late  summer  an  1 
autumn  in  Quebec,  in  June  and  July  farther  south. 

Nymphs. — In  the  north  the  nymphs  hat(  ii 
in  early  summer  from  hibernated  eggs;  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Indiana  they  hatch  in  Jul> 
and  August  and  hibernate. 

Snowy  Tree  Cricket  {(Ecanthus  nheii> 
DeG.). — Sometimes  injures  apple  and  plum 
trees  by  egg-punctures,  and  occasionally  e:\\< 
holes  in  the  ripe  fruit  (Fig.  74). 

Adull.—Ivoiy-vihhe  tinged  with  green,  '  , 
inch  long;  wing-covers  nearly  twice  as  long  a> 
abdomen;  those  of  male  flattened,  crossed  In- 
oblique  veins,  semi-transparent  and  broaikr 
than  body,  those  of  female  wrapped  cln-c 
about  the  body;  ovipositor  short,  straight  ami 
tipped  with  black;  maxillary  palpi  relati\il.v 
long.     July-October. 

Eggs. — Elongate,    cyUndrical,    yellow,    ', 
Pig    71  -ThePennsyl-  ;     [^  j  j^jj  gj     ]     ;„  punctures  in  the  Inirk 

vania  field  cricket  iC-yllus  „       ,  ,  ,  ,         ,  j  i 

ptnnsyivanicus).  (After  of  smaller  branches  of  apple,  plum  and  pcaiii, 
I-'SS'^-)  in  the  fall;  hatch  in  May  and  June. 

Nymphs. — Feed  on  plant-lice  and  other  insects. 

Black-homed  Tree  Cricket  {(Ecanthus  nigricornis  Walker).— C\in 
suit  Bull.  388,  N.  Y.  Ag.  Exp.  St.)  Injures  blackberry  and  raspb-  rry 
canes  by  egg  punctures,  and  carries  spores  of  cane-hlight  and  c  her 
diseases  (Figs.  72  and  73). 

AdM. — Greenish  white;  head  and  pronotum  black  or  barred  viit 
black;  body  black  beneath  and  yellowish-green  above;  antennae  1  ns, 
mostly  black;  wing-covers  as  in  (E.  niveus;  head,  thorax  and  legs  m  stly 
black.    Probably  feeds  on  flies. 

Eggs. — Similar  to  those  of  (E.  niveus;  laid  in  a  row  of  punt  ires 


CLASSIFICATION  AND   DESCRIPTION 


OF   COMMON   INSECTS      117 


Fk.  72.-BIack.h<,rned  tree  cricket  ((&a«ft«  nigricorms)      Fe„  ,      k 

below.     iAflt,  Luggtr.)  ''^n'^'e  above,  male 


'"■  ^3-~-Egg  punctures   and 


isiu::^;^^  °'  "-^  ^-^■"--^  "icke. 


»  ntgrtcornts). 


\.u 


ii8 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOIOGV 


often  2  inches  long,  each  row  containing  about  ,50  eggs;  hatch  ii. 
May  and  June. 

Nymphs.—TeeA  on  plant-lice  and  other  insects;  full  grown  lat. 
July  and  August. 

Co«/ro/.— Prune  out  infested  twigs  and  burn  them. 

Other  species  of  (Ecanthus  deposit  eggs  in  galls  on  willows,  and  in 
the  stems  of  IleliaiUhus,  Solidago,  etc. 


Fig.  74. — (Ecanthus  niveus  ovipositing.     (After  Parrott.) 


ORDER  THYSANOPTERA  (THRIPS) 

(Consult  Tech.  Ser.  Ko.  ij.  Pt.  III.  and  No.  jj,  Bur.  Ent..  U.  S.  Uep.  of  Ag.) 

Female  with  a  saw-like  ovipositor,  last  segment  of  abdomen  of  ftni 
conical,  that  of  male  broadly  rounded;  wings  usually  present,  the  fore  p. 
the  stronger. 
B.  Ovipositor  curved  upward;  antennas  9-jointed;  fore  wings  broad  :ii 

rounded.     .£olotliripidtc. — Genus  jEolothrips. 
BB.  Ovipositor  curved  downward;  antenna  7-  to  lo-jointed;  wings  usu.il 

narrow  and  pointed.— r4ri/>iii<r.     Genera:  Thrips,  Kulhrips,  //. '. 

thrips,  Anaphotltrips. 
L.  Female  without  a  modilied  ovipositor,  last  segment  of  abdomen  tul.  .1 
in  both  sexes;  wings  often  absent,  but  when  present  similar  in  structur 
FiiitcalhHplda.     Gvliera:  Phlscthrip!,  Trkholhrips,  Cryplolkrips. 


CLASSIFICATION   AND   DESCRIPTION   OF   COMMON   INSECTS       I.9 

Thripid^  (Thrips) 
Grass  TTirips  {.Uapkothrips  siriatus  Osborn).-Feeds  bv  sucking 

Adult.-Sm^W    \U  inch  long,  yellowish  or  brownish-yellow  four 

J'^::'^:t  itr^'  ""^''-^ '-  - '"  -^  ^^^^^  -"""- 

A>«M^^-Become  full  grown  in  spring  in  about  .  weeks,  summer 
forms  m  4  days.    Life-cycle  in  12  to  30  days 

•■Thrips  injury  on  the  leaves  shows  as  minute  dots  or  lines  usually 
ruimmg  parallel  with  the  leaf  veins  and  remaining  white  "  ^ 

SopTrT.T^rR  ^^^7'*">  J"^""^^?"™^  UzeI).-(Consult  Bull. 
K  En,  R  n  ^  A  n'  '^'^  ^""^ '''' ^^  ^  ^^-  ^^P' «'-  '9..;  Bull. 
Rr'i.fsh  r  •  T-  f  ^^"■'  '^■'•'  ^  P^'  '"  «"'^^'  Ca  ifornik  and 
Bnt  sh  Columbia,  along  Hudson  River  and  in  Pennsylvania  to  pear 

Sr  (f!775)  """''  '"'""""  '"'  '"  ''""'  '"  '""^  ""^^  '" 

.lrf«/A-Minute,  slender,  dark  brown,  Ms  inch  long;  wings  frinee- 

hrJod"'  /elr^'™'  '''  ""'■     "^""^^  '™''  ""^^  -•"  ^  ^^  ^P^'"^   O^e 

£?«.-Laid  by  a  sharp,  curved,  saw-toothed  ovipositor  beneath 

eHerm,  of  fru.t  and  leaf  stems  as  the  trees  come  intolloom,  caus"g 

.StTc^;  istar'   '"' ' '"''''''' '""''-'  ^"p-^^"-  '^''- 

.Vym/-fo._Hatch  out  in  blooming  time  and  become  full  grown  in 
about  .  weeks.  They  then  drop  to  the  ground  and  form  a  puZc  11 
^ome  distance  below,  where  they  hibernate.  The  pupal  stage  is  an 
.nac,,ve  stage  and  lasts  about  .  months  before  the  aduU  apSs 

'iMiUate  0,1  emulsion,  to  which  is  added  nicotine  extract 

Greenhouse  Thrips  {Heliothrips  luemorrhnidalis  Bouche)  ^^This  in 
snotteTX!.  bt'Tr;'  "T7  8^^™''°"^^  P'^"'^  which  first  become 
n^'hltw  "°'^''^l^"f  '^"''"y  -'""'•     n"'P«  of  a  reddish  iluid, 
urmng  black   cover    he  leaves.     (Consult  Bull.  64,  Pt.  6,  Bur.  Ent. 
L.  s.  Dept.  of  Agriculture.) 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


p,G  ,,  —Pear  thrips  (Taniothrips  iitconsttutns):  I.  Adult;  a,  eggs;  3  andj.  lari  ti 
5  and  6,  nymphs'or  pups;  7.  head  (aide  view) .  AU  greatly  enlarged.  (.Aflcr  Moulin  », 
U.  S.  Bur.  EM.) 


CLASSIFICATION  AND   DESCRIPTION   OF   COMMON   INSECTS      121 

/l</W/.-One-fitteenth  inch  long;  head  and  thorax  dark  brown 
al.domen  yellowish  brown;  antennae  with  8  segments;  3  to  4  weeks  for  a 
generation;  fore-wings  with  two,  hind-wings  with  one  longitudinal  vein 

Eggs.-mtch  in  5  to  8  days;  laid  singly  in  leaf  tissue;  colorless  and 
liian-shaped. 

Nymphs.— Mature  in  20  to  25  days. 

Onion  Thrips  or  "  While  Blast "  (Tkrips  labaci  Lind.).-Attacks  a 
large  variety  of  garden  plants.  Found  on  bulbs  of  onion  in  loose  soil 
ami  at  axils  of  leaves.  Punctures  the  tissues  and  sucks  the  sap  giving 
the  field  a  whitish  appearance.  Produces  also  scullions  or  thick 
necks. 


tia.  76.-Whcat  Ihrips  {Eulhrips  trilUi).     Greatly  enlarged.     Ufle,  Fohom.) 


^l<i«//.— One-twenty-fifth  inch  long,  active,  slender,  yellowish  tinged 
with  black,  two  pairs  of  bristly  narrow  wings  which  fold  along  the  back 
Probably  winters  over  in  the  rubbish  on  the  ground;  life-cycle  about 
3  weeks,  hence  several  generations  in  a  season. 

%i.— Laid  singly  in  spring  or  early  summer  within  the  leaf  tissue 
,100  mch  long,  elongate  and  curved;  hatch  in  about  4  days. 

.Vymffo.— Transparent  at  first,  later  greenish-yellow;  mature  in 
'I  "r  12  days. 

Control.— Spny  with  solution  of  nicotine  sulphate  and  whale  oil 
5»ai,  (4  oz.,  4  lb.,  40  gal.) 


133  ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 

Wheat  or  Strawberry  Thrips  {Euthrips  triiici  Fitch).— The  moM 
common  thrips  and  found  on  many  cultivated  plants.  Injurious  tu 
strawberry,  apple,  peach  and  wheat.  Several  generations  in  a  season 
(Fig.  76). 

Adult. — Small,  }^o  inch  long,  brownish  yellow. 

Eggs. — Small,  whitish,  curved  oblong;  laid  singly  in  lower  part  of 
calyx  and  in  flower  stalk  of  strawberry;  hatch  in  3  days. 

Nymphs. — Three  moults;  mature  in  9  or  10  days. 

This  thrips  produces  "button"  strawberries. 

Control. — Spray  with  nicotine  or  kerosene  emulsion. 


ORDER  HOMOPTERA> 
Chief  Economic  Families 

A.  Tarsi  i  or  2-jointed;  antennx  usually  prominent;  buak  apparently  arising; 
from  sternum.— 6>0M, ft  Sicrnorhynchi. 
B.  Tarsi  i-jointed;  adult  male  with  beak  and  3-wlnged;  female  wingli  - 
with  body  scale-like,  or  gall-like,  or  grub-like,  and  covered  with  wax) 
secretion. — Coccida  (Scale  Insects),  p.  123. 
BB.  Tarsi  2-jointed;  wings  usually  4. 

C.  Wings  white,  opaque. — Aleyrodida  (White-flies),  p.  151. 
CC.  Wings  transparent. 

I).  Legs  long  and  slender;  antenn*  3-7-jointed. — Aphidiiiir 
(Plant-lice),     p.  136. 
DD.  Hind  legs  fitted  for  leaping;  antennae  9  or  lo-jointed.  - 
Psyllidie  (Jumping  Plant-lice),  p.  152. 
A  A.  Tarsi  3-jointed,  antenns  minute;  beak  evidently  arising  from  mentum.  - 
Group  Auchenorhynchi. 

B.  Ocelli  3;  males  with  musical  organs. — Cicadida  (Cicadas),  p.  156. 
BB.  Ocelli  2  or  wanting;  males  without  musical  organs. 

C.  Antennae  inserted  on  side  of  cheek  beneath  the  eyes.—Fulgorlil(r 
CC.  Antenna  inserted  in  front  of  and  between  the  eyes. 

D.  Prothorax  prolonged  into  a  horn  above  the  abdomen. - 
Membracida  (Tree  Hoppers),  p.  157. 
DD.  Prothorax  not  prolonged  above  the  abdomen. 

E.  Hind  tibia  armed  with  two  stout  teeth  and  tip  crowned 

with  short  stout  spines. — Cercopida  (Spittle  Inseitr'. 

P-  ^53- 

EE.  Hind   tibife   with    a    double    row   of  spines  belov  — 

Cicadellidff  or  the  Jassoidra  (Leaf  Hoppers),  p.  1  ;4 

'  The  old  order  liemipiera  is  here  broken  up  into  three  orders  viz.:  Homop  r>j,   j 
Hemipicra  and  Siphunculaia  (see  p.  04)' 


CLASSIFICATIOK   AND   DESCRIPTION   OF   COMMON   INSECTS 


"3 


I-  CocciD.e    (SiALE    Insects) 


Chief  Sub-funillet  and  G«nn« 

t  'ill/  Sub-families: 

AA.  Abdominal  spiracle,  absent;  males  with  simple  eyes 

B».  Naked  or  covered  with  a  waxy  secretion,  but  not  beneath  I   -t,: 
abdominal  pygidium  absent.  ""'  "    '"'■=■ 

'  *"■  Pa''ir„T"tria°'  T''T   "'"■    """'    ""'■'"   ''"-"   "bove    by   a 
pair  of  triangular  plates,  anal  ring  fringed  with  seta;-   waxv 

scale  not  separable  from  the  insert.^CoraW  ' 

tC.  Extremity  of  abdomen  not  cleft;  no  anal  triangular  plates  anal 
l-liif/Gcni-rao/llic  Diasfina-  '  vi-ig.  o,;. 

A.  ^ale^of  female  circular  to  oval  with  central,  sub-central,  or  sub-marginal 

'•  ^i^t.;  elT^^at'eT"""'"  '''''  "'  ''™''  "'  -">'  ^^  —  "nly 
''■  ^itir  """  '  """■"  "'  "™'"«-"-'  gland.orifices.-C„„. 
CC.  Pygidium  with  less  than  6  groups  of  gland-orifices. 

I)D.  Chitinous   processes   smaller   and   shorter   or  wanting  - 
Aspidwius  (Fig.  79).  ■■■■nug. 

BB.  Scale  of  male  white,  delicate  and  carinated 

C.  Dorsal  spinnerets  irregular;  exuvia  usually  sub-central  -Dias„is 
CC.  Dorsal   spinnerets  in   distinct   bands;   exuvia    ter^in.t  J 

\V   Scale  of  fT^^'^''"''™^^'"=''»»''"''--'i"'-""  '" 

A.\.  Scale  of  emale  elongated  with  exuvia  at  one  extremity 

"  ^^-:^^i::^  °'  ^-^^-  "-  -'-  «ve  groups 

""■  ^:i::^:^i::^;-'^ "'  -'^  --■  -  --  sides 

"'    c*- i::;ir^"  ''°""'  "'^'  ■"  -=  -"^^  -<<  carinated.-^.„. 
U.,;/  (VfOTro  o//»c  Caccitut: 

A.  Naked  or  covered  only  by  a  filmy  .secretion 

B.  Flat  or  slightly  convex;  dermis  alveolate.-tnc.uj. 
BB.  Very  convex,  usually  hemispherical;  hard  when  mature 

C.  Dermis  with  coarse  polygonal  pitted  area.. -5a,„c/;j 


"4 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


\\.  With  a  strong  cottony  secretion;  Kcretiag  an  oviHac;  body  more  or  lc< 
chitinous  without  dorsal  patches  of  secretion. — Pulvinaria. 
Chief  Genera  of  the  Dactylopina: 

A.  Female  globular  or  reniform,  in  a  hard  shell;  larva  fringed  with  spines. 
Kermei. 
\\.  Female  not  as  above;  anal  ring  with  eight  hairs. 

B.  Adult  surrounded  by  secretion  but  dorsally  naked. — Gossyparia. 
BB.  Adult  forming  a  cottony  sac;  caudal  lobe  long. — Eriococcits. 
.■\.\.\.  Ftmalc  with  soft  powdery  oval  unarmorcd  body;  anal  ring  with  six  hairs. 
B.  Antennx  normally  with  8  segments,  sometimes  7;  tarsus  not  toothed. 
Psfudococcus  (Fig.  81). 
BB,  Antennte  normally  with  9  segments;  tarsus  toothed. — Phenacoaus. 

Scale  insects  are  typically  bark-lies,  being  minute  sucking  inscci- 
covered  with  a  mealy  or  cottony  waxy  secretion.  Some,  like  the  MeaK 
Hugs,  secrete  a  cottony  material;  some,  like  the  Lecaniums,  secrtir 
a  waxy  hard  continuous  layer  which  forms  a  protection  for  the  bad  , 
while  others,  hke  the  San  Jose  Scale  and  the  Oyster  Shell  Scale,  pu- 
sess  true  scale-like  coverings,  composed  partly  of  a  waxy  secretii'i 
and  partly  of  moulted  skins,  beneath  which  the  insect  lives. 

For  a  short  time  after  birth  Scale  insects  crawl  about,  but  soon  thi  \ 
settle  on  the  bark  or  leaf  and  begin  sucking  the  sap.  After  afrw 
moults  the  females  lose  their  legs,  eyes  and  feelers.  The  male  adult 
insect  is,  as  a  rule,  an  active  2-winged  insect  with  legs,  eyes,  feeler-, 
but  no  mouth.  In  most  species  the  females  lay  eggs  (oviparou-  . 
but  in  a  few  the  young  scale  insects  are  bom  alive  (viviparous),  is.. 
the  eggs  hatch  within  the  body  of  the  mother. 

(Consult  Comstock's  republished  papers.  Bull.  372,  Comell;  the  "Coccida*  'i 
Ohio"  by  Sanders;  "Some  Scale  Insects  of  Mississippi"  by  Herrick;  "'I  lie 
San  Jos€  and  other  Scale  Insects"  by  Lochhead;  "Coccidae  of  Indiana"  l-y 
Dietz  and  Morrison;  and  Bull.  6,  Tech.  Series,  Div.  Ent.,  U.  S.  Dept.  A^,' 


Hard  Scales  (DiASfiNiE) 

Following  are  the  most  common  economic  orchard  forms: 
Oyster  Shell  Scale  (Lepidosaphes  u!mi  Linn.). — (Consult  Farnurs' 
Bulletin  723,  U.  S.  Dep.  Ag.)  A  cosmopolitan  insect  of  Europian 
origin_and  one  of  the  most  common  pests  of  the  nrchard  and  of  sh.'le 
trees  and  shrubs.  Single-brooded  in  the  North  bu,  double-broodc''  in 
the  Middle  and  Southern  States  (Fig,  '70). 


CLASS,„CATro.V  AN'O   DKSCR.PX.O.   OK   COMMO.V   .NSKCTS 
■uter  the  apple  bios  cms  !ai„"o  Ic  i       '[  "  T^'^  J"'"='  ^  '"""'y 

<-:::::^-S;i^;Cr;i;r:s.:^r"-- 


fen£^r.Sr "^^-^^  '^'^  '"  ''-^  -^^y  '^"  -^  ^-^  Se.  the 

^^r^:Stt!^'  itiiz '''  ""'''r "'  j""^  ^"^  ^-^  '-ale 


i]6 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGV 


S«n  Joti  Scale  {Aspidiotus  pernkiosus  Comst.). — China  is  probably 
the  home  of  this  scale.  It  became  cstablishd  at  San  Jos£,  Cal.,  aboui 
1870,  and  was  intro<luced  into  Kastern  nurseries  in  the  U.  8.  aboui 
i88fr-7,  and  into  Oniario  about  i8<;6.  Occurs  on  orchard  tree~ 
bush  fruits,  and  many  perennials  and  annuals.  On  badly  infestol 
branches  the  scale  presents  the  appearance  of  dark-grey  scurfy  patche~, 
and  on  fruit  there  is  often  a  purplish  discoloration  about  the  scale. 

Adult. — The  female  scale  is  circular,  !,i  inch  in  diameter,  with  ,1 
central  exuvium  surrounded  by  a  yellowish  ring.     The  male  scale  ^ 


Fig.  78. — a.  Winged  San  Jos^  scale  (much  enlarged) ;  b,  young  scale  insect  (enlar,"! 
125  times). 

oval,  twice  as  long  as  broad,  v't'  ,  '  \w  1  exuvium  showint;  a 
nipple  toward  the  small  end  of  the     .' ■  Tose  scale  winter^  in 

the  half-grown  state.  Early  in  si.rin;;  ti.c  i.  !!(;•  11  males  appear,  ami 
the  females  resume  growth.  The  male  moults  thrice  and  the  femalt 
twice.  In  early  June  the  females  begin  to  produce  living  young.  Tho 
period  of  production  lasts  about  six  weeks  during  which  time  e:nh 
female  produces  on  an  average  400  young.  The  females  mature  in 
.^5  to  40  days,  and  the  males  in  about  25  days  after  their  birth.  Thi-re 
are  three  or  four  broods  in  northern  orchards  (Figs.  77  and  78). 

Nymphs. — The  half-grown  scale  is  black,  and  shows  a  central  nipple 
surrounded  by  one  or  two  depressed  rings. 

Parasites. — The  following  Lady-birds  feed  on  the  San  Jose  Si  lo: 
ChilocoTus  bivulnerus,  Peniilia  misella  and  P.  suiuralis. 


"f  parasitism  is  t.K,  low  /or  effective  tnto,  '    "'  ""  '"'"'"»«'' 


Pic.  79— Pygidia   of   /(j(.iV,w„,      ok      ■ 

»ils  (see  Part  lA^  '  ''"'''  '"""'^  ^P'^^  -'">  certain  miscible 

The  three  closely  related  species,  Putnam  Scale  ( i  n^.t     i,  .    ^ 

--ering  in   nearly  full-grown   cnnHi.,^        j  ^    ^''"  ^"'"-^ 

/   <uii  grown   condition   and   oviparous,   the 


128 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


I-    i 


hatching  in  June-July,  the  Forbes  Scale  (.1.  forbesi  John.),  and  the 
Curtis  Scale  (.A.  oslreajormis  Curtis)  (Fig.  79),  are  difficult  to  dis 
tinguish  from  the  San  Jose  Scale,  and  are  also  found  in  orchards 
A  comparison  of  the  pygidium,  or  the  fused  posterior  abdominal  seg- 
ments, under  the  microrcope  enables  one  to  identify  the  adults  of  the-c 
species.  On  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  pygidium  are  the  anal  openin^' 
and  the  glands  that  secrete  the  wax  of  the  scale.  On  the  ventral  sui 
face  are  the  vaginal  opening  and  4  or  5  groups  of  spinnerets  (wantini; 
in  the  San  Jose  Scale).     The  margin  of  the  pygidium  is  modified  ini" 


A  B  c 

Fio.  80.— Three  common  orchard  scales.     A,  San  Jos^  scale;  B,  oyster-shell  si  ale 
C,  scurfy  scale. 

lobes  with  thickenings,  dorsal  and  ventral  spines,  and  plates  character- 
istic of  each  species  (Fig.  79). 

Euonymus  Scale  {Chionaspis-euonymi  Comst.)  is  a  common  pesi  hi 
Euonymus  in  the  Eastern  United  States.  Two  broods  a  season. 
Female  scale  elongate-oval,  brown,  with  yellow  exuvia,  convex;  male 
scale  white,  parallel-sided,  3-ridged,  with  yellow  exuvia,  much  smuller 
than  female  scale. 

Rose  Scale  {Aulacaspis  rosee  Bouche).— .\ttacks  rost',  raspberry, 
blackberry,  etc. 

Female  scale  snow-white,  nearly  circular,  thin  and  flat,  K2  i''^*' 
in  diameter;  with  two  Ught  yellow  exuviae  at  margin;  oviparous.  Male 
scale  shorter,  narrower,  3-ridged.  Hibernates  in  all  stages,  hince 
all  stages  may  be  found  on  one  infested  plant.    Two  or  three  brou  l^a 


CLASSIFICATION  AND  DESCRIPTION   OF  COMMON  INSECTS      I29 

-Z'a  l^^f"^  '.^"''. j"'''^  ^'"""^  ™^^^^<1 "«  if  White-washed.    Para- 
site: Aphdmus  diaspidis  How.,  a  chalcid 

Control -(,)  Trim  out  all  badly  infested  canes  before  spring-  U) 

Soft  Scales  (Coccin^) 

PlumScale.orEuropeanFruitLecamum {Lecaniumcorni Bouche)  - 
rh,s  scale,  also  called  the  New  York  Plun,  Scale,  is  sometimes  abundant 

P'7  "^-^hards.    It  occurs  also  on  peach,  apricot,  pear,  Znce 
currant,  blackberry,  ash,  elm,  etc.  '  ^         ' 

Adull.~Fem:ile  scales  conspicuous    brown    objects,    "like    small 

dved  peas,"  adhering  to  branches  and  twigs.    Full  g  own  in  Ze 

Male  sea  es  much  smaller,  flatter,  more  elongate,  and  of  a  whi""sh 

color;  mde  msect  delicate,  with  two  whitish  Lgs;  emerges  i^^^ 

ai.oS-~ntr'^'  ""'"  '-'=  '"'"^  '"  -'y  J"-i  -"i'e;  hatch  in 

,h.'i!r^*''7^'""^'  ^™'"  ^"'^'^  '^'  ""'"'"  ^^l«  ^"d  crawl  to 

e  leaves  m  July;  secrete  much  honey-dew.    About  the  end  of  Augu  t 

m  September  they  begin  to  migrate  from  the  leaves  to  the  twl 

nd  branches  where  they  hibernate.     In  early  spring  (April)  they  bll 

feeding  agam  and  grow  rapidly,  maturing  in  June.  ^ 

Parasite. — Comys  fusca. 

C««/r«/.--Spray  with  a  miscible  oil  (i  to  15)  before  buds  burst- 
spray  about  July  ist  with  Black  leaf  40  and  soap.  ' 

x-:^'^r^F.f^v%  n'T'r  "'^'t'"""""  Perg.).-(ConsuIt  Bull. 
,b'.  Bur.  Ent.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  and  Circ.  88.)  Attacks  shade  trees 
such  as  maple,  basswood  and  birch,  and  orchard  trees,  such  as  appL 
plum  and  peach.    A  native  insect.  ^^   ' 

n,  .'.^f  ""Tf""!?"  -  °'^''^  hemispherical,  reddish,  1-7  inches  long 
mottled  wuh  radmtmg  streaks  of  black  conspicuous  about  the  margin 
The  presence  o  a  double  mid-dorsal  row  of  25-40  low  subconical  append- 
ages appearmg  like  pores,  extending  from  near  the  anal  lobes  to  nearlv 
above  the  sucking  mouth-parts  is  quite  characteristic.  Adult  of  male 
a  minute,  delicate  .-winged  insect  with  rose-red  body  marked  with 
dark  and  with  heavy  brown  thoracic  band,  appearing  early  in  August 


13° 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


male  scale  smaller  than  female,  elongate,  slightly  convejt,  and  greenish 
white.     Viviparous,  young  born  June- July.    One  brood  a  year. 

A'ym/>Ai.— Female  scales  nearly  full  grown  by  autumn,  and  winter 
as  such.     Mature  early  in  spring. 

Control.— A  20-25  per  cent,  kerosene  emulsion  or  miscible  oil  ap- 
plied in  dormant  seasons  destroys  the  hibernating  females,  or  flour- 
lime  sulphur  just  before  the  young  migrate  to  the  leaves.  Coccophagm 
sp.,  a  chalcid,  is  an  important  parasite. 

Cottony  Maple  Scale  {Pulvinaria  ii//i'sL.).— Occasionally  becomes  a 
serious  pest  of  shade  trees,  such  as  the  soft  maple,  box-elder,  bass- 
wood,  etc. 

Adult. — Conspicuous  on  account  of  the  cotton-like  waxy  masses 
projecting  from  beneath  the  brown  scale  of  the  female.  Female  scale 
"elliptical,  convex  on  the  back  with  a  low  rounded  median  ridge;  pale 
green  or  whitish  yellow,  marked  with  black  or  brown."  Male  insect 
winged,  with  two  long  caudal  filaments,  and  long  antenns. 

Eggs. — Minute,  oval,  pale  yellowish;  enclosed  in  the  secretion  of 
waxy  threads;  about  3000  eggs  laid  by  each  female,  in  June  and  July. 

Nymphs.— M  first  active  and  crawling,  with  six  legs;  later  they 
settle  and  secrete  a  thin  waxy  covering  on  their  backs.  Females 
fertilized  by  the  males  in  late  summer.  In  autumn  they  migrate  from 
leaves  to  twigs  where  they  remain  all  winter. 

Parasites. — Coccophagus  lecanii  Sm.,  C.  flavoscutellum  Ashm.— 
chalcids. 

Co«/rfl/.— Spray  in  early  spring  with  Black  Leaf  40  and  whale-oil 

soap. 

Golden  Oak  Scale  (Asterolecanium  variolosum  Ratz).— A  small, 
yellow,  round,  convex  scale  often  coating  twigs  of  oak.  The  nymphs 
appear  in  May- June. 

Cottony  Grass  Scale  (Eriopeltis  Jestuca  Fonsc.).— Often  abundant 
on  stems  of  grasses  in  the  maritime  provinces;  forming  conspicuous 
compact  oval  tufts  of  cotton  wool,  the  egg-sacs.  The  eggs  hatch  in 
spring  and  the  scales  become  full  grown  in  July.  Toward  the  end  "f 
July  the  eggs  are  laid  in  the  cottony  sacs. 

Elm  Bark-louse  {Gossyparia  spuria  Modeer). — The  females  are  dark 
red,  bordered  with  white  wax;  Ho  inch  long;  arranged  irregularly  aloi  « 
cracks  or  fissures  in  the  bark  of  trunks  or  limbs.  The  young  appe.r 
in  late  June  or  early  July  and  settle  along  the  mid-veins  of  the  lea\  s 


CLASSIFICATION   AND   DESC«PTION  OP   COMMON  INSECTS      z,I 
and  on  the  green  tips  of  twiirs.     In  Sent  -n,-,    .k 
-Hc'  -igs.    Wnter  i^passed  fs  paltV^l^Lct'  ""^"'^  '^^  - 

Mealy  Bugs  (Dactvlopin*) 


Orthef/a 
insignis 


f^longbplnia 

-SS^-     J  ne  luiiomng  species  are  common: 


\-      II: 


132 


ECONOMIC  EKTOMOLOGY 


Pic    i2 —Hrmhphtrical   siali    (Saissetia   hcniisphajrica)    on    fern.     Natural 
{After  Forbes.) 


Pig.  83.— Hemispherical  scale,  enlarged.     (AJler  Forbes.) 


CLASSIFICATION  AND   DESCRIPTION   OF   COMMON  INSECTS       rj^ 

Long-tailed  Mealy  Bug  (Pseudocorcus  lo„gl,pi,ms  Tare  )  -A  ,n,=.ll 

Clover  Root  Mealy  Bug  (Pseudococcus  Irifolii  Forbesi  -  fir. 
the  crown  of  second  veir  n- 1  ,„,i     u-,     i  »^"rDesl.— Occurs  near 

P-ied  by  ants      Two  fori        wh„e  clovers  in  dusters,  often  accom- 


(Hemichionaspis  aspidistrro)      Fe- 
mal=^sca,e,   e„Ur«„d.      (^/„, 


Fic.  85.— Malescalcof  the 
Aspidistra  scale.'  enlargid 
(.Afirr  Forbes.) 


WonlWM         T     .^^       "'^  ^^"  ^^'"  "lating  with  irales  fFig  8,1 
W  of^?  t  ^"^  ^'f '  (^A-<-.«.a„  acerLa  Walsh  and  Ri,  ^  ' 

"i  /6  to  ^5  incli  long,  yellow,  rounrled-o\al. 
Other  Greenhouse  Scales 

Dy  s,,cc,es  of  Coccus,  Sa.ssctU,  .Upi,U„,us,  Chrysojphalus. 


v\ 


!::■ 


134 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


Orlhezia  and  Hemichionaspis  in  addition  to  the  Mealy  Bugs  alreadv 

described.  i  a  .       i 

Soft  Brown  Scale  {Coccus  hesperidum  Linn.)— An  oval,  Hat  scak-, 

straw  colored  to  dark  brown;  viviparous.    Occurs  on  oleander,  Cycas, 

ivy,  rubber  plant,  box  elder. 

Hemispherical  Scale   (Saissetia  hemispkarica  Targ.).— An  oviil, 

|)olished,  rich  brown  scale;  oviparous.    Occurs  on  [lalms,  orchids,  ferns 

asparagus,  oleanders  (Figs.  82  and^Si). 


^i^^^^ajSliEii.i.-^-'- 


cMDDlIlIIDIIDBJJ^^''^ 


Fig.  86. 


-Types  of  antenna;  of  aphids:  o.  CkcUopkorus;  b.  Aphis: 
d.  Pemphigus  (apterous);  t.  Chnmes:  f.  f  sensoria. 


,  Schizoiifttra 


Oleander  or  Ivy  Scale  {Aspidiolus  hedera  Vall.).-A  circular,  fiat. 
grey  or  white  scale,  with  a  pale  orange-colored  centre.  Occur.  (.» 
oleander,  ivy,  box  wood,  orange,  palm,  cycad.  , 

Circular  Scale  (Chrysomphdm  aonidum  Linn.)  .-A  circular  <lark 
brown  scale  with  a  grey  nipple  in  a  reddish  brown  ring.  Occurs  on 
Araucaria,  citrus,  oleander,  begonia,  and  rubber  plant. 


CLASSlnCATIOK   AKD  BESCKIPT.O.  „p   COMMON   INSKCTS       .35 

plants  (Fig.  8 0  """^  '''""°°-    °"""  °n  n>»ny 


> 


Plii.  87.-Pront  of  head  and  cauda  of  aohid,-  „    i,-        ■   . 

whale-oil  soap  (i  lb  to  2  eaiwt  Hi    r       , "^  ^"'^  ^°''  Scales  use 
which  Black  Leaf  4c  has  b^^  added       °"  °'  ""^  «°°'  '"'^""'= »"  '° 


^i 


i     i  ■11 


136 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


till 


sfU,! 


■H 


Spray    with    lime-sulphur,    whale-oil   soap,    kerosene   emulsions, 
miscible  oils  or  whitewash  when  outdoor  plants  are  infested. 

APHIDID-E    (APHIDS    OR    PLANT-LICE) 

Chief  Economic  Generi  CFigs.  86-94) 

\    Front  wings  with  four  obUqu.  veins;  antenna  generally  6-segmented. 

B.  Media  of  fore  wings  twice  forked  (except  Lochnus  in  part). 

C.  AntennE  of  winged  female  s-segmented.— Si^Ao. 

CC.  Antenna  of  winged  female  6-segmented. 

D.  Cornicles    mammiform;    tUament    of    sulh    segment    .,1 
antennie  not  developed. 

E.  Fore  wing  with  stigmal  shading  appeanng  as  tli. 
stigma,  extending  to  tip  of  wing.  Large  aphi.l. 
occurring  commonly  onQuercus,  TiUa,  and  Platamr- 
—Longisligma. 
EE.  Venation  normal,  except  in  Lcchnus  where  media  .- 
sometimes  unbranched  or  only  once  forked.  Occur- 
ring usually  on  conifers,  never  on  Tilia  or  Plalanw. 
F.  Flocculent  species.     Never  on  conifers.— P*,v/ 

laphis. 
FF.  Not  conspicuously  flocculent  as  in  F.    Occur 
ring  on  conifers. — Lachnus. 
DD    Cornicles  variously  shaped,  seldom  mammiform  but  if     . 
the  filament  of  sixth  antennal  segment  developed. 

E   Large  aphids  with  cornicles  usually  vasiform,  hclv 
and  appendages  hirsute.    Occurring  on  Po/».;«s  anJ 
Salix.—Plerocomma. 
EE.  Not  as  above. 

F.  Cornicles  short  or  wanting,  usually  tuberculau  : 
Cauda  bluntly  rounded  or  knobbed. 
G.  Cornicles  appear  as  mere  rings;  wings  hild 
horizontal  when  at  test—Uotiellia. 
GG.  Cornicles    usually   distinct;    wings    In'.i! 
slanting  or  roof-shaped  over  back  when  at 
rest. 
H.  Body    and    appendages    hirsute   in 
which  respect  it  approaches  Pi  ro 
comma  but  smaller  and  mostly  leaf- 
feeders;  hairs  not  knobbed;  anlnni 
noticeably  shorter  than  body;  -'n- 
garious  on  host.— Chailophortis. 
HH.  Body    not    conspicuously    hir  itf, 
antenna    varying    in    length    .  nn 


CLASSIFICATION   AND   DESC«,PI,ON  OF   COMHON  INSECTS       ,37 


noticeably  longer  than  body;  hain  on 
antenna  and  body  usually  knobbed; 
most  species  living  solitary  or  scat- 
tered on  host-CallifleriHi  (includes 
MyiccaUis,  Callipierus,  Euceraphis 
el  a/.).' 


iMsomaphis  sp.  f^ypit.    Cha.lophorm   ntgundim!.   Hyadapht!  sp., 

FF.  Cornicles  short  to  very  long  but  not  tuberculate; 
Cauda  not  globular  or  knobbed. 
G.  First  antennal  segment  gibbous  on  inner 
side. 


f-.  8».-Fro„t  of  head  and  Cauda  of  two  aphids:  a.  Rkop.ionpHun,:  K  ApM. 


'  See  Can.  Enl.,  Vol.  42,  No.  8. 


H.  Frontal  or  antennal  tubercles  with 
a  prominent  tooth-like  projection 
on  inner  ?ide;  rauda  tapering.— 
yhorodon. 


,«i 


138 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


HH.  Frontal  tubercles  without  the  prcru 
nent    tooth-like    projection ;    cii  >  <  l.i 
more  or  lew  Bickle  ihapcd. — i/x  i 
GG.  First  antennal  segment  not  conspicuou-i> 
gibbous  on  inner  side. 
H    Head  with  distinct  and  more  or  !•  -- 
prominent  frontal  tubercles. 
I.  Cornicles  clavate;  antenna*  -v] 
dom   longer    than  body;  cah<!.i 
taixringand  Vnohhed.— Rho  pi!  o- 
siphum. 
II.  Cornicles   cylindrical   or   imor- 
spicuously  swollen;  antenna  usu- 
ally longer  than  body;   cau<l,t 
ensif  orm. — Macrosiphum. 
HH.  Head  with  frontal  tubercles  absent  <  r 
slight. 
I.  Cornicles    distinctly   clavatt.  - 

Siphocoryne  (Hyadaphis). 
II.  Cornicles  usually  cylindrical  ar^l 
of  moderate  length;  if  clavaie 
they  arc  only  slightly  swollen 
and  quite  small. 
J.  Cornicles    very   short,  rniith 
shorter  than  cauda,  slightly 
swollen;  beak  short;  antcnn^r 
shorter  than  body. — Hyalop- 
terus. 
JJ.  Not  as  above,  i,e.,  cornicles 
moderately     long,     usitallv 
longer  than  cauda,  cylindri- 
cal; antenne  usually  as  long 
as  or  only  slightly  shorter 
than  body. — Aphis. 
BB.  Media  of  fore  wings  once  forked  or  simple. 
C.  Media  simple. 

D.  Hind  wings  with  two  oblique  veins. — Pemphigus. 
DD.  Hind  wings  with  but  one  oblique  vein. 

E.  Antennae  6-segmented.— r«/raMCUfa. 
EE.  Antennte  s-segmented. — Hamamelistes. 
EEE.  Antenna:  3-segmented. — Hormaphis. 
CC.  Media  once  forked. 

I).  Cornicles  present,  an  Aphis-like  spe\:ic5.—Toxoplera. 
1)1).  Cornicles  vestigial  or  wanting. 

E.  Hind  wings  with  two  oblique  veins. — Eriosorth: 
KE.  Hind  wings  with  one  oblique  vein. — Cohpha. 


Pic,  90. — Front    of    head  of 
aphids:  a,  Chaitophorus;  b,  Hya- 

da  phis. 


CLASSIFICATION   AND   DESCRIPTION   OK   COIIMC.N    INSECTS       ,39 
AA.  Front   wing,   with   thr«  „bli„u.  v.in,,  .hr  m.di.  .impl.  (unbr.nch.d) 

BB.  Anlenn.  3.  or  4-«gmen.td;  wing,  .t  re,t  flat  on  back;  g.ll,  on  gran, 
hlclcory,  ttc,  never  on  camlm.-Pkylloxtr,,.  '^' 


Fig.  91. — Venation  of  A/afro- 
siphum.     {Afltr  Patch.) 


Fl<;.  93— Venation  of  Toxoplrra. 
(Afltr  PaUk.) 


Plant-lice  or  Aphids  are  gregarious  sucking  insects,  often  abundant 

occuTT  ZTT  "'  ?'"?''■  ""'^  •■""«  ""'^''  '"J"^y-  Three  forms 
occur.  ,.  sedentary  wingless  viviparous  agamic  female.s,  ,.  migra- 
tory  winged  viviparous  agamic  females,  3.  sexual  males  and  females 
-tlie  females  oviparous  and  wingless  and  the  males  winged  or  wingless. 


Fig.  93.— Venation  of  Ttira 
neura.     (Afltr  Palck.) 


Fig.  94— Venation  oSChtrmes. 
(After  Patch.) 


allvSows:"'""""' ''"''''' "*'''■  "=  """""'^^  diagrammatic 

O— P— P— p— p_p_p._p_p/    \q 

i  \^ 

=  P  =  P-P~P~P-p/     \o 

9 
w.x're  O  represent,   the  overwintering  egg,  P  the  viviparous  agamic 


Mk 


l' 


140 


ECONOMIC  ENTOHOLOOY 


wingless  form,  and     =P~    the  viviparous  agamic  winged  form,  an! 
c?  and   9   the  sexual  forms  (Kig.  95). 

In  general,  plant-lice  arc  sofl-lxuliiMl  and  green,  sometimes  brow 
or  black.  The  winged  forms  have  four  delicate  wings  with  a  few  simpli 
veins — the  front  [air  much  larger  than  the  hind  pair.  The  sucking 
beak  is  .vj"inled;  the  legs  and  antenna'  are  long  and  the  eyes  [)rom; 
nent.  In  autumn  the  sexual  females  deposit  eggs  that  ha",!,  'n  lib 
spring  into  females  which  are  often  termed  "stem-mothers."      I  hi^ 

produce  living;  females  which  in  turn  produce  living  females,  and  s 

for  several  generations.  .\s  each  female  produces  several  young,  ;iii  I 
these  mature  in  a  short  time,  reproducliim  - 
very  rapid.  When  autumn  approaches  an! 
food  supply  becomes  scarce  a  brood  of  win;;i  I 
males  aid  wingless  females  is  produtc  I 
The  females  produce  the  winter  eggs.  Sonn 
limes  agamic  females  hibernate. 

There  are  many  species  of  plant-llic. 
some  feeding  on  one  variety  of  plant,  '  11 
many  are  capable  of  feeding  on  two  or  min 
varieties.  Some  feed  for  a  time  on  one  hn-i 
plant,  then  migrate  to  another  for  the  sum 
mer,  finally  returning  to  the  first  one  in 
autumn.  Some  produce  abnormal  growth' 
called  galls,  such  as  the  grape  phylloxt  ra 
gall,  the  cockscomb  gall  <m  the  elm,  in 
Cottonwood  gall,  the  poplar  gall,  etc. 

Most  plant-lice  excrete  a  sweet  liquid  called  "honey-dew,"  whnh 
is  attractive  to  ants,  bees,  wasps  and  other  insects.  On  account  ni 
this  honey-dew  aphids  are  often  attended  by  ants  who  guard  th<  111. 
Forbes  has  shown  that  the  little  brown  ant  (Lasius  niger)  has  domi-:!- 
cated  the  Corn  Root  Aphis,  which  is  cared  for  xnA  controlled  in  ill 
stages  of  its  development.  (Consult  Bull,  no,  112,  276  and  Farnv  r-' 
Bull.  804,  U.  S.  Dept,  Agr.,  and  Bulletins  by  Parrott,  Patch,  Fori  i-, 
Herrick  and  Matheson.) 

FecimdUy.-  Regarding  the  powers  of  reproduction  of  aphids  W  li 
stcr  and  Phillips  (Bull,  no,  U.  S.  Bur.  of  Entom.^  cite  the  estimal.  "i 
Huxley  and  Buckton.  The  former  estimated  that  the  tenth  geii  r:i 
tion  alone  of  a  single  Rose  Aphis,  were  there  no  deaths,  would  con  lin 


Fig.  95.— An  a(>lcruus  viv 
parous  femaU'  aphiti. 


'>"r£iRte 


CtASS:wCATIO.V   AXD   DF.SCKIP 


'iiorc  5ul)sun<c  thai 


riO.V   OF   COMMON' 


i.vsKrrs 


ioo  (lays 
iiluals 


'"  5°o  million  »i„u(  men;  (h,.  I 


'41 


"r  15  generations  of 


equal  in   weiKht   lo  i,Oj« 


■fo  caili,  ihtrc 
,400,000  men. 


alter  ci 


|>m|)ulei|  that 


Would  l,e  jo"  indi 

i'hi.isweiKh,«rai;;a;;dr;;:^r:ir.  --'^ 

'""PutcT  makes  the  ,  le  rumher  r°°?'°°°  "''""'■      ^-''h" 

-e,l  m  Indiana  Uy  each  viviptro"  S;"''"''''-' '''>"-'''«  !>-- 
II   .s  c.mceival,le,  therefore,  how  this  n.  ."■,  "■'°^ ^  '>  «"^  '»'■ 

'Trii"  '""''  "'•''''■" '''-wS-  "  '  '"  ''"■''^'""•-  ^''^' 
'-umntr^tl!;r£™lj;'i;:;;;^^;;;j''"  MOJ  also  computes  the 
'■'  '5  young  in  ,  weeks.     ,f   ,11  the  ,  r  r"'  "  '''"■^■^""""  "'  ■' 

"-  n.te  for  a  sea.son  thev  woM   tc    fZ      '"'  ''""  """"'"""'  ^' 
In  the  case  of  il,-  r-  .      .  '''Soo.ooo.ooo. 

7«-  the  a:i:';:xtSt;'!;:'^  :r\^-"  -^  -  "^ker 

^"'""t  40.     As  the  «tem  mothe   b"cLe   m^  ,""'  '""^^'  ^--"  - 

K:n,a,  and  there  are  from  ,  to  r    Z    t^ns""     """  ^''•''  ''' '"  '■"- 
[ircKluction  is  very  -aoid      Th-.      f""'^"""'*'  "^  an  average  of  , .   re 
in  -September  from  S,,/  ^  :,t';"'"';r  "'  «^-"  ''""^'  ^  '^^  ^ 
"40,000,000,000,000.  "'''  """'''   '«=  40"   =   b7o,o88,. 

J-  J.  Davis  reports  for  the  fKi  A„i,;    /  ■    ,  • 
".r  Indiana  wi,h  an  averag   of  !' ^Jt  ,  '  ^''"  "--'  '5  generations 
»'  one  stem-mother  at  the  end  of  .h"         ''''      '"""'"^-     ■''»-■  l'^"«env 

The  .same  writer  Rives  for  the  P       a''!"  7"'^'  '"  •'°" 
"crage  number  of  young  borne  In- fenral.   V  .^'"■""'^'"""  ^"'^  ''"= 
"""■^  as  65.     The  progenv  of  a  s.  i       f^       '^  consecutive  genera- 
»"uld  .n  this  case  be  65.V        ^'^™-'"""'"  "'  'he  end  of  ,he  season 

■\iilural  £«(■»!/«.— Ladv-bird  !>..„, p 
^--,  -any  parasitic  hymenl'La       ,:!;  T'f"  "'^'^«'"^'  '''--ing 
■l"'lers,  birds.  ^""-""Pltra,  „^mphs  of  tree-crickets,  harvest 

^^,CW.^-  -Spray  with  k,   osene  emulsion,   whale-oi,  soap,  tobacco 

Ciiir:i-  Kco.voMic  Swxtfs 
.1,    L-  „  ^''"■s  ^iM"  aif«<E  Fah  1      c 

"  '"™'^^''  "^^'"  •^'""^^  '^  --  ^"i-^ou!  fo^piie  b'rraVp*^ 


142 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


before  the  other  apple  aphids.  Stem-mothers  appear  early  in  May  and 
are  yellowish-green  with  three  dark  lines  on  back;  progeny  winged  ami 
blackish;  migrate  to  grains  and  grasses  in  the  second  and  third  genera 
tions,  winged  and  wingless  generations.  Migrate  back  to  apple  in 
September  where  mating  occurs.  Males  produced  on  the  secondar> 
host  and  females  on  the  primary  host.  Beak  short  and  stout;  thoracic 
shield  dark;  cornicles  short  and  flanged;  cornicles,  antennae  and  feci 
black. 

Clover  Aphis  {Aphis  bakeri  Cowan). — Sometimes  attacks  the  apple 
in  the  middle  West.  Eggs  are  laid  on  the  apple,  the  pink  stem-mother> 
appear  early  and  give  rise  to  green  winged  and  wingless  forms.  Thf 
former  migrate  to  clovers  and  give  rise  to  several  wingless  generation>. 
In  late  autumn  the  winged  forms  fly  back  to  the  apple  and  hawthorn 
where  the  eggs  are  laid.    Cornicles  are  short. 

Com  Leaf  Aphis  {Aphis  maidis  Fitch). — Bluish-green,  with  black 
legs,  antennae  and  cornicles;  a  row  of  black  dots  ijn  each  side  ol 
back. 

Com  Root  Aphis  {Aphis  maidi-radicis  Forb.). — Bluish-green  lice  on 
corn  roots;  attended  by  brown  ant  {Lasius  niger). 

Spring  Grain  Aphis  or  Green  Bug  {Toxoplera  graminum  Rond.). 
Infests  cereals  in  spring;  wingless  form  yellowish-green,  with  faint  dark 
line  along  back;  eyes  black.    Winged  form  larger,  with  darker  thorax. 
Migrates  to  other  regions  and  to  grasses.    Parasitized  by  LysipUebus 
tritici. 

Western  Grain  Aphis  {Brachycolus  tritici  Gillette). — Is  injurious 
to  winter  wheat  in  Montana. 

English  Grain  Aphis  {Macrosiphum  gtanarium  Kirby). — Occurs  un 
wheat,  barley  and  the  grasses,  Agroslis,  Bromus,  Daclylis,  Poa  and 
Phleum  and  Cat-tail,  widely  distributed  in  the  U.  S. 

COMMON  FRUIT  APHIDS 

Apple  Bud  or  Oat  Aphis  {Aphis  avena  Fab.).— See  above. 

Green  Apple  Aphis  {Aphis  mali  Fab.  =  A.  pomi  DeG.).— Tliis 
aphis  collects  usually  on  the  tips  of  tender  shoots,  on  the  under  surficc 
of  the  leaves,  and  when  abundant  attacks  the  developing  fn  ii. 
Winters  on  twigs  as  black  shining  eggs  which  hatch  just  before  I  af 
buds  open;  '12  inch  long,  pear-shaped;  bright  green;  black,  slen  itr 


CLASSIFICATION  AND  DESCRIPrrnv   „„ 

t-!.CRIPTION   OP   COMMON  INSECTS 


'43 


.  ,  v,v.«MUN  INSECTS       I 


lla  spasnn    „    J  ,  ■  "'"""^  "f  w>n?ed  form. 


■^ii 


Ill' 


I 


I 


144 


ECONOUIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


ni 


yellow  tipped  wit*-  black,  long  and  tapering;  body  covered  witli  a 
powdery  substa  e.  Winged  females  with  black  thorax  and  red  ilj- 
domen,  honey-tji/es  long  and  black.  Two  small  tubercles  at  end  id 
abdomeh;  the  late  winged  forms  are  migrants  and  have  a  black  pauli 
on  abdomen,  black  bands  across  last  segments  of  abdomen,  and  bla.k 
spots  on  sides.  Egg-laying  females  lemon-yellow,  mate  with  migrant 
winged  males.  In  this  species  also  the  males  are  produced  on  ilii 
secondary  and  the  females  on  the  primary  host.  After  the  lliird 
summer  agamic  generation  this  species  deserts  the  apple  for  ilu 
plantain,  but  returns  in  autumn.  (Consult  "Apple  Tree  Insect>  .li 
Maine,"  Circ.  31,  Bur.  Ent.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.) 

Sweet  Cherry  Aphis  (Myzus  cerasi  Fab.).— Eggs  oval  and  blad, 
laid  around  the  buds  and  on  bark  of  twigs  and  branches,  hatchini;  in 
late  April.  Stem  mother  globose  and  glossy  black.  First  limod 
wingless  viviparous,  later  broods  winged  and  wingless  viviparous;  ilk 
winged  form  with  head,  thorax,  cornicles  and  cauda  black,  and  abdonun 
dark  green  to  dark  brown  migrate  to  Lepidium  where  several  broods  oi 
dark  brown,  wingless  viviparous  forms  and  darker  winged  forms  an 
produced.  The  latter  return  to  cherry  when  they  and  other  residrai 
winged  forms  produce  viviparous  females  which  are  fertilized  1a 
migrant  winged  males  from  Lepidium.  No  males  are  produced  w. 
the  cherry.  Six  to  14  generation  are  produced  during  the  season  in 
the  Niagara  district.  Controlled  most  successfully  in  early  sprini;, 
just  before  the  buds  burst,  by  spraying  with  lime  sulphur  and  lilack 
Leaf  40  (Ross,  48/A  Rep.  Ont.  Ent.  Soc,  1917). 

Clover  Aphis  (Aphis  bakeri  Cowan).— See  above. 

Green  Peach  Aphis  (Myzus  persica  Sulz).— This  general  feeder  i-  wir 
most  common  greenhouse  species.     Under  glass  it  reproduces  vi 
parously  from  year  to  year.     At  first  the  young  Uce  are  pink,  but  nest 
generation  is  bright  green.     Migration  in  third  generation  to  garden  | 
crops   (where  it  has  been  known  as  Rhopalosiphum  dianthi  Srhr. 
returning  in  autumn  to  peach. 

Currant  Plant-louse  (Myzus  ribis  L.).— A  small  yellowish  I'lant- 
louse  causing  a  curling  and  blistering  of  the  leaves  of  currants  with  I 
red  discoloration  of  the  upper  surface.  Wingless  female  light  -rcen 
and  mottled;  body  covered  with  capitate  hairs,  and  with  two  rows 
of  spots  on  mid-dorsal  surface.  Winged  forms  darker  and  abdomen 
crossed  by  several  bands.    Migrates  to  Stachys  and  Galcopsis  (Gil  -tic  j 


-Assmc.no.  ..„  „,3CK:Pno.  o.  commo.  :.sbcxs    .,, 

"n  the  base  of  each  antenna  '  ""'' ''"""'"  ^"""'^  '"bercle 

Apple  WooUy  Aphis  (Schizoneura  (=  £„w„».l    ,     • 
."--««  R..ey  in  pa.).-(Consu,t  Bui.  4Se' ^.'^t  "^n^' 


viviparous   female 

I  efaif  ^pfe  S'crS  :f  ^  '^  '""^"^""^  '"^■""°-  '°  -"y  vari- 
-rir:::c;2^?{^--":;:.;tr-;! 


lit! 


.Ill 


1 

till    ! 


'•'r 


K?aiy 


146 


ECOKOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


i  :«■ 


n 


!        ,i 


HH    ;i 


m  :■ 


stock  is  liable  to  infestation  and  severe  injury.  The  injury  to  tin 
branches  is  not  so  serious,  but  in  cases  of  severe  infestation  it  causi  - 
stunted  growth  and  yellowing  of  the  leaves.  Colonies  often  coUei  1 
at  the  axils  of  leaves,  on  water-sprouts,  and  at  abrasions  and  wound- 

The  common  form  seen  on  roots  and  limbs  is  wingless,  Jf  0  inch  lonj, 
reddish-brown,  and  covered  with  a  woolly  waxy  excretion  (Fig.  97). 

The  life-history  of  the  trunk  forms  is  as  follows : 

Some  winter  near  the  base  of  the  apple  tree  as  immature  nymph-; 
but  those  in  the  elm  as  eggs  in  crevices  of  the  bark.  The  hibernating' 
nymphs  on  the  apple  migrate  to  the  branches  in  early  spring,  and  j 
succession  of  parthenogenetic  generations  of  apterous  viviparoii- 
females  appears  throughout  the  season.  From  the  eggs  on  the  elm 
hatch  out  apterous  viviparous  stem-mothers  in  early  spring  about  Ma\ 
15th,  the  second  generation  is  also  apterous  viviparous,  but  the  third  i- 
winged  and  migrates  to  the  apple,  hawthorn  and  mountain  ash  when 
three  generations  are  developed,  two  being  apterous,  and  the  thinl 
part  apterous  and  part  winged.  The  winged  form  migrates  bai  k 
to  the  elm,  and  produces  the  wingless  sexual  forms.  Each  female 
lays  one  large  yellow  egg  which  winters  on  the  tree.  The  wingU>s 
forms  remaining  on  the  apple  give  rise  to  another  generation  whiili 
winters  over  as  immature  nymphs. 

The  injury  to  the  elm  leaves  is  characteristic — the  formation  nl 
terminal  leaf  clusters  or  rosettes.     5.  amerkana  produces  leaf-curl. 

The  winged  forms  are  nearly  black,  the  abdomen  being  rusty  brown, 
the  wings  are  clear  and  the  antennae  have  annulations  and  are  6-jointi'il. 
The  sexual  forms  are  wingless,  beakless,  smaller  than  the  agamic 
forms;  the  female  J^o  inch  long,  reddish-yellow,  is  larger  than  tl'e 
olive-yellow  male;  the  antennse  are  5-jointed,  and  without  annulati"n> 
as  in  other  apterous  forms.  The  root  colonies  ordinarily  remain 
underground  throughout  the  year,  and  do  less  injury  northward. 

Parasites. — Aphelinus  malt,  a  chalcid;  Pifnza  radkum,  a  syrpliiil; 
lady-bird  beetles. 

Control. — Spray  thoroughly  the  aerial  forms  with  kerosene  emu^ion, 
soap  solution  or  tobacco  decoction;  dip  roots  of  suspected  nur^ry 
stock  in  same  solution  or  fumigate  with  HCN;  add  tobacco  c'a>t 
to  the  soil. 

Black  Peach  Aphis  (Aphis  persica-niger  Er.  Sm.). — Black;  Ives 


"n  roots,  twigs  and  lea vp«      xr       • 

H.  Ontario  (lig.  ^sj''^"-     Nom.grat.on.     Of  no  economic  importance 

ii4-n''XTtrtECudrn:rf 

P-der;  honey-tubes  short  andE    1  T'  'T™''  ^'"^  «  "^^'r 

g-oseberries  and  flowering     ur'amr^"'"  '"''^"^-^"^^^'■^  -"^"-^ 

The  winged  summer  forms  „i"'^f.=''f"^'"«^"^''n«  of   the  leaves 

migrate  to  some  unknown  host,  and  return 


""■■■  ''-Black  peach  aphis  (winded  female) 


inihefall     Th  — —.a.e,,    (..i/,„  (»„».„,»,„.) 

lrf''-^^^Z£t''t^;:£  '?f    .--es.m-mother 
black  head  and  body,  with  a  dar    Z.H    L  '""^^'^  '"""  has  a 

*•  .he  wingless  fo™  is  dark  gU    ^  fdrk^""'^  ""^  '"^^''• 
,  „ -- Ooo-e^  A,.s  (/,..  arScErOreen.  honey- 

'«;'-.0)  Winged  Lm:'^,St*J-^-«a"f^^^    (.)  wingJs 

Several  generations  during  summer  The  fl,'"  '  '"^^  ''"'"  ^™^'-- 
I  'he  growth  of  the  leaf  tissue  s^^ha;  .  In  °^  ^""""^  stimulates 
I »"  'l>e  upper  surface  ''  "  ''°"°*  «""  '^  P^duced,  opening 


II 


148 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


ii 


!  I  :i 


2  Root  form  similar  to  that  on  leaf;  often  derived  from  leaf  or.., 
several  generations  in  a  season;  yellowish  and  wingless,  and  forn, 
nodules  which  break  down  and  decay,  often  <lestroymg  the  rooi 
Yellowish  oval  eggs  are  lai.l  on  the  roots.  Larva;  moult  three  t.mc- 
Leaf-galls  are  most  common  on  American  grapes  whde  root-galls  ar, 
most  common  on  European  grapes. 

t  Some  of  the  root  forms  in  late  summer  develop  elongate  Ion- 
legged  winged  females  that  fly  to  neighboring  vines  and  lay  2-4  et;L, 

beneath  loose  bark.  1  ,    ,  1 

4  These  eggs  are  of  two  sizes-the  smaller  producmg  males,  lU 
larger  sexual  females.  These  are  wingless  and  minute,  hach  femak- 
lays  one  large  egg  from  which  hatch  the  following  sprmg  the  leaf  a.M 
root  forms.     Not  destructive  on  sandy  soils. 

Co«W.-Spray  in  early  spring  with  lime  sulphur;  use  America., 
varieties  as  stock. 

COMMON  GARDEN  APHIDS 
Cabbage  or  Turnip  Plant-louse  {Aphis  6fasiiV<rL.).-Often  ab„n 
dant  on  the  under  surface  of  leaves  of  cabbages  and  turnips,  and  very 
destructive  in  warm  dry  weather.    A  greenish,  soft,  Pear-shaped  .nsm 
covered  with  a  whitish  bloom.     Mature  forms  have  b'ack  head  an 
eyes  and  dark  cornicles;  nymphs  are  pale  green  with  black  legs  an,l 
antennae.    Parasite,  .l/>A«/i»s  raM  a  braconid.  j.  .       , 

Aphis  pseudobrassica  Davis.-Also  occurs  on  turnip,  radish,  cab- 
bage rape,  mustard,  etc.,  and  is  often  mistaken  for  A.  brassica. 

Melon  Plant-louse  (Aphis  gossypii  Glov.).^Occurs  on  the  u,>  cr 
surfaces  of  the  leaves  of  melon,  cucumber,  squash  etc.,  and  also  on  oilier 
crops  and  weeds.  Winter  eggs  have  been  found  on  purslane  and  straw- 
berry  A  blackish-green  insect.  Apterous  females  with  legs  and 
antennae  whitish,  cornicles  black  and  short;  winged  forms  with  a  rmv  of 
black  spots  on  sides  of  abdomen,  and  spots  on  head  and  thorax. 

Be^Aphis  (Aphis  fumicis  L.).-^  Occurs  on  the  tips  of  horse  a,,,l 
broad  beans  at  time  of  flowering.  When  the  lice  are  abundan  .h. 
plants  assume  a  sooty  sticky  appearance.  Also  on  »PPl<=- d^jhlia  >  . 
shepherd's  purse,  pigweed,  snowball  and  burriing  bush.  This  apl 
slaty  blue  or  black,  with  white  bands  on  the  legs  and  o  ten  with  a.> 
tufts  Called  also  the  "black  fly,"  "collier"  and  "black  dolpl„n. 
Strawberry  Root  Louse  (Aphis  forbesi  Weed).-Blmsh-gree„.  0,, 
roots  of  strawberry;  occurs  also  on  leaves.     Eggs  laid  on  stem    u=i" 


CLASSIFICATION-  AND   DESCRIPTION   OF   COMMON   INSECTS      ,49 

leave,.^  Ant,  carry  ,ice  l„  .«,s.    Of  no  economic  i.p„„ance  in 

Potato  Plant-louse  (Marrosiphum  solanijolii  Ashmcad)      Tr 
pmk    migrates  to  the  rose,  where  wi.uer  i/spen,      Fee  .^^'^l""  "' 
number  of  plants.  reeds  on  a  large 

Green  Rose  Aphis  (.1/,,,  nmphum  rose,  Linn  )      A  !ar<,e  ml 
;;.^h.s  w.th  dar.  antenn.  and  the  cornicles  long  and  mIT  t^ 

form  plant-louse.  greenhouses.     A  l.rownish-black  pyri- 

COMMON  SHADE  AND  FOREST  TREE  APHTOS 
Negundo  Plant-louse  {Chailophorm  negundinh  Thns  1      ^ 
l-st  of  the  ash-leaved  or  Manitoba  maple  fnWelit^i^^^ 

Alder  Blight  (Pemphigus  lessellatus  Fitrh^  — A  u-     ii        i.-  ■ 
on  ..anches  of  alder.     Ringed  forms  mlJe  to^Sp,r '"'  '^'^"^^ 

Beech  Tree  Blight  (Pemphigus  imtrielor  Fitch)  1 A  similar  form 
the  twigs  and  leaves  of  beech  "^ '"™  "" 

■ock'SXw^frt'"'  ?""'"  "*>'•  ^'"^"'^)'  Western  Hem- 


,ti 


ISO 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


11 


cluster  of  40  to  50  yellow  eggs  on  a  spruce  needle.  The  eggs  an 
extruded  from  the  abdomen  but  the  parent  Chermes  remains  over  then, 
until  dislodged  after  her  death  by  wind  or  rain.  The  winged  form  oftci 
oviposits  near  the  gall  from  which  it  emerges.  A  different  species  ..1 
host  plant  is  never  sought  by  this  Chtrmes.  In  about  two  weeks  th, 
young  "stem-mothers"  hatch  from  these  eggs  and  seek  a  protectini; 
crevice  in  the  surface  of  the  spruce  bud  where  they  can  spend  the  winter 
These  wingless  forms  develop  in  the  spring  and  become  full  grown  abom 
the  last  of  May  when  they  lay  a  cluster  of  140  or  more  eggs.  From 
these  eggs  hatch  the  young  that  inhabit  the  gall  and  are  known  as  the 
"gall  generation"  with  which  we  started  the  cycle"  (Patch). 

Spruce  GaU  Aphis  {Chermes  similis  Gill.).-(Consult  Bull.  17;, 
Maine  Agr.  Exp.  Stn.).  Abundant  locally  on  black,  red,  white  an.l 
Norway  spruces,  producing  loose  terminal  galls  and  scra^Rly  deformcl 
twigs.  '  The  galls  open  about  July  ist  and  the  winged  flocculent  mi- 
grants oviposit  on  spruce. 

Co«/ro/.— Spray  in  early  spring  while  trees  are  dormant  with  whak- 
oil  soap  (i  lb.  to  2  gal.  water).  Black  Leaf  40  (i  to  800)  added  l.i 
soap  (i  lb.  to  4  gal.  water). 

Pine  Bark  Aphis  (Chermes  pinuvrlids  Fitch).— A  common  enem> 
of  cultivated  pines,  appearing  as  flocculent  white  masses  upon  the  green 
bark  of  the  more  tender  parts. 

Co«(ro/.— Spray  in  late  April  or  May  with  fish-oil  soap  or  kerosene 
emulsion. 

DOUBLE-HOST  APHIDS 


Following  is  a  partial  list  ot  double 
Chermes  abieticolens  on  spruce 
Pemphigus  tesselatus  Fitch  on  alder 
Pemphigus  balsamiferae  on  Cottonwood 
Kriosoma  pyricola  on  pear 
Eriosoma  lanigera  on  apple 
Kriosoma  amcricana  on  plum 
Eriosoma  ulmi  on  English  elm 
Hyalopterus  arundinis  on  plum 
Phorodon  humuli  on  plum 
Aphis  avena  on  apple 
Aphis  sorbi  on  apple 
Aphis  pruni  on  plum 
Aphis  peni  on  oleander 


■host  Aphids; 
=  Chermes  pinifolia;  on  white  pine. 
=  Pemphigus  acerifolia;  Riley  on  maple 
=  Pemphigus  betae  on  beets. 
»>  Eriosoma  pyricola  on  elm. 
=  Eriosoma  americana  in  part  on  elm. 
=  Eriosoma  americana  on  Juneberry. 
=  Eriosoma  fodiens  on  currant. 
=  H.  arundinis  on  reed  grass,  cat-tail. 
=  P.  humuli  on  hop. 
=  .\.  avena  on  oats,  cat-tail,  etc. 
=  .\.  sorbi  on  plantain. 
=  Aphis  cr-dui  on  thistle. 
=  A.  lutescens  on  milkweed. 


CLASSIFICATION   AND   DESCRIPTION   OF   COMMON   INSKCTS       151 

Aphi.  bakeri  on  apple  and  hawthorn       -  Aphis  bakcri  on  clover 
\ph«  brevis  on  apple  and  hawihorn        .  Aphis  brevis  on  clover 
\phi,  euonymi  on  snowball  an.l  burning  -  Aphi.  n,raicis  on  bean'and  -lahlia 
bush 

Macrosiphum  iUinoicnsis  on  Viburnum  •  M.  illinoiensis  on  grape 

pruti'foliB 
Macrosiphum  sulanifolii  on  rose  =  M.  solanitolii  on  potato 

Macrosiphum  granarium  on  grains,  rose,  =  M.  granarium  on  cat-tail 

etc. 
Aphis  prunorun.  Dob.  on  plum,  Ribes      .  Khopalosiphum    nympha^a;    on    Nym- 
„,        ...  ...         „.^  ?•>"••".  Alism^.,  Sigittaria,  Tvpha. 

Khopalosiphum  nbis  on  Ribes  .  R.  lactuca:  on  Sunchus. 

Khopalosiphum  capreK  on  willow  =  R.  caprea;  on  Umbellifera? 

Myzus  nbis  on  Ribes  =  m.  galeopsidis  on  Galeopsis,   Slachys 

and  Lconurus. 
.\lyzu8  cerasi  on  cherry  =  M.  „.rasi  on  Lepidium. 

My^us  persicie  on  peach  =  Rhopalosiphum    dianthi    on    garden 

plants. 
Khojialosiphum  pastinacca;  .mi  l.„nicera   =  R,  pastinaceai  on  I'aslinaca 
ll.irmaphis  hamamelidis  Fitch  on  witch  =  Hormaphis  hamamelidis  on  birch 
hazel 

llamainelistesspinosusShimeron  witch  =  Hamamelislcs  spinosus  Shimer  on  birch 
hazel 

Tcl  raneura  graminis  on  Ulmua  =  T.  graminis  on  Leersia. 

rhecabius      populiconduplifolius      on  =  T.  californicus  on  Ranunculus 

poplar 
Ihcrmes  lloccus  on  white  pine  =  Chermes   Hoccus   on    Red    and    Hlack 

spruce. 
Chermes  cooleyi  on  Blue  and  Engelmann  =  Chermes  cooleyi  on  Douglas  fir 

spruces 

AleyrodiT).e  (White  Flies) 

White  Fly  {Aleyrodes  vaporariorum  Westw.).— (Consult  Bull.  140 
Conn.  Agr.  Exp.  Stn.)  Injurious  both  in  adult  and  nymph  stages 
sucking  the  juices  from  the  under  surfaces  of  the  leaves. 

Often  abundant  in  greenhouses,  and  difficult  to  control. 

.Idtdt.—Woigs  pure  white,  covered  with  minute  particles  of  wax- 
I'ody  yellow,  ]-U  inch  long;  antennae  6-jointed;  beak  3-jointed;  tarsus' 
J-Jointed;  eyes  brown,  in  two  pairs. 

^Ki.— Elongate-oval,  Koo  inch  long,  laid  on  the  leaves-  light 
Brccn  or  white  to  dark;  hatch  in  1 1-14  days.  Unfertilized  eggs  produce 
males  only;  each  female  usually  lays  several  dozen  eggs. 


«5» 


ECONOMIC    ENTOMOlOCy 


A'ym^Aj.— Three-one-hundredths  inch  long,  yellowish  when  full 
grown;  long  waxen  rods  on  back  of  "  pupa."    Life-cycle  about  $  week- 

Cox/ro/.— Fumigate  at  night  with  hy<lrocyanic  acid  gas  ('i  <>/ 
potassium  or  sodium  cyanide,  i  fl.  oz.  sulphuric  acid,  3  fl.  oz.  watu 
for  every  1000  cubic  feet  of  space);  spray  or  wash  repeatedly  infesti! 
leaves  with  whale-oil  soap  (i4  oz.  to  I  gal.  water). 

Citnii   White  Fly   (Dialeutodes  cilri  Ashm.  =  A.  dirt  Riley  ^ 
Howard).— A  most  serious  pest  of  oranges  and  other  citrous  plants  .  : 
the  South.     (Consult  Tech.  Ser.  No.  11.  Pt.  V  and  No.  37,  Bur.  Em 
U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.) 

PsYi.LiD.*:.     (Jumping  Pi.,\NT-LirK) 

Pear  Psylla  {Psylla  pyruola  Fuerst).  -A  European  pest  introflucnl 
about  1832,  and  now  widely  distributed  over  the  Eastern  states  an! 
Canada. 

Adult.— \  dark  reddish-brown  bug,  Ho  '"ch  long;  abdomen  with 
black  bands;  wings  clear  with  (lark  veins  and  laid  roof-like  over  the  bo(l> ; 
when  disturbed  it  hops  and  flies  away.  Eyes  bronzy;  hibernates  nii 
trunk  in  crevices,  etc.;  4-5  generations  each  year. 

£m,_-Orange-yellow,  minute;  Hs  '""^h  lo"gi  pear-shaped;  dep"  • 
ited  in  crevices  of  bark  or  along  midrib  of  leaf;  hatch  in  2-3  week- 

A'yw/ifc.— Broadly  oval,  flattened,  yellowish  bodies  with  crimson 
eyes;  later  reddish  with  black  markings  and  conspicuous  black  wins 
pads;  secrete  honey  dew;  4-5  moults. 

Natural  EncmiVs.— I.ady-birds,  protracted  periods  of  wet  cc'lil 
weather  in  spring,  and  long  spells  of  hot  dry  weather  in  summer. 

CoB/ro/.— Clean  cultivation;  bark  scraped;  spraying  with  Bkuk 
Leaf  40  (i  pint  in  100  gal.  water)  during  warm  days  in  early  sprini;, 
late  fall  or  after  blossoming;  spraying  with  lime-sulphnr  just  bcfurc 
opening  of  blossoms. 

Bramble  Flea-louse  (Triom  tripunctata  Kitch).— Occurs  on  blin  k- 
berry,  causing  curling  of  the  leaves  and  dwarfing  of  the  shoots. 

Adult. — A  small  reddish-brown,  jumping  plant-louse,  %  inch  Inns, 
wings   with   three   yellowish-brown   bands.    October-May    or  Juno 

£jgj._Light  yellow,  deposited  in  June-July  on  blackberry. 

JVjrm^Aj.— Mature  in  September-October;  young  nearly  pure  wlilc 
to  a  greenish  white;  older  nymphs  yellowish. 


CLASSIFICATION   AND   DESCRIPTION   OF   COMMON   INSECTS      153 

Cercopid*  (Fsoghoppeis  or  Spittle  Insects) 
(Consult  Bull.  JJ4,  Milne  Agr.  Expt.  Staiion) 
These  insects  commonly  occur  in  meaHows  and  are  often  conspicuous 
by  the  large  number  of  frothy  masses  rtscmlihnK  spittle  on  the  leaves 
..r  grass,  clover  an.l  weeds.  The  injury  done  is  difficult  to  estimate  but 
u  must  Ik^  considerable  in  the  aggregate.  Philanus  spumarius  an.l  /'. 
Itmatus  are  common  in  mea.iows,  and  Aphrophora  parallel j  Say  on 
pines. 

Meadow  Froghopper  (Philanus  spumarius  I.inn,).- This  insect 
feeds  on  oats  and  a  wide  range  of  plants,  many  of  them  weeds,  but 
not  on  grasses.  The  injury  is  apparent  in  the  formation  of  withered 
iir  dwarfed  seeds. 

.!(/»//.— Body  elongate-oval,  head  bluntly  angular,  wing-covers 
ixlending  well  beyond  the  end  of  abdomen.  (Olor  pale  grey  to  black, 
and  the  markings  quite  irregular  in  form. 

/■;««J.— Elongate-elliptic- 1,  one  side  straight,  the  other  curved. 
Shell  tough  and  hard;  hibernate  in  dead  stems  or  leaves  in 
meadows. 

Nymphs.-  Almost  colorless;  three  instars;  antenna  g-jointed.  The 
viscid  frothy  masses  excreted  from  anal  opening  and  certain  lateral 
Klands  on  seventh  and  eighth  abdominal  segments.  The  masses  are 
believed  to  be  protective. 

CVm/fo/.— Rotation  of  crops;  early  mowing  to  kiU  the  nymphs- 
burning  the  surface  dead  grass  to  kill  the  eggs.  ' 

Grass-feeding  Froghopper  (Philanus  lintalus  L.).— This  spittle 
insect  is  found  almost  exclusively  on  grasses,  especiaUy  on  timothy 
and  red  top,  and  undoubtedly  does  considerable  injury.  It  causes 
withering  of  the  stems  and  blasting  of  the  heads. 

.  I (/«//.— Distinguished  from  P.  spumarius  by  its  longer  head,  and 
narrowed  body  with  more  nearly  parallel  sides.  Front  of  head  rounded- 
angular  and  as  wide  's  thorax.  Color  grey  with  a  whitish  costal 
margin  and  a  blackisl   horder  line. 

/^KJ— Hibernate;  hatch  late  in  spring. 

V.vw^ij.— Three  or  more  instars;  mature  in  July. 


I   I 


jl^ 


154 


ECONOMIC   EKTOMOIOCV 


FAMILY   CiCADELLIDJE   (LkAF-HOPPERS) 


h'   1, 


(Conault  Bull.   io8,  Bur.  Km., 


I'  s.  htpt.   \i!r.  mill  Hull. 
l:x\>   .Stn.j 


i.<8,  148,  Maine  \^ 


The  Leaf-hoppers  are  (li<  iile>l  intii  four  fairly  distiiui  sul>-familii 
se|>arated  by  means  of  the  venation  of  the  wings  and  by  ihe  head  pan 
(i)  Bylhoscopinx  (xcurring  mainly  on  trees  or  shrubs,  and  includiic 
Idiocerus  alternalus  an<l  the  Clover  I^eaf-hopjier  (Fig.  ool;  {'>)  Cn  ; 
dttlina,  including  the  Sharpshooter  {Oncomelopia  uiutulii)  and  Drarul  1 
cephala  molUpts  occurring  in  grass  land;  (3)  Jassina,  including  I  in 
Shovel-noscd  Lcaf-hoppcr   (Dorycephalus  plalyrhynchus)  on  wilil  ry 


Fin.  99. — The  clover  leaf-hopper  {Aiiillia  sanguitiotttila):  a.  adult;  h,  n>-ni|.h 
ide  vir.w;  c.  nymph,  dorsal  view;  d,  face;  f,  elytron;  /,  female  genitalia;  j,  iii.t'r 
gt.-Ital- ;.     All  enlarged,     (After  OsborH  and  Ball.) 

(Elymus),  the  Inimical  Leaf-hopper  {Deltocephalus  inimkus)  on  liluc 
grass,  the  Destructive  Leaf-hopper  (Athysanus  exiliosus)  in  grain  fields, 
and  the  Six-spotted  Leaf-hopper  (Cicadula  6-notala)  in  oat  fields; 
and  (4)  Typhlocybina  including  the  Apple  Leaf-hopper  (Empoa^r,! 
malt)  the  Rose  Leaf-hopper  (Empoa  rosa)  and  the  Grape  Leaf-hoip|iir 
(Erythroneura  comes). 

The  presence  of  leaf-hoppers  in  very  large  numbers  in  meadows  ;i  nd 
pastures  in  late  summer  indicates  that  considerable  injury  is  being  dniic 
and  that  they  must  be  reckoned  among  insects  of  economic  importanc  i. 

Six-spotted  Leaf -hopper  {Cicadula  bnotata  Fallen).— A  small  yelKi« 
form  4  mm.  long  with  six  l)lack  dots  on  the  vertex  and  a  doublestiu' 
of  black  arcs  on  the  front.  Occurs  on  oats,  timothy,  etc,  produiini: 
spots  on  the  leaves,  whitish  at  first,  then  turning  to  brown  or  bl^nk. 


CLASSiriCAT.ON   AND   DKS<  «,PT,„V   OF   COUHnS    ,NSK,<  TS       ,55 

Black  Apple  tMf-hoppar  (Idioctrus  Airki  V»i.  tn  t 

in  th,  Annapoli,  ValleyX  he  Zy  i  tj^^^  A  common  p«, 

August  and  hatch  from  May  ,"     o  Ju„T  '.,h  rt™'.''"  '"''' "' 

"vmphal  Mage  i,  moults)  i,  l.u,  Jo  iTs      '  ' '^"  """"""  "' 

l-r,ne   Leaf-hopper   (A>y/Ar„„.«M  ,„„„  Sav).-(Scc  Bull     m- 

r,     Th    \^  f        ■''  ""''  '^'^  ""^'"  *"  unnatural  spotted  an- 
ce.     The  adu  ts.  matnr.  in  \ .i..   ■  .  .   "J'^'ea  ap- 


also  do  much  harm.     Feeds 

il  back  variably  marked 
)'  gra9§  and  wood-lands, 


|)e^irance.  The  adults,  mature  in  A,..  ,-. 
also  on  Virginia  Creeper,  Strawberry  '.•!, 
Irfu//.— One-eighth  inch  I,.,  .  ,  ,vin... 
»ilh  yellow  and  red.  Hibp:;...te.  ,.,  ', 
and  emerges  about  May  i.i. 

^«i-— Three-one-hundre.itlis  'n",  i -1.-    ,.,;.„ 

.lo v/r'  LI,'  '  '"''•  "•''"*^'    ^""^^  "I'*"  ""  heans  alfalfa 

^'''^e^,  potatoes,  currants  and  gooseberries  ' 

.1  /^/.-Slender  and  cylindrical,  M  inch  long;  brilliant  grass-green: 


ij 

f! 

■, 

iij: 

' 

156  ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 

white  lines  and  dots  between  the  eyes;  a  series  of  six  whitish  spin- 
on  front  margin  of  prothorax,  two  whitish  lines  on  mesothorax  forii 
ing  a  letter  H;  three  dots  on  scutellum;  strongly  convex  above;  froii 
rounded;  wings  thin  and  uniform,  folded  close  about  the  body;  Iti:- 
slender,  hindmost  larger;  three  or  four  generations  each  year.  Adulis 
may  live  14-30  days.     Hibernates. 

Engs. — Autumn  eggs  laid  in  September  under  epidermis  of  apple, 
summer  eggs  under  epidermis  of  petioles  of  apple,  clover,  etc.;  h\a- 
line,  cylindrical. 

A'yfM^As.^Light  green;  feed  on  under  side  of  leaves  causing  while 
spots,  most  injurious  in  May-June;  five  nymphal  stages  covering  ..' 
days. 

Control. — Spray  in  spring  with  a  mixture  of  Black  Leaf  40  and  whale- 
oil  soap;  collect  adults  by  driving  tanglefoot  screens  along  the  mu^ 
in  bush-fruits. 

Rose  Leaf -hopper  (Empoa  rosa  Linn.).— Leaves  of  rose  bushes  ami 
apple  trees  are  often  badly  infested  with  the  Rose  Leaf-hopper,  ami  all 
stages  of  growth  may  be  readily  found.  Eggs  are  laid  in  July,  ami 
eggs  are  again  laid  in  the  fall  beneath  the  bark  of  young  wood  of  rci-e<, 
blackberry,  and  strawberry  runners,  where  they  stay  over  winter. 
Migration  from  the  roses  occurs  in  June.  Controlled  by  lime-sul|iluir 
and  Black  Leaf  40  during  the  early  nymph  stages  (Consult  Bui.  14S 
Oregon  Ag.  Exp.  St.) 

ClCADID.*: 


Periodical  Cicada  [Cicada  septendecem  Linn.).— (Consult  Bull 
Bur.  Ent.,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agr.)  Often  called  the  Seventeen-year  Lm 
Adults  damage  orchards  and  nurseries  by  making  egg  puncture 
the  twigs. 

Adult. — One  and  one-fourth  inches  long,  black;  abdomen  ban 
with  red;  eyes  red;  veins  red  at  base  and  along  front  margin;  Ji 
duration  about  30  days.     Dwarf  forms  also  occur. 

Eggs. — Each  female  lays  300  to  500  eggs  in  punctures  maiN 
ovipositor  in  twigs  and  stems;  eggs  hatch  in  6  to  8  weeks. 

Nymphs. — Burrow  in  the  ground,  feeding  on  juices  of  rool> 
humus  of  soil;  moult  probably  4  or  6  limes  at  intervals  of  2  '■ 
years.     In  the  spring  of  the  seventeenth  year  they  emerge  and  ni 
changing  to  adults.     A  race  or  sub-species  having  a  13-year  p^ 


!l-t. 

^  in 


CLASSIFICATION  AND   DESCRIPTION   OF   COMMON   INSECTS 


'57 


Over  twenty  broods  have  been  recog- 


')ccurs  mainly  in  the  South, 
iiized  and  delimited. 

Co«/ro/.— Prune  off  affected  twig-s  in  July  and  hum  before  the  hatch- 
ing of  the  eggs;  allow  hogs  the  run  of  infested  land  during  .April  and 
.May;  avoid  pruning  the  orchard 
the  year  before  a  cicada  year. 

\atural  Enemies.— A  digger 
wasp  (Megastizus  spedosus),  egg 
l)arasites  (cecidomyiid  and  chal- 
cid);  mites;  the  English  sparrow, 
catbird,  robin,  etc. 

The  Dog-day  Harvest-fly 
[Cicada  libicen  Linn.).  Often  oc- 
curs but  is  not  of  much  import- 
ance economically.  It  is  black 
and  green,  and  white  powdered 
underneath. 

MEMBRACID.E    (TrEE-IIOPPERs) 

Buffalo  Tree-hopper  {Ceresa 
buhalus  Fab.).— (Consult  Circ.  23, 
Div.  Ent.,  U.  S.  Uept.  Agric.) 
This  bug  is  a  common  pest  of  or- 
chards and  shade  trees  feeding  on 
the  sap  of  apple,  maple,  etc.  It 
injures  the  trees  by  making  longi- 
luilinal  incisions  in  the  bark,  which 
liccome  points  of  weakness  (Fig. 
100). 

Adult.— A  grass-green  bug,  ^^ 
inch  long,  with  the  i)ronolum 
k'rciitly  enlarged,  and  expanding 
lalcrally  into  two  horns  and  pos- 
teriorly into  a  long  point.  July- 
Sc'iilembcr. 

/W.-Dirty-whitish,  cylindrical,  slightly  curved,  tapering  toward 
"ui^r  end;  1  i^  inch  long.    Laid  in  the  bark  in  batches  of  6  12  in  two 


Fit;.    100,    -TwiK-s  sliuwinjf  t-KK  puiK;- 
turus  of  the  iJufTalu  lroe-h'jppt.T. 


I 


158  ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 

curved  slitS  made  by  ovipositor.    Egg-laying  occurs  in  August  an  I 
September;  hatching  the  following  May  and  June. 

Nymphs. — Covered  along  the  centre  of  the  back  with  numerou- 
forked  or  barbed  spines  or  projections,  a  pair  to  each  segment.  General 
feeders  in  or  near  orchards. 

CoB/ro/.— Thorough  cultivation  of  the  orchard  and  destruction  ..i 
weedy  borders  in  May  and  June. 

ORDER  HEMIPTERA  (  =  FORMER  SUB-ORDER  HETEROPTERAi 
Chief  Economic  Funilies'  (titer  Comstock)  (Fig.  loi) 

A.  Antennx  with  3-4  segments. 
B.  Beak  j-jointed. 

S 
I 


Fig  ioi.— Pore  wings  ot  Heteroptera  i.  Capsidir;  1.  Pyirhocoridie;  1 
LygKidae;  4.  CoreidK;  5.  Nabidae;  6.  Acanthi.'.aj;  7.  Typical  wing  shomng  pans: 
m..  membrane;  cu.,  cuneus;  e..  embolium,  co..  .:firliim;  c;..clavus.     iAflcr  Comsliul:  ' 

'Other  Hemiptera  Families  are  of  frequent  occurrence,  especially  ii  or  al)"iii 
water.  For  convenience  of  reference  the  con-mon  families  (old  Hcpte.optera)  ,.ri 
synopsized  as  follows: 

A.  Skort-korned  Buji.— Live  in  or  near  water;  antennae  short  and  concealol 
beneath  the  head. 

Families:  CorisidE,  Notonectida;,  Nepidae,  Belostomatida;,  Naucoriilr 
and   Galgulidse. 
AA.  Long-hormd  Bi<gj.— Antenna;  at  least  as  long  as  the  head. 

B.  Semi-aqualic  Bu|s.— Saldida;,  Veliida!,  HydrobalidE.  Limnobaliii 
BB.  Lind-huis. 

C.  Antenna- 4-jointed.    iCmesidir,  Reduviida;,  NabidK,  Phymati    r, 
Aradida^,    Tingitida-,    Acanthiidc,    Capsid^,    Pyrrhocon'.i, 
Lygxidx,  Berytida;,  Coreidae. 
CC.  Antcnne  s-joinlwl.     Pentatomida;,   Cydnida;,  CorimciieniHa'. 
Scutellerida:. 


CLASSIFICATION  AND   DESCRIPTION  OF   COMMON    INSECTS       1 59 


C.  Front  legs  with  thick  iemotn.—Phymatida  (Ambush-Bugs) 
P-4i. 
CC.  Front  legs  normal  or  slightly  thickened. 

I>.  Body  not  flattened. — Redunida  (Assassin  Bugs),  p.  43. 
DD.  Body  flattened. 

K.  Tarsus  with  2  segments. — Aradida  (Fht  Hugs). 
KF,  Tarsus  with  3  segments,  dorsum  flat,  beak  short. — 
Acanihiida  (Bedbugs),  p.  167. 
HR.  Beak  4-jointtd. 

C.  Ocelli  absent. 

\).  Membrane  of  front  wings  with  about  eight  branching 
veins;  cuneus  absent  and  with  two  large  cells  at  base. — 
Pyrrhocorida  (Red  Bugs). 
DD.  Membrane  of  front  wings  with  no  branching  veins; 
cuneus  present  and  with  one  or  two  closed  cells  at  base. 
— Mirida  or  Capsida  (I^eaf  Bugs),  p.  163. 
CC.  Ocelli  present. 

D.  Front  legs  fitted  for  grasping.  —A'oWJrt  (Damsel  Bugs), 
P-43- 
DD,  F'ront  legs  normal. 

F.  Membrane  of  front  wings  with  4  or  5  simple  veins 
arising  from  its  base. — Lygatdee  (Chinch  Bugs),  p. 
161. 
FE.  Membrane  of  front  wings  with  many  forked  veins 
arising  from  a  transverse  basal  vein. — Coreida 
(Squash  Bugs),  p.  139. 
\.\.  Antenna  with  5  segments. 

B.  Scutellum  flat,  narrowest  behind;  tibia  usually  without  spinss.— 
Pentatomida  (Stink  Bugs),  p.  166. 

Scutellum  convex,  covering  nearly  the  whole  abdomen;  tibiae  strongly 
spinose;  prothorax  rounded  in  front  and  straight  behind;  scutellum 
margin  furrowed. — Corimelanida  (Negro  Bugs),  p.  10;. 

(ufellum  convex;  prothorax  not  as  above;  scutellum  with  lateral 
margin  uniurrowed.—Scutelleridcp, 


BB. 


HUH 


CoREiD^,  (.SvrASH  Bugs) 

Box-elder  Plant  Bug  {Lcptoioris  trivitiatus).    Leaves  attacked  turn 

yelli)w  and  drop.     Occur>  in  the  West  and  is  spreading  eastward. 

\didt.—\  blackish  bug  '  3  in.'h  long,  with  three  broad  red  lines  on 
the  i)!ack  thorax;  veins  of  wings  rctl,  also  edges  of  harder  parts  of  wings; 
^nature  in  autumn.     Hibernates  under  rubbish  or  in  crevices. 
/  i,'g5.  — Lai(i  (n  spring  and  early  summer  <>n  box-elder  trees. 


^fl  M 


i6o 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


ri 

1 

^m 

1 

L-i'Ji 

i! 

'4 

IP 

.rrl'JI 

Nympks.—A\so  show  bright  red  markings  of  adult.    Very  you.- 
forms  are  bright  red;  mature  in  less  than  2  weeks. 

Co»<ro/.— Collect  bugs  in  sunny  days  in  winter  from  trunks  of  tre. 
spray  young  forms  with  toban   • 
soap  solution. 

Squash  Bug  {Anasa  lri>i:^ 
DeG.).- (Consult  Cir.  39.  1'' 
Ent.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.)  Inli- 
pumpkins  and  squashes.  A  sui  k- 
ing  insect  which  should  not  ^v 
confused  with  the  cucumber  .r 
squash  beetle. 

A  dull. — Dirty  blackish-bn , «  n 
above  and  mottled-yellowish  ln- 
neath;  -'i  inch  long;  wings  foM.d 
diagonally  across  the  back;  l":ik 
4-jointed;   ill-smelling   (Fig.  lo: 

Eggs. — ^Laid  in  clusters  on  'In 
underside  of  leaves;  red  or  broiizr 
smooth  and  shining;  slightly  ilai- 
tened  on  two  sides;  J.25  inch  long.     Hatching  in  8-13  days. 

Nymphs.— When  newly  hatched  they  are  red  and  green  but  hiin 
they  become  black  like  the  adults  but  without  wings  and  with  proi."' 


Pig.  102.— Squash  bug  (,1  nuso  (ris- 
tis):  a.  mature  female;  b,  side  view  of 
head  showing  beak;  c,  abdominal  seg- 
ment of  male;  d,  same  of  female.  {.After 
Chittenden.) 


Vic    101-— Nymphs  of  vjuash  bug.  showing 

Bur    /;«(.) 


tiv-   stiiges.      {After  ChiUenden. 


tion»t<ly  longer  leg«  »n(!  antennae,  later  developing  wing  pacl>  aivl 
becoming  more  and  more  like  the  adult.     Five  moults  occur  (Fig    o; 


CLASSIFICATION  AND  DESCRIPTION   OF   COMMON  INSECTS      l6l 

LiJe-history.~U  hibernates  as  an  adult  under  rubbish,  in  out- 
buildings, etc.  In  spring  the  adult  injur.-s  the  young  squash  plants  by 
sap  punctures,  and  at  that  time  lays  c^gs;  nymphs  reach  maturity  in 
July-August.     Two  broods  in  a  •  easor.  in  the  South. 

Co»/ro/. -Spray  with  keros  -  emulsion;  trap  the  adults  under 
bits  of  board;  destroy  the  egg-masses;  destroy  the  vines  in  fall;  plant 
early  squash  plants  among  the  cucumbers  and  melons  as  traps 


Lyg^id^  (Chinch  Buns,  eto.) 

Chinch  Bug  {Blissus  hucopterus  Say).-  (Consult  'lull,  oc.  111  Agr 
txp.  Stn.;  Bulls  15,  69;  Circ.  113;  Farmers'  Bull.  132,  Div.  Knt., 
U.  b.  Uept.  Agr.)  A  serious  native  Ameri- 
lan  pest,  especially  in  the  Central  States  to 
cereals  and  corn  crops  and  to  timothy 
meadows;  widely  distributed  in  the  Eastern 
half  of  the  Continent  from  the  West  Indies 
to  Canada. 

Adult.~\  black  bug,  li  inch  long;  wings 
white  and  marked  by  a  small  black  triangle 
(>ri  their  outer  margins;  bases  of  the  antenna: 
and  the  legs  are  red.  Short  winged  forms 
m  the  East  and  along  the  sea  coast  and 
^reat  Lakes.  April-May,  and  August  (Figs. 
104  and  105). 

■fi«i— Cylindrical,  ■>{  qo  inch  long;squarer 
111  one  end;  whitish  at  first,  becoming  amber-ed. 
Ill  .Vlay,  but  in  10  days  in  August. 

.VympAi.-Four  moults,  the  successive  instars  showing  changes  in 
M.c.  and  markings,  the  first  three  often  called  the  red  stages  In  the 
iir^l  stage  it  is  pale  red  throughout  with  a  yellow  band  across  the  base  of 
.iiMomen;  in  the  second  stage  the  head  and  prothorax  become  darker 
th.-  abdomen  vermiUon  with  pale  yellow  band;  in  the  thir.i  stage  the 
lul.ir  ,s  decidedly  darker  throughout,  and  in  the  fourth  the  re.l  has 
ilisippeared,  general  color  varying  from  black  in  front  to  dusky  grev 
Ijclund  (Fig.  106).  '        - 

Life-hislory.-  The  bugs  hibernate  under  rubbish,  in  thickets  and  in 
clumps  of  grass.     In  April  and  May  females  lay  their  eggs  on  tlie  roots 


Fig.    104.— Chinch    bug: 
adult.    {From  H'ehster.) 

Hatch  in  ^-3  weeks 


IH 


-^yws^r^^i 


l62 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


or  the  bases  of  the  stems  of  wheal  and  grasses.     Krks  halih  in  2  nr 
weeks  or  less.     The  nymphs  reach  maturity  in  '1  or  7  weeks,  when  ' 
migration  occurs  on  fool  to  other  plants.     Kggs  are  laid  on  the  stem 
and  leaves  of  corn  and  the  nymphs  attain  maturity  in  autumn.     There 
are,  therefore,  two  broods  in  a  year. 


Flc.    ms    -Chinch  bu^':    ailiihs    nf    ,li.)rt-\vin«f.!    furni.      Miuh    .-nlarBt'd.      (.!', 


Conirol. —Clenn  up  rubbish  and  burn  the  dried  grasses  in  which  ilii' 
pest  winters  in  late  fall  or  early  spring;  place  barriers  of  dust  or  oil  nr 
tar  lines;  plow  furrow  about  lieldsto  be  ])rotecte(l;  the  use  of  muscardiric 
fungus. 


^tr^ 


M^l 


Pm;.  11)0.  Tlu'  tliiiuli  Ijuk;  u-  ''.  '-'HH'^i  <■  nv\\]y  hiitched  larva.  r)r  n\  i  :■■■. 
li.  its  tarsus;  e.  larva  after  first  molt ; /.  saiiie.  afltT  st'cnnii  inolt;  H-  last-staRc  l.i  i 
the  natural  sizes  imiicattd  at  sides;  h.  t-nlarKtil  Wn  of  perfect  Iiuk;  j.  tarsus  nf  -.,.  ■ 
still  more  enlarKcd;  i,  prolttisi  is,  ut  boak.  LiilarKfti       (/■>"»!  Rihy.) 

Parasites  and  Enemies.  -Triphleps  insidiosus  Say,  Milyas  cititio 
Fal).,  Agonoderus  pallipes  Fab.,  coccinellids.  Rcdnviolus  ferus,  Po.  .""J 
fusca,  Blechrus,  Chrysopa.  (|uaii,  fro;;.  Sporotrichum  ^lobuiiferum  Sp-  : 


■^>J 


>-t.  f.,und  during  sLmcT  on ^  i^'^  :,;:;'  "'^  ""'^'  —>"  i"- 
'-ionally  destructive  in  flower  K^rllen"  '"  ''■*■"""'""■     "  ''^  '«- 

,•',''""•     -^  Kreenish-yclloiv  l.ui?  with  t«„  l,|..  i 
^""1  four  black  stripes  d.nvn  the  Lck   :r         t^  ''""■''  ""  "'^  'hof^ix 
and  July.  ""^  '""^■^•.'i,,  >nch  long;  abundant  in  June 

".  .SiiiSi^'iS:;::::;^™'  "-"^^  -^  -™"'  -■'-  -•'er  ..us^es 

'"    -rl    up    and    I.Lnie    .^'''^  "^  '•'""'^  -'  ™"-  'he  leaves 
-potted.       Currants,    gooseberries 
mint  and  sage  are  e.speciallv  liable' 
I'l  injury. 

f»«(r«/.-, Spray  with  nicotine 
•"Iphate  or  other  Dbacco  extracts, 
"r  kerosene  emulsion. 

Tarnished    Plant   Bug    (/,;;«, 
M,nsis  L.).--(Consult  Bulls.' ,4^,  p„;   „„  _T,r„  .   ,    , 
-'1  m,  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.,  Corni')        ■^'--S^-^^Jt'S.lirt-- 
A  very  common  insect,  feeding  on  a  wide  range  of  plants      I, 
ihv  well-known   injurv  to   the  huds  „f  n  ■,        .  u  • '  "  '^^"^^ 

"' ■  -"  -  'he  Jud-s and  biL  ^ :  ^X:.^:'':^ '""''T'^- 

,  I;/-;//. -Brownish,  mottled  with  velloL  "  ^^i'"'^'^  , 
■""ih-brown,  usuallv  with  three  lin^--  ,''  """""h-  Head  yel- 
'■"..">•  with  four  blackshsnosn,'  ''™  ,^'"'"'  ''""^^  ^'°^"~ 
™l'  a  V-shaped  spo,      hW  T'  '™''""'"  ^"°^'"''^'  "^"''"v 

/•?,?5.-0ne-twenty-f,fth    inch    long,    tlask-sh-i..ed     ,1      .  ,• 
'-"-.e;  deposited  in  stems,  etc..  duraUon  t  dav^    '  """^"'''>- 

^:Sr.^^r^rr:::;!::;'^^"-.""---' Plants. 


/-  'c-hislory.  -  Cycle  comple 


led 


'"  ^5  '"  ^o  days   in   lale 


summer 


1 64 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


with  probably  four  or  five  generations  each  year.  Adults  winter  u 
lTtere.1  situations;  eggs  laid  in  early  spring  and  hrs,  nymphs  app.a, 
InMay.    Broo.ls  not  well  distinguished,  and  msecU  to  be  seen  (ror- 

'"""cLr^/'-No  effective  remedy;  spraying  with  nicotine  sulpha., , 
kerosene-soap  emulsions  and  <ish-oil  soap  is  fairly  satisfactory  .f  a,. 

plied  in  early  morning.  .    „  •  ua     /r„„^„ii 

Ftlse  Tarnished  Rmt  Bug  (Lygus  commums  Kn.ght).-(Consi:li 
Can.  Ent.  48,  to  and  Bull.  8,  Nova  Scotia.)  A  serious  pest  .n  p.., r 
orchards  in  New  York  State,  causing  knotty  deformed  and  gntty  fru,, 
Plum  and  quince  are  also  injured.    The  Var.  nova  scoUens.s  mjur.- 

"''''Jd-i/.-Pale  green  to  light  brown;  H  inch  l.-.g;  two  black  rays  ,.„ 
disk  of  pronotum;  membrane  of  upper  wing  with  three  brown  sp„>. 
nir  tip  of  areole;  legs  and  antenna,  long.    Most  commonly  breeds  .„ 

^"Tm-Smooth  and  cylindrical,  elongated,  0.8  mm.  long;  yellowish- 
white  translucent.  Inserted  in  the  bark  of  small  branches  July-Au«  : 
hibernate,  hatching  during  blossommg  time. 

jV  pfo.-Pale  yellow  at  first,  becoming  greenish;  feedmg  on  lu 
leaves  five  stages,  maturing  about  middle  to  end  of  June.  11k> 
p'nc'^re  the  young  fruits,  often  several  punctures  on  one  fruit  caus,,,« 
the  fruit  to  fall  or  depressions  and  deformities  in  apples  and  gritt uu  - 

n  pLrs.    Leaves,  stems  and  blossoms  are  freely  attacked     Uura. 

tion  about  3a  days.    Carrier  of  European  Canker  and  Fire  Bl,.h. 

^^Sri.-i.  Spraying  with  Black  Leaf  40  (•  part  to  .000  w.ur 

iust  after  the  petals  fall.  ,.       ,„ 

2    Banding  the  trunks  to  prevent  the  bugs  from  craw  ing  up. 

3.  Cultivation  of  soil  up  to  July  to  keep  down  all  plan   gr.nu  > 

The  Var.  nova  scoliosis  (Green  Apple  Bug)  occurs  abund.n  K 
as  an  apple  pest  in  Nova  Scotia.  It  is  more  slender  and  much  ,«lcr 
than  the  typical  fommuMM.  . 

Lyius  invitus  Say,  according  to  Knight,  breeds  only  on  elm,  a  1  - 
not  responsible  for  injuries  to  pear  and  apple. 

A  very  common  capsid  of  meadows  is  Mtns  doobraush.,  a  -rni 
long  and  narrow,  H  inch  long;  greenish,  yellow  with  black  mark  n,. 
two  black  stripes  extending  from  the  eyes  over  the  thorax. 


CLASS.«CAT.ON  A,0   DESCK.PTIOK  O.   COMMON   .NSHCTS       l6,, 

Clouded  Apple  Cprid  {Sturocolpus  «„w„,  Sav)-A  -.H.i    ^• 
joint  of  antenna  stout  trkTnHr',''"'™."^  "«*"  «'~"-    B"**' 

^erttf Lo's  oft:  ;t;tT'  ^''\  ^''"^'^"'"«  *"'"=  -"•  ^"- 

-t;  eg,s  usually  laM  Sl^behil  b': s''"4r""''  ^"'^  ''"'-''='"• 
l.rst  week  in  June.  Hibernate.    Hatch  about 

Con/rc/.-Clean  cuUiva  L  •        ]"  '""'''  °"  '•"^'^  '''"'  ^i^"- 

thoroughly  W.U  soap  I'd  BU  It        '"''  °'  J""^'   '^^^  "^e  leaves 

Apple  Red  Bu« 7l! t     ^?  *° '°''"  ^""  ""^  ">'"?'''  hatch. 

«.».r.  Reuter)'x;fursrBur:::)''r,  r  ^^^'"'^ 

^t.g  .  the  leaves,  an.  they  punctur^  Zl^^.^ 

i-iacl?t::;^„T 'buck  iV''"'^  "r--''""  ^"'-  '-■"  --^  '" 

near  ^uter  ml  gin  scute'lunf  """  1''  ""'  '''"' ''"  "^""^  '''^^'^  ^P°' 
with  white,  sea  e  Uke  hJirs  T;  f  '."1.\"'^""-  '''«^'''  dorsum  covered 
on  back-  hLadand  r,rn,h    '     '^     "  "  ''S^'er  colored  and  without  hairs 

and  ^c^^:s^::,:^':^faT"'  °'^"«rf '-  ^™"' 

"Ises,  legs  dark. .  yellow  °'  oran^e-red  along  outer 

fruit-buds.  '^"^  civ.ing  of  leaves  of 

•Vym/iAi.— At  first  red;  five  sfaoBc-  ;,'-.,  j  .     ■ 

*  on  thora.  and  no  fine  lorS  !::Z:'""  "''  ""^'^  '"='^''- 

C««/r«/._Applications  of  Black  Leaf  40  u'       ■.,,   ,^     ,n    ;     , 
before  blossoms  open,  and  just  after  falling  of  ,  i,'  ne  aU  ^^   ' 

Hop  Red  Bug   (Paralacoris  hawleyi  LL'  t       Tl,  '  ■  , 


i66 


KrONOIIIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


Eggi.  Onf-liftccnih  iii>h  lonn,  ilirly  while,  dirvnl  and  with  l»' 
prominent  white  incurvinR  h(M)ks  at  micropylar  enil;smo<)th  ami  ((In- 
Inserted  in  the  bark  or  w !  of  hop  polcn.  Aug.  Sept.     Duralioii 

9)2  months.      Hatch  throughout  June. 

Xymphs.  ~i"t\e  stages;  duration  al«)ut  .<o  day^.     Active. 

Enemifs.—ApeMiiu  maiu'ivenlrh,  a  rentatomid;  Rrduviolm  i( 
coleoplralus.  a  nabid;  and  a  species  of  Trombiiliiim. 


I'k.si  xroMii'  f.  'S  I 


hri;>) 


Harlequin  Cabbage  Bug  {Murganlin  hhlrionii^i  Ilahnl.     A  iiaii' 
of  Mexico  and  Central  America.     Injurious  in  the  Southern  sl;i!' 
but    its   ravages    do    not    extend    much    farther    north    than    N'  > 
Jersey  and  Long  Island.     AUo  known   as  "calico  bug"  "fire  Inl- 
and "terrapin  bug."     Attacks  cabbage,  radish  and  turnip. 

Adull.-  A  moderate  sized  red  and  black  plant  bug,  the  markii  :i 
running  more  or  less  transversely  and  alternating.  In  South  ail  . 
throughout  the  year,  in  North  hibernates  as  adult. 

/ijg.?.  -Resemble  "miniature  white  barrels  bound  with  black  ho.  ,, 
and  with  black  spots  set  ii  for  bung-holes."  Usually  laid  in  two  ^.^^- 
fastened  by  one  end  to  under  surface  of  leaf.  Hatch  in  J  -i  i  da>  - 
A'ym/i/ij.— Like  adults  in  markings;  antennx  with  4  jomi- 
instars,  first  instar  glossy  yellow;  duration  2  10  weeks  but  shortir  ■ 
the  South.  Probably  4  or  5  generations  in  the  South  and  2  or  .1 
the  North. 

Co«/ro/.— Trap-crop  of  kale,  rape,  mustard,  radish  or  turniii 
clean  farm  practice;  bounties  for  collections. 

Green  Soldier  Bug  (.\>:«rii  hilaris  .Suv).— (Consult  Ohio  Hil 
310.)  In  N.  K.  parts  of  U.  S.  and  Canada;  a  general  feeder,  anl 
serious  pest  of  the  peach  industry  in  Ohio. 

/Idu/Z.—Oblong-oval;  bright  green,  finely  punctate;  edges  of  b.  ;- 
thorax  and  abdomen  white-yellowish  or  rufous;  '^i  inch  long,  lb" 
nates. 

£ggi.-  Light  yellow;  oval;  circular  cap  with  a  row  of  short  -\  m 
like  processes.  Laid  in  clusters  on  leaves  or  fruits  in  June- July.  II  '' 
in  7  to  8  days. 

Nvmpli.     Five  instars;  mature  in  50  7s  days.     Injures  by  p  n. 

luring  the  fruit. 

I'urasiles.     .\  rroctolrypid     Trissoloiis  nisihixli  Ash. 


(  LASSlriCATIOK   AND   DESCRIPTION   „F   coMMo.N    INSKCTS       ifi; 

In   a,Mi,i„„   ,.,   the  foreRoinK  form,,  among   .he  more  common 

or.hern  |.an..suck,nK  swedes  of  ,hi,  fanniv  ar.   \V:,„„  p,„n..hanua 

law  Kren,    ,la..ene.l  l.ug.-',  inch  !..„«;(  ,„„„/,.^„  „„„,>,;shini„u 

I'lack  ami  H,,o..e.l  wuh  rnl  an.l  orange,  >.,  inch  Ion.;  U,odrrm„  li.ala 

alZck  "'"'  *  ""'  ■"""'"  '"''  "  "''  '•"'  ""  '^'-  '""''"^'  "' 

Among  the  I.I.M,.|..,ukinK  N'i'-ics  arc  /W,m,v  v;,/„„,„v,  rccognizcl 

l.y  the  cons,,,,  nous  s|,inc  ,.n  each  si.lc  of  prolhorat,  an-1  Hr.,.hvmn,., 

1.1..moslly  large  grey  tree  Log.;  /Vr,7/,„  ,  ,V, , /„,,„,  „.,,ich  ailack, 

ilii  Colorado  poluo  Ijcelle. 

CoKIMKl.T.NIIl.t.   (Nki.ko   Hlc.sl 

Negro  Bug  (fonmr/^™  /,,<//,«„„  Ocrmer).     Feeds  on  strawherrics 

Mackbemes    raspberries  and  celery,   imparling  an  unpleasant  o.lor,  ' 

„  it     ,      r?       '^'"•'  '''''''' ''"''  '^  '"'^  '""«■  "i"-  =»  «hite  stripe 
on  each  side  of  hodv.  ' 

/?m. -Orange-yellow,  oval;  lai.l  singly  on  the  leaves;  hatch  in 
:il)out  i6  days, 

A ym^Ai,— Feeding  on  leaves  and  fruit. 

.\iAviiiirt>.E  (Bku  Bi(is) 
Bed    Bug    (Ci„„x    lotularius    I..1,     .|rf„/,.     Kc,l,lish-l,rown      '- 

Ihttentrt    WA-  '".''^"«"''    "<=^-"   f""y    "inS-l  ''"'  with  wing  pa.ls; 
naUened,  hiding  m  day-t,me  in  cracks  but  active  at  night;  •■buggy" 

£«;j.--White,  oval,  i,„  inch  long;  laid  in  cracks  and  crevices; 
t.ii  ti  lemale  lays  about  200  eggs,  50  at  a  time 

.\.v«M^.-White  at  first  but  red  after  feeding;  resemble  adults 
Imt  body  more  slender  and  hea-1  larger;  ,1  weeks  to  mature-  one 
seiicration  in  a  season. 

C,,,,^.  -Fumigate  with  sulphur  or  carbon  bisulphide;  wash 
*'"rs  thoroughly  wuh  soapsuds  an,|  spray  with  benzine. 

ORDER  SIPHUNCULATA  (SUCKING  LICE) 

Chief  Families 

\.  Kycs  l.-irge,  convex,  dislindly  pigmenlcl;  beak  short  - 
'  "''  itiitla'. 

\\.  Kyes  v.T>  indislinci  or  wanting;  beak  long.     Il,r„,„l.pn,ul,r. 


MICROCOPY    RESdUTION    TEST    CHART 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2| 


1.0  [fi-  m 


.25 


12.2 


I.I   1^  m 


1.4 


1.6 


^     >IPPLIED  IN/MGE     Inc 


'653    EasI   Mair    Sl-e^ 


i68 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


Tedicuhd.e 

(Cmsult  Bull,  s,  Div.  Knt.,  U.  S.  Uept.  Agr.;  Bull.  48,  Minn.  .\gr.  Exp.  St.) 

Most  domestic  animals  at  some  time  or  other  are  liable  to  becom,' 

infested  with  sucking  lice  which  cause  considerable  irritation.    Th. 

eggs  or  "nits"  are  attached  to  the  hairs,  and  the  lice  by  means  of  :i 

beak  suck  the  blood  of  their  victims. 

Treatment  consists  in  the  application  of  tobacco  water  or  Black 

Leaf  40  (I  part  to  1000  water),  dilute  carbolic  acid,  kerosene  emulsion, 

sulphur  and  mercuric  ointment,  or  an  infusion  of  1 

oz.  stavesacre  and  i  oz.  hellebore,  or  creoUn  solution 

Two  genera  are  of  importance  economically 
Pediculus  occurring  on  man,  and  Hamalopinus  (.11 
domestic  animals. 

Head-louse  of  Man  {Pediculus  capitis  De  Gccr 
—Whitish  with  faint  dark  markings  on  sides.    Ku'j;- 
(50)  glued  to  hairs,  whitish,  hatch  in  6  days  an. I 
young  become  mature  in  about  3  weeks  (Fig.  lo.s  . 

Body-louse  of  Man  {Pediculus  vestimenti  Leach 
—Similar  in  shape  to  preceding,  but  larger  and  it 
maturity  with  upper  surface  transversely  bandid 
with  black.  Eggs  laid  in  the  folds  in  ciothin-. 
Bacot  {Parasitology,  1917)  states  that  P.  capitis  ami 
P.  vestimenti  may  cross-pair  with  fertile  offsprina. 
He  found  that  the  average  number  of  eggs  per  ilay 
was  3.7  for  capitis  and  6.4  for  vestimenti.  The  egg  period  for  ihe 
latter  was  estimated  at  12  days,  and  12  days  more  for  the  maturity 
of  the  female.  "Allowing  an  average  of  8  eggs  per  day,  spread 
over  a  fertile  period  of  40  days  we  find  that  during  her  life  a  sitijle 
female  may  have  4160  offspring."  A  carrier  of  typhus  fever.  .\ 
common  pest  of  army  camps. 

Control  .UcasMfCS.— Change  clothing  as  often  as  possible;  wash 
infested  clothing  with  a  cresol  soap  made  as  follows:  water  10  liih. 
Jeyes'  Fluid  iH  "z-,  soft  soap  i'2  11>-;  bathe  body  using  cresol  scap; 
place  N.C.I,  powder  in  shirt  and  trousers  (naphthaline  96  per  n  u  . 
creosote  2  per  cent.,  iodoform  2  per  cent.). 

Crab-louse  of  Man  {Pediculus  pubis  =  Phthirius  insuinalis  Lea  h 
-    Body  as  wide  as  long,  with  strong  legs.     Eggs  glued  to  hairs.     Mn  th- 


Head  louse  {Pedi- 
culus capitis).  En- 
larged. 


CLASSIFICATION   AND   DESCRIPTION  OF   COMMON   INSECTS      169 

parts  form  a  fleshy,  extensible,  unjointe.1  beak.     Tarsi  with  a  slrone 
(iirved  claw.  '' 

Co»/ro/.— Cleanliness,  sulphur  and  mercurial  ointments. 

H^MATOPINID^ 

Hog-louse  (Ilctmalopinm  u,iu.  Nitzsch).-One-fourlh  inch  long- 
l.road  abdomen,  long  head;  grey  with  sides  black. 

Horse-louse  (//<r»«<i/<-/.j««sa.v»H  Linn.).-  One-sixth  inch  long,  half 
as  wide,  long  and  slender  head  with  parallel  sides. 

Short-nosed  CatUe-louse  (U,ewahpi„us  rury.slcmus  Nit^sch)  - 
One-sixth  inch  long,  half  as  wide;  head  rounded  in  from,  as  wide  as  long 
nfests  the  neck  and  shoulders  chiefly.  Kggs  whl'e,  hatching  in  7-8 
days;  life-cycle  22-24  days.     Each  female  lavs  fr.>m  ,35-50  eggs 

Long-nosed  CatUe-louse  aictmatapinus  vituH  Linn.).-One-eighth 
inch  long,  one-third  as  wide;  long  slender  head.  Life-cvcle  from  25- 
27  days.  ■  ^ 

Dog-louse  (Hdmatopinus  pilifcrus  Burm.).  -One-tenth  inch  long 
abdomen  wide,  yellowish. 

VI.  LEPIDOPTERA  (BUTTERFLIES  AND  MOTHSl" 

Common  Families  (Figs.  1 09-121) 

A.  Antenna:  club-shaped  at  apc.v;  wings  at  rest  held  ereit;  day-fliers -rfe 
Butterflies  (Rkopahccra). 

B.  Butterflies  with  cubitus  apparently  4-hranched.~~Papili<,ni<ia:  (Swal- 
low-tails), p.  174. 
BB.  Butterflies  with  cubitus  apparently  3-branched. 

C.  Fore-legs  normal.— yimrfar  (Pierids),  p.  175. 
CC.  Fore-legs  reduced  in  i\ze.~Lycxmda:  (Oossamer-wings). 
CCC.  Fore-legs  aborted,  mere  tipxxts.—Sympkalida'  (Four-footed 
Butterflies),  p.  176. 
A  A.  Antennae  clubbed  but  terminated  by  a  hook;  wings  at  rest  usually  held 
erect.—Hesperida  (Skippers). 
.\.\A.  Antenna  not  clubbed  at  apex;  winss  at  rest  held  flat  or  folded  like  a  roof 
over  the  body.— ne  Molhs  (Helerocera). 
B.  Hind  wings  with  one  or  two  anal  vei!K.~(mcrolepid(,plera  in  part). 
C.  Frenulum  present. 

D.  Subcosta  and  radius  of  hind  wings  connected  by  a  strong 
oblique  \vin.~Spliinf:idte  (Hawk  Molhs),  p.  177. 


1 70 


KCONOMLC   ENTOMdLDGY 


I :  : ,  ( 


J, 


1th.  Sii!n()>i;t  ;inii  r;i(liu>  of  hind  wiiii,'>  n(»t  connt-clcd  by  a  tru-- 

1^.   CiiliilLi^  i)f   tori'   uiiit^h  app;trL'ntl\'  ,vl)ranthf(i. 

I-'.    Ha'^iil    part    of  ^uhidsta  of  hind  winK''  joitutl  - 
radius  for  a  (li^tanct-  iht-n  Iit-ndin^  sharply  In w;c 
to^tal  marnin. — ikomctrittit  ((it'omcirids),  [>.  j    ; 
l-I".   Ila^al  pari  of  .-.uhcosU  of  hind  wings  not  as  in  F 
\i>l.'ihinlii/<r  {Pnmincnt-;),  p.  igS. 


Fl<;.    log.-— Vcnatinn  of  a  papitiuiiiJ 
{r,ipilu>).      lA/Irr  Cotn.^loik.) 


Fit;,    no. — Venation  of  a  piei 
(Pieris).     (After  ComslOik) 


t"ul)itiis  of  fore  winRs  apparently  4-branched. 
I".  Sul)i()sla    of    hind    wings   either   separate    !■ 
or  joined  for  a  short  distance  to  radius. 
(;.  Ocelli  absent;  antennx   pectinate;   culi 
of     hind     winj^s  apparently  4-hranch(' 
/,  i  ()iir  i d ic     =     l.ymiinfriititr    (  T  u  s  -  ■ 
Mulh>),  p.  Joo. 
(.;<;.  Onlli     present;     antenna-     mostly     sin. 


(I.ASSIFIfATIDN-   AND   DKSCRIPTION   OF   COMMON   INSECTS       171 


-Vfnalion  of  a  (iaiiaitj 
(/)unois).      [Aflfr  Cumilock.) 


Fig.    112. — \'enation  of  a  saturniiti 
(tiihalal.     (After  Coimloik.) 


Vu,.  Il.j.— W'lKiticn  .,f  :, 
KcomctrM  lUyipleri^).  (All,-, 
(  "m  !/<:,  k.  1 


i\,     III 


ilatiiin    (.1     a 
antiid  IHali\iilolat.     (AfttrCnm 


.Jil 


172 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


»  A 

Fig.  lis. — Venation  of  a  notodontid 

{Nolodonia).     {After  Comsloik.) 


Fig.  116. — Venation  of  a  noetuid 
(/Igrolij).     iAfler  Comslock.) 


id  A 

Fui.    117. — Venation  of  a  lasioeampid 
{Malacosoma).     {After  Comstock.) 


* 

Fig.     118.  —Venation   of  a    i.\ 
(Pyralis).     (Afirr  Comsln.  t 


CLASSIFICATION  AND   DESCKIPTION   OF   COMMON   INSECTS       ly; 

luhitus     cif     hinil     winKs     apparc-ntly    .v 
liraii.  h.cl.     .\,i,l,il,l,r  (Owli-I  Molhs),  p.  iSi. 


R,   a. 


Fic.   119.— Venation  of  a  tortriciil 
(Cacoecia).     (After  Comslock.) 


Fin.    1 20.— Venation  of   Thyridopttryx. 
(.After  Comstoek.) 


3d  A 


Fig.   i3i.-Venation  of  a  cossid  (Prionoxy.tm) .     {After  Comslock.) 

FF.  Subcosta  of  hind  wings  united  with  radius  for  a 
considerable  distance;  cubitus  of  hind  wings 
apparently  4-branehed.— .lrc/i«^  (Tiger  Moths) 
p.  iSi. 


in 


,.i^i 


174 


rCONOMIC    KN'TOMOUKIY 


('(',    I'Vciinluni  ;ib.<.t'iil. 

[►,   CuImIu-'  iif  ImiIIi  vviiiv;-.  iipiKirciUly  4-t»r;iiulK'ii. 

Iliiitl    wiriK-'    vvilli    hutiiiTiil    vnn^.      {.■i\i'U<impidi€    (Iriif 
I  iilLTpilliir  Mt»ih--i,   p.  .'oi, 
t)h.  ('ul>itus    of    liiiih    vvii)i;s    a|)|>;tr(.>ntly    f-bninclu'd;    liiriL'u 
iihscnt; tiliiii witlmut  -purf.     .Stilurniin<i  (Silkworm  Molli- 
p.  170. 
Hit,   Hind  winns  with  u>^uully  thri-i-  cnmpkic  anal  vtin-.     (j  In  4  ;in;il  \riii 
in  hind  win^s  of  /Kucriithr). 
C  Win^s   transparcjit;    free-    from   >calL's;    fore    wings   narrow. 
.Ki,iriid<c  ( Clear- wingfd  Mothsi,  p.  21U. 
('C,   Small   moths;   wings  covcrvd  with  siales.  —  {MkroUpidopirr^i^ 
I),  Suhcosta  and  radius  of  hind  winys  fused  or  apprnxini;iti 
I'yraliilina   (I'yralids),  p.  207. 
DI).  Subcosta  and  radius  of  hinil  wings  far  apart. 

K.  Sctonrl   anal    viin   of   hind    wings   forked  at  hasi- 
Torlriiina  {Tortricid^),  p.  2iS. 
ICK.  Second  anal  vein  of  hinrl  wings  not  forked  at  lta--i 
Tituimi  (.Tincids),  p.  2,^6. 
CCC.  Large    or    medium-;  izcd    moths;    wings    usually    tovcrtd    "  i' 
scales. — {Mturohpidoptira  in  part). 
I).  .\nal  veins  of  fore  wings  partially  fused;  hind  wings  sorih 
limes  with  two  anal  veins. — P'i\rhid(C  l,Bag-worms),  p.  -':^ 
Itl).  .\nal   veins  of  fore  wings  not  fused.-  CossiJtc  (Carptni 
Moths),  p.  i,i7. 

XoTE. — Thf^Giomtlrind  includes  the  following  families:  KnnomidiP,  Geomttri'l ' 
Hydriomenidic,  Sterrhida."  and  Mcnoeteniidx. 

The  Pyralidina  includes  the  I'yrausti  la',  Pyralidi<Ia;,  (ialerlida.',  Cramhii' 
PhycitidK,  I'terophorida?  and  Orneodida'. 

The  Torlricina  inclu'Ii-^  the  Kucosmida.',  Conchylida?  and  Tortricidx. 

The  Tincina  include^  Tineida;,  Yponomentidx,  Plutellidx,  (ielechiiuie.  H,i 
loptiiiiux,  Lyonetiidx,  Nepticulida*.  Tischeriidx',  Gracilariida;.  (Consult  i\''. 
stock's  Manual  and  Barnes  and  McDunnough's  Checklist  of  l.epldoptera.) 

PAPILIONIDjE 

These  huUerflie.s  are  called  "Swallow-lail.s"  and  are  readily  run  - 
nized.     The  more  common  forms  are  ihe  Ti^vr  Swallow-tail  (Pap. 
turnusy  two  forms),  the  Zebra  SwaUo',  -tail  {Papilio  ajax,  three  forn 
the  Green-clouded  Swallow-tail  [Papiho  troilus)  and  the  Black  SwalL 
tail  {Papilio  polyxenes)  which  feeds  on  celery  and  other  members  of  ■    t 
carrot  family. 

Black  Swallow-tail  {Papilio  polyxenes  Fab.). 

Adult.  Wings  black  with  two  transverse  rows  of  yellow  spots  un  i< 
hind  wings;  between  the  rows  of  yellow  spots  are  several  flashes  of  li  r. 
Two  broods,  May  and  July.     Wing  e.vpanse  ,;  4  inches. 


/■•«■>■     ^«irly  s|ilifriial    li,,ji,v   ,,ll,,„     i, 

T:-'r';rrT'--''-'^'^^^^^^^         " 

'■-::::n.:'^;'7,i:r!:;':;;r:r-'-^-:-^ '--^. 

•hrysal,s  las.s  from  ,;  ,„  ,s  ,,avs;  hilHT.,.,'.  '        ""''  ^""""" 

■"fcstc..l  areas.  ''        "  ^'I'l''"^"""'  '■'  ^T.c.ni.aU  f„r  lar«. 

PIERIDiE 

The   m<ire  comnmn    liulierflif^  „i    rl,l     f      -i 

■red  White  (/>.  /,n,W/,rl   fl ,    n  \  \'  "  "  '  ""/"'■  ">''  <'l"-'k- 

^.".y^e  A.a.ac^.e.,::;i::  ;;^,;::'::2:: ""-"-  ^*^-- 

The   caterXs    f?rs         "'^""«'"'"'  ^"i'"'  ■'^''•'t-  ^ind  (  ana  la. 

l-s-.n,and  which  thev  en  e  u  ,","T  """  "'""  "^'■>"-  >>-"  '" 
.r.en  excrement.  Somaime'  ,  ev  ly  •'.  'T"  "'  ""■' '"'"'"'''"'  '^^'^ 
-"^^where  it  is  imposlj:  Se:rl'^';i™"-  "^  '^^  ^-"  '" 
'.lac.1J^':^;—  :  ■:--;^-  ;'".e  aho..;  ^o.  .in.  .itH 
'■"'I  broods  and  a  .irlia!  "hird  In  ,h     v     T  ''""  '"  ""^  '"='''^-     Two 

%i-.~Oval,  yellow,  rihl,,.,],  lenfflluvi^e  •,,„!  ,-         ■       , 
""  end  on  the  leaves:  hatch  in  ;  to  8  dlvr  """'  '""'  ■^''"«'>- 


/.ana. -The  Green  CMage  ' 


""■w;  ,1^   inches  lonj;,  ^•eK■el 


.N'  green 


~.....«,^r    iiurni;    i',    incnes     ii 

.  a  narrow  greenish-vellow  l.an.l  „n  Inrk-    ,  ,     • 

'V*w  spots.     Ma,u;esin  ,o   o"",'^  :''";""•'' ^"'^■-     '^ -- 
"lli'r  crucifer,.;.  "*      ■    ■  '" ''"  ■''^"  ""  niuslani  and 

■""""er  7  to!,  davs  "'  '"  "'"  """''"""■     ^^""tion  in 

J:::t:r' '""'""  ""'"■ "-""-  p"^-"-'  p^.-  wasps, 


176  ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 

C'ii«/ru/.- Spray  every  week  with  arsenical  solution;  i  lli.  I'mh 
(Jreen,  4  lb.  whale-oil  soap,  40  xal.  water  before  heads  form  and  wii'. 
hellebore  or  pyrethrum  after;  spray  with  salt-tolMicro  solution  (1  II. , 
I  lb.,  ,  nal.  water). 

Pirris  napi  Linn,  is  a  native  species,  but  not  so  abundant  as!' 
rapit.     Wings  nearly  all  white. 

Alfalfa  Caterpillar  (Kurymus  rurylheme  Hoisd.).— (Consult  Bui' 
IJ4,  l".  S.  Dept.  Agr.)  Common,  and  a  serious  |)est  of  alfalfa  in  ili. 
West. 

.WW/.— Yellow  with  the  outer  margins  of  wings  black,  dotted  wiih 
white  in  the  female.  A  black  dot  in  the  middle  of  the  fore  wings  am!  ,1 
pale  yellow  .spot  in  the  middle  of  the  hind  wings.  Two  or  more  brood-. 
March-April. 

■t'X^^-^Minu'c.  ribbed  and  cross-lined,  spindle-shaped;  laid  on  ilu' 
new  growth. 

iana.— Dark  green,  with  a  faint  white  line  on  each  side;  i  im  I1 
long.     Spiracles  black  and  red.     Strips  the  leaves  leaving  bare  stalk- 

/"K^a.— Yellowish-green,  ?i  inch  long,  suspended,  head  up,  by  Iw.i 
threads  to  the  stalks  of  alfalfa,  weeds  and  grasses. 

Parasites. — Tachinids — Phorocera  and  Forntina;  also  Apaiitilf^. 
Pteromalus  and  Trkhogramma.     A  bacterial  disease. 

Control. — Pasture  infested  fields  or  cut  when  larvae  appear  in 
numbers;  irrigate  after  cutting;  disk  in  the  fall;  co-operation. 


NYMPHALIDjE 

This  family  includes  a  larg^  number  of  common  butterflies  sue 
the  Fritillarias  or  Argynnids;  the  Angle-wings  or  Vancssids,  inclu 
the  beautiful  Red  Admiral  {Vanessa  alalanta);  the  Painted  l)i^ 
{}  anessa  virginiensis);  the  Cosmopolitan  Butterfly  {Vanessa  car, 
the  Mourning  Cloak  {.\glais  antiopa);  the  Comma  Butterflies  (/ 
gonia /annus,  P.  comma,  the  "  ;£op  Merchant,"  P.  progne  and  P. 
rogalionis);  the  Purple  Butterflies  {Basilarchia  arthemis,  B.  asl\^ 
B.  archippus).  Of  these  the  larva;  of  the  Comma  and  the  Red  Ad 
feed  on  the  hop. 

The  "Hop  Merchant  Caterpillar"  often  called  the  "Spring  Cu 
Caterpillar,"  attacks  currants,  gooseberries,  hop,  elm,  basswooi' 
Generally  two  broods  a  year.    They  ai.-  brownish-yellow  and  m 


\int 
ftc. 


CLASSIFICATIO.V   AND   OESCRIPIIOX   OF   ,„„M„N    j.ssKrrS       ,77 
wilh   Mack  and   yellow  lines.     On   the  l,o,lv  are  „unu„,    .  I.rm.lu.,! 

I  he  larva;  of  ihe  Mourning  Cl,«k  Bulter.lv-  fee.l  upon  the  leaves  of 
wllow,  poplar,  elm  an-l  ,1orwo.h1  and  are  inU-reMin^  .l.jm       Th, 
are  two  generations  a  year,  the  adults  wintering  over  a  ml   u-.-eir  ni 
■n  early  spnng.     The  adults  of  ,he  second  l.n,o<l  ap.IlL  TS' 

DANAIDiE 

The  monarch  butterfly  (Danfis  ankippus  Kal,.)  is  a  common  insect 
I'Ut  not  of  economic  imjx.rtance.     lis  larva  fee.ls  on  1 


milkweed. 


SPHlNGIDiE  (HAWK  MOTHS) 


h.v,       I,    .,     >'  "''"J''  "'  '"""^  "'"'' ''"''  ''"'  l^eautifully  colore.1 

ith'sre!'  V^"',,'":'-  ''''^^•— ■l-«eandoftenornamentel 
»  th  stnpes,  and  u.sually  have  a  horn  near  the  hind  en<l  of  the  bodv 

hey  feed  on  a  great  varic-ty  of  foliage.  Ordinarily  they  are  kept  n  1  r 
-."    ol  by  parasites  and  birds.     When  occasioning  damage    hey  are 

TouZ^T  V"'''"'  "''"  "•'^""••'"^  -'  ''y  hand-Si  ; 
Tonmto  Sphinx  {Protopane  ^uingne-maculala  Haw.).     .Uu,l      hx 

Ime  with  five  yellow  spots  on  each  side;  appears  in  June  and  July 
r«o  breeds  in  the  south.  >-an(ijui). 

fZa~^TU  ''"f ''^  ™  r''7  '"'""  "^  '^'''^■"'  '""^*'  '"  4  to  8  .lays. 
whifT  -f       ■*  '"'•'"'  '""«'  ""'"=''■  ''"k-green  with  8  V-shaped 

z:rz\^:''-' '-'- "-  '^  -^  ^'^---^  ^-^  -  -«'  -^ 

!u™ace        '"''"'"'=■'''"=  P'"°'^'=^^'   '"   'he  soil  several  inches  below  the 

fee,l!„'l'o!!°lT°  ^""^  ^''  "^'"^  ''  "^>-  ^''"""  '"  'he  preceding, 
eed  „g  on  the  same  plants.  It  is  more  abundant  in  the  South,  The 
Mut  IS  browmsh-grey  instead  of  ashy-grey,  with  a  distinct  discal 


i 


178 


F.IONOMIC   ENTOMOLOOV 


spot  on  the  (ore  wings,  an,l  six  s,K.ts  on  si.lcs  of  ab.lomcn  instead  of  f." 
The  larva  has  only  seven  ol,li<iuc  markings  mstea-I  of  eight  \-shaiH., 

'""^Plum  Sbhini  (St>hh.x  Jrupi/eranm  Sm.  an.l  Ahb,).  .!,/«//.  1a 
pan<U  i  to  4  inches;  bo.ly  l.rown,  wings  purplish  brown;  fore  wmgs  w,.h 
'a  whitish  stripe  on  costal  margin,  a  fawn  colored  str.pe  on  «u,., 
margin  and  several  black  streaks;  hind  wings  with  two  whitish  wav^ 
and  an  outer  fawn  colored  stripe.    June.  ,    i       ;„  i 

/■S«s.  -Laid  singly  on  the  leaves  of  plum;  sm<M>lh,  oval,  '  ,5  '"'I 
long;  pale  yellowish-green.     Hatch  in  8  days. 

/,arM.-Three  and  one-half  inches  long,  apple-green,  with  dark 
brown  lateral  stripe.     On  each  side  are  seven  oblique  white  ban-l- 

Feeds  on  plum  leaves.  ,     ^  . 

fwfa.-Reddish-brown,  I'i  inches  long,  with  a  short  tongue  ca.  . 

in  ground  all  winter.  . 

GMpevine  Sphinx  Umpel<fca  myron  Cram.).  .!</«//.  -txiKin.l- 
,.i  inches;  fore  wings  olive-grey  with  a  curve<l  oblique  greenish-gr.  v 
band,  a  discal  point  and  a  triangular  spot.     Body  green.    Two  l.r.«.  K 

—June  and  August.  . 

£m.-Round,^io  inch  in  diameter;  yellowish-green. 

iar™.-A  "Hog  Caterpillar,"  green  with  yellow  dots;  oblique  >.U 
lowish  stripes  along  sides;  a  white  stripe  with  green  ■""8'"  *'°'"  >;;;;; 
to  horn  and  seven  pink  spots  along  the  middle;  .  inches  Ion?-  J'l '"'^ 
near  tip  of  abdomen.  Feeds  on  leaves  of  grape  and  Virgmia  cree,.cr. 
Often  infested  with  braconid  parasites. 

p„fa.-Formed  in  a  loose  cocoon  of  silk,  spun  under  leaves  at    he 

"^;^ii's;i  (aurio  Un..a  Fab.,.    ..«i<.-Body  and  ,.. 
wings  olive-brown;  thorax  with  three  parallel  lateral   white   stn,.., 
fore  wings  with  a  buff  stripe  from  inner  nmrgin  to  apex;  hind  ..n^ 
black  with  a  reddish  middle  band.     Probably   two-brooded   a.!  ilt> 
appearing  in  June  and  September. 
'^'^tar.a^About  jV'i  inches  long;  color  variable,  yellowish-gr  en     ,h 
black  spots  or  black  with  yellowish  spots,  with  horn  at  tip  of  abdo,  ,en. 
Feeds  on  grape,  apple,  plum  and  on  purslane,  chickweed,  etc 
i>„pa.-Light  brown  pupa  formed  in  a  smooth  cavity  in  the  g  ■  ; 
Other  common  Hawk  Moths  are:     Abbott's  Sphinx  (5^        ' 
abhoUi),  Apple   Sphinx   (5/>Am.v  gordm.0,  -Achem  n  Sphinx  H 


«.*.«,.«l,  I'an.l»ruH   Sphinx    (/>*„/„,  ^„„j,„„„  „„   ^.j    ■„. 
'w.n-s„.,„„l    ,s„,,i„,    uSmerin,),,.    ,L„a„.K    Thv   ,c    Clear  wnJ 

SATOWtllUA  (GIANT  SILK-WORM  MOTHSI 

>hKh  ma,   Ik-  ,l,s.,„«u,.shc..l  l,y  the  prescue  of  ,w,.  .-.nal  ve„.,  „     I. 
I'irmer  and  ,mly  one  in  the  latter,  

CEHATOCAMPID^  (CITHEROOTID^) 

..illa^T^'r^"*"  ?*'"!•"'     °  ^- '  ""'■'"  "'*'"""/"  F"'')-  The  cater- 

J^^^srnal,  with  .H.a.,-,i.e  antenn.     k.  is"::!;'::!^  ^^^^ 
f-ale  may  lay  .50  eggs  on  the  under  side  of  leaves;  hatch  ,„  g'o 

.rcil^ed  rl"',"',!"  r""^  ''''"'  ^'""'•'"''^'  ^'"P«l  with  dark 

L?M  Tl  "^  ""^  ''™''  ™  ^^™"''  '^"'^"^  ■'^egt^ent  with  two 

b  ack  horns,  and  along  the  sides  and  anal  extremitv  wUh  short 

mourT"'""-     '■"■"  ""^"^^ '™«  '"  =^  --'",  when  full  grow 
four  moults.     Goes  mlo  ground  to  pupate 

-Ion  infr^'^"''  '"T'  "'"'^''  ^'"^  '""'^  ^P'"^^  on  margin  of  ab- 

i-r  r:;::;;^™  :;r-- ---nds  in  a  f^rke/;;. 

BOMBYCIDf 

.ts  sdk  for  many  hundreds  of  years  in  Europe  and  Asia.     .Many 


ll 


i8o 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


races  have  Ijecn  developed  by  selection  differing  in  the  color  of  the 
cocoons  and  larvae  as  well  as  the  number  of  broods  produced  in  a  year. 

The  main  food  plants  are  the  white  mulberry  and  the  Osage  orange. 
The  moth  is  creamy  white  in  color,  and  has  a  wing-expanse  of  about 
i^i  inches. 

The  lack  of  cheap  labor  in  America  has  prevented  'he  development  ol" 
the  silk-worm  industry. 

SATURNIlDiE 

The  members  of  this  family  are  often  called  the  Giant  Silk-worms 
and  include  several  conspicuous  forms  such  as  the  lo  Moth  (Automeri^ 
to),  the  Polyphemus  Moth  (Telea  polyphemus),  the  Luna  Moth  (Troptr-i 
luna)j  the  Promcthea  Moth  (Callosamia  promethea)  and  the  Cecropi-i 
Moth  (Samia  cecropia). 

A.  Wings  bluish-green  with  four  eye-like  spots;  hind  wings  with  long  tails 
front  border  of  fore  wings  purple-brown;  larva  pal'    bluish  green  with  ;i 
pearl-colored  head  and  two  yellow  stripes  along  the  back;  feeding  on  walnui , 
hirkory,  etc. — Tropaa  luna  L.  (Luna  moth). 
AA.  Wiiigs  not  green. 

B.  Wings  yellowish  or  brownish. 

C.  With  four  oval,  window-like  spots,  one  near  centre  of  each  win.;; 
a  dusky  band  edged  with  pink  along  margin  of  wings;  larva  li^iit 
green  with  an  oblique  yellow  line  on  side  of  each  abdominal 
segment,  feeding  on  many  forest  and  orchard  trees. — ?■/'.; 
Polyphemus  Cram.  (Polyphemus  moth). 
CC.  With  eye-like  spots  on  hind  wings  only;  ground  color  of  wine  .'i 
female  purplish-red;  that  of  male  bright  yellow;  larva  yellow  i-li- 
green,  edged  with  white  on  side,  with  many  black-tippert  brani  hcd 
spines;  feeding  on  cherry,  apple,  elm,  oak,  etc. — Aulomcris  I. 
(lo  Moth). 
BB.  Wingij  brown,  never  yellowish. 

C.  With  eye-like  spots  near  apex  of  fore  wings,  and  4  cre>i  ni- 
shaped  discal  spots,  one  near  the  centre  of  each  wing,  ''■  iii!<' 
surrounded  by  reddish  and  black  lines;  thorax  red,  abtiiineii 
red  and  banded  with  black  and  white  lines;  larva  bright  i-'iin 
with  four  prominent  coral-red  and  two  yellow  tubercle  un 
thoracic  segments,  and  smaller  yellow  tubercles  on  abiln;  :iial 
segments;  feeding  on  fruit  and  shade  trees. — Samia  a  ■  !>:'i 
L.  (Cecropia  Emperor  Moth). 
CC.  With  eye-like  spots  near  apex  of  fore  wings,  discal  spots  ani  :lar; 
in  male  color  blackish  and  discal  spots  faint;  larva  bluish  j-ten 
with  rows  of  black  tubercles,  excepting  those  on  second  an<:  iiinl 
thoracic  segments  which  arc  coral-red,  and  a  yellow  one  nn  ;  -'h''' 


CI.ASSmCA„OX  AN-D   DESCRIPTION   OF   COMMON  INSKCTS      l8l 

abdominal  segment;  cocoon  in  a  folded  leaf.     Feeds  on  leaves  of 
fruu  and  forest  trees.-C.««a™,-„  pro^Mca  (Promethea  m1) 

Thl  r  ''''"''T'  "'°"''  "''  "<"  °'  '""^'^  importance  economically 

ably  unwound  on  account  of  the  large  number  of  breaks  in  the  threrd 
ARCTIIDiE  (TIGER  MOTHS) 
WooUy  Bears.-Several  interesting  and  common  caterpillars  mav 

appearance^   A  few  common  forms  are  here  considered 

reUow  Bear  {niarrisia  virRiniai  Fab.).- Color  of  caterpillar  viri 
able;  frequently  yellow  or  straw  color  with  a  black  interred  Hne 
along  each  s.de  of  back,  and  a  black  transverse  line  betw  en  e  ch 

egment;  ha.rs  long  and  yellow;  uneven  in  length  and  n  rgrthe.  ,1 

nto  pencls.  Cocoon  is  light  and  composed  of  hairs  in  which  puna 
passes  the  wmter.  Moth  snowy-white;  wings  marked  wUh  a  few 
l.lack  dots;  three  rows  of  black  spots  on  abdomen. 

Hedge-hog  Caterpillar  (Isia  isabdla  Sm.  and  A.).-An  "evenlv 
clipped  furry  caterpillar,  reddish-brown  in  the  middle  and  black  at 

.ther  end."    Passes  winter  as  larva.    Moth  (Isabella  ^r  Moth 

s  wmgs  and  body  orange-bufi,  hind  wings  tinted  with  rofe     Body 

«ith  3  rows  of  black  dots.  ^ 

1 1  ^l"**?^  Caterpilar  {Eslismene  acraa  Drury).-Body  and  head 

.^ckish  wtth  pale  longitudinal  stripes  on  the  back  hair  is  dark  brown 

female,  hmd  wngs  orange  in  male;  both  marked  with  black  dou 

'"oTLi'^dt  '''''  °"  ^'"^°'"^"'  °"^  °"  "-■'•  °-  -  --,  an" 

FaU  Web  Worm  {Uyphanlna  lexlor  Harris^. -Conspicuous  by  their 

.^S;^^:^':^'^-  ?'.^'-'.  -  -  -'-  *  oi  leaf 


!      i:'i 


III!] 


1  pitted;  hatch  in  about  . 


>  dayi 


I82 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


Larva.— When  young  is  pale  yellow  with  two  rows  of  black  marks 
along  the  body,  head  black;  hairs  sparse;  and  when  full  grown  is 
covered  with  long  whitish  hairs  arising  from  black  and  yellow  warts; 
I  inch  long;  spins  webs  and  feeds  within  them;  about  five  moults. 

Pupa. — Cocoon  of  silken  web  interwoven  with  hairs;  pupa  dark 
brown.    Winter  passed  as  pupa. 


Pic.  122.— Pall  web  worm  'Hyphanlria  lexlor):  a  and  b,  caterpillars;  r    pma 
adult  moth.     lAfler  Howard.  V.  S.  Bur.  Em.) 

ii/e-Awtory.— Hibernates  as  a  pupa  under  rubbish,  in  crevi 
under  walls,  etc.  Moths  emerge  in  June;  eggs  hatch  in  about  lo  d; 
and  caterpillars  mature  in  August  and  September.  Two  broo.ls 
some  localities. 

Parasites. — Telenomus  bifidus  Riley,  Meleorus  hvphantria  Ri 
Apantdes    hyphatUrice    Riley,  Limneria  pailipes  Prov.,   Tachina 


CLASSlrrcATION  AND   DESCRIPTION   OP   COMMON   INSECTS      ,8, 
expanse;  fore  wLsll^'         y^"""/"''  ^rown  moth,  .  inches  wing 

irrU'  traiTe  iX  ro^::  s^or  ctr^^^^     «- 

a  year.    Distributed  ov^r   th,  m    .v    '^  June- July.    One  brood 

provinces  of  Canada  Northeastern  States  and  the  Eastern 

'lense  and  sZJ.I^^ZI^TZ;:'''T' '''''" '"'^'^^^^^^^^ 

a  week  as  larva  in  the  r 'r         ^t        "T  '""^'"^  ^'^^es,  and  about 

first  four  sta"::  iZzT^^x:   '''''"'^'''  '"™^  "-^ 

and^'rltrh'^rrhe'e^ld"'''"^":.^^  '"*  '°"^''"""''  ""<»-  "oards 
transverse  ro:  of  s;ines^  Pupa  reddish-brown,  caudal  end  with  a 

Checkered  Tiger  Moth  (Ilalisidola  tessellaris  Sm   and  A  1     I  i. 

':^  "Tnd''rh.>d  Jeir  T  '"7  '^°  --- -'-i  --'- 
eleventh  segment     '  '  '"°  """^  ^-^"^"^  <>"  ^'''^  "f  '"ird  and 


•iLi 


AGAWSTID.S  (WOOD  MOTHS; 

Eight-spotted  Forester  (Alypia  octomaculala  Fab) 
ler  nn  ■!,„  leaves  of  wild  and  cultivat, 
and  Canada,  sometimes 


in   astern 


Virgi 


A  frerjuent 
creeper 


i  doing  considerable  injury 


I.  if 


1 84 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


/l(iW/.—General  color  a  deep  velvety  blue  black.  Fore  wings  with 
two  large  circular  pale  yellow  spots,  and  hind  wings  with  two  smaller 
white  spots.    Wing  expanse  I, 14  inches.    May-July.    Single  brooded. 

larva.— One  and  two-fifth  inches  long;  bluish-brown;  head  and  cervi- 
cal shield  bright  orange  with  black  spots.  Each  segment  crossed  with 
black,  white  and  orange  bands;  eleventh  segment  with  a  prominent 
hump;  legs  black ;  base  of  prolegs  orange.     Full  grown  in  early  August. 

Pupa.— A  chrysalis  within  a  slight  cocoon  just  below  the  surface  of 
the  ground.    Hibernates. 

Parasites.— Winthemia  n-puslulata  Fab.— A  lachinid. 

CoB/ro/.— Spray  the  larva;  with  arsenate  of  lead  or  pyrethrum. 


NOCTUID^  (OWLET  OR  MILLER  MOTHS) 

According  to  their  manner  of  feeding  on  plants  the  larviE  of  NocluicU 
may  be  classified  roughly  into:  (a)  Cutworms  proper,  feeding  on  rod- 


p„.  , ,,  —Mouth  parts  o(  a  ci-.terpillar.  the  striped  cutworm  (iCuioo  (wjfH.;.  1 ' ; 
Ant  antennaM  CI.,  clypeus;  Lb.,  labium;  Md..  mandible;  Mp.,  maxillary  pali  >.-; 
Lbr.','  labrum;  Mx.,  maxilla;  S.,  spinneret. 

of  grasses  and  cutting  off  young  plants  at  surface,  (i)  Arrriy-worms, 
eating  the  leaves  of  cereal  and  other  crops,  (c)  Climbing  cutworm, 
feeding  on  buds  of  fruit  trees,  (d)  Loopers  and  cater piUars,  fee!  ng 
on  leaves  of  turnip,  cabbage,  celery  and  other  plants,  (e)  Ear-worm. 
feeding  on  kernels  of  corn  in  the  field.  (/)  Stalk-borers,  feedin  m 
tunnels  made  in  stems,     (j)  Green  FruU-worms,  feeding  on  the  sur    ce 


CLASSIFICATION  AND   DESCRIPTION   OP   COMMON   INSECTS      185 

of  apple,  etc.  (h)  Dagger  CalerpUtan,  feeding  on  the  leaves  of  many 
shrubs  and  trees.  (»)  Underwing  Molhs.some  feeding  on  the  leaves 
of  trees  (Fig.  123). 

(a)  Cutworms  Proper 
(Consult  Bull.  95,  111.  ,\gric.  Exp.  Station,  1904;  Bull.  10,  Div.  Knt.  Can.,  19,2) 
There  are  many  species  of  cutworms  that  feed  upon  economic 
plants.  They  are  mostly  "plump,  soft-bodied,  cylindrical  caterpillars, 
dirty  greyish  or  whitish,  and  variously  spotted  and  striped"  (Forbes),' 
They  are  the  larval  stages  of  species  of  Noctuid  moths,  commonly 
termed  "millers,"  and  are  night  feeders.  "They  are  essentially  grass 
and  clover  insects,  and  by  far  the  greater  part  of  them  are  bred  in 
l>astures  and  meadows." 

Life-history.— The  majority  of  the  species  hibernate  as  partly 
Krown  larvs,  and  enter  the  ground  to  pupate  in  late  June  and  early 
July.  The  adults— usually  greyish  nocturnal  moths— emerge  in 
early  August  and  lay  their  eggs  in  grass  lands.  Each  moth  may  lay 
from  200  to  500  eggs,  either  in  masses  or  singly.  The  larvE  that 
hatch  from  these  eggs  feed  on  the  roots  of  grasses  until  winter  sets 
in.  Feeding  is  resumed  m  the  spring,  when  most  serious  injury  is  done, 
until  their  larvs  pupate  in  June-July. 

Control  of  Cutworms.— Plow  grass  land  in  midsummer  or  early  fall 
tc.  prevent  the  female  moths  from  egg-laying;  late  fall  plowing  of  grass 
lands,  will  destroy  many  of  the  hibernating  cutworms;  allow  poultry 
and  hogs  upon  cutworm  land;  use  poison  bait:  bran  20  lb.,  molasses 
I  qt.,  paris  green  or  white  arsenic  J^  lb.,  water  2}.j -3  gals. 

Natural  Enemies.— Calosama  calidum,  Ammophila  luctuosa,  ''n- 
themia  n-pustulata. 

The  following  species  are  most  commonly  met  with: 

Spotted  Cutworm  {Agrotis  c-nigrum  Linn.).— General  color  grey  to 
brownish;  a  row  of  triangular  black  spots  along  each  side  of  back;  a 
pale  line  down  the  middle  of  back,  a  conspicuous  whitish -yellowish 
stif!matal  band,  and  a  pale  intermediate  line;  head  and  shield  yellowish- 
brnwn;  front  feet  pale  brown  and  shiny,  ij^  inches  long.  Active  in 
.^pril  and  May  in  vegetable  gardens  (Fig.  124). 

W-marked  Cutworm  (Agrotis  unicolor  Wlk.).— General  color  pale 
brcwn;  four  rows  of  dark  spots  and  often  aLso  with  lighter  lines  along 
Iho  back,  resembling  the  letter  W;  sides  of  W-marks  bordered  with 


1 86 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


pale  yellow;  head  pale  brown  with  a  wide  black  dash  on  each  side, 
shield  dark  brown.  Active  in  April  and  May  in  gardens  and  orchards 
(Fig-  "5)- 

Greasy  Cutworm  (.1  grolis  ypsilon  Rett.). —  General  color  dark  grea.-\ 
grey  to  black  above  and  greenish-yellow  below;  a  pale  yellow  linr 
down  centre  of  back,  and  three  others  on  each  side;  tubercles  black  ami 
shiny;  head  and  shield  dark  brown;  i^^j  inches  long.  Active  in  M:n 
and  early  June  on  corn  and  garden  vegetables  (Fig.  125). 

Variegated  Cutworm  {Lycophotia  margaritosa  Haw.). — One  anl 
three-fourth  inches  long;  color  variable  from  grey  to  brown;  bi«l> 
mottled  with  dark  brown;  a  yellowish  band  along  each  side;  a  series  1 1 


"^IG.  124. — o,  Spotted  Cutworm,  dorsal  aspect;  b.  Spotted  Cutworm,  tut 
aspect  ',  White  Cutworm;  d.  DinRy  Cutworm;  e,  Black  Army  Cutworin.  d"r 
aspect;/,  Black  Army  Cutworm,  lateral  aspect.     {After  Gibson,  Bui.  10,  Ent.  Br.  (  ; 

yellow  dots  or  spots  along  the  middle  of  back;  two  stripes  of  velv. 
black  blotches  bordered  with  orange  and  black  curved  dashes  betw 
the  lateral  yellow  band  and  the  middle  of  the  back;  head  reddish-ycl 
and  marked  with  black  bands  resembling  slightly  the  letter  H.  P; 
tically  an  omnivorous  feeder,  its  food  plants  including  cereal  t' 
forage,  vegetable  flowers  and  orchard  trees.  Active  in  May  and  i-. 
June  in  gardens.  The  eggs  are  laid  in  irregular  masses  upon  the  si . 
of  plants;  they  are  small,  white,  hemispherical  and  ribbed.  The  p' 
are  reddish-brown  and  about  %  inch  long. 

Dark-sided   Cutwonn    (Euxoa   messoria   Harris). — General   < 
greyish;  sides  darker  than  rest  of  body;  a  dark  line  down  middl 


ly 
I  I'll 


CLASSI«CAHON   AND   DESCR.PT.OX   or   COMMON   INSECTS      ,87 

so  jjes  cS  t^:  ■Sritr-  "-"^  ^-^  -'^-  --'^'"- 

is  i^-TIT  ^*^''"* ^"^""^  "^'"'"' '"""""'  Harris).-This  cutworm 

.^     ™ trhS  '  lT'f:f  '^  "^'^  '"^'"^"  ""'''^  "■-  --^  '■'-  P«'^ 
ica  un  eacn  side.     It  feeds  on  most  vegetable  rrnns     n„«  k      j 

Kar   pass,  the  winter  as  ha.f-g.own  Jv^aL"?!.^!  ^tt 

»  H  K    ^.'":;."''  ^PP""  '■"  J"'y  ''"<'  August. 
Red-backed  Cutwonn   (£„.voa  orAr«;faj/„  Gn )  -With  «  h.n»H 
reddish  stnpe  down  the  back;  head  and'shield  ^llw-Srown   ::' 


,^-^».':'«d   Cutwom,,    dorsal   aspea    /    W  i„WH    r  ,"'"°™' '*'"^' "P'"; 
•Vlf  Cttson.  Em.  Br.  Can.)  »="■.'•    VV-marked   Cutworm,    lateral   aspect. 


fii 


1 88 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


ferens,  and  C.  agresUs  are  recognized  as  destructive  to  grain,  aKalfa. 
beets  and  flax  in  the  West  in  Montana  and  Alberta.  The  larvae  begin 
to  mature  about  the  middle  of  May  but  pupation  m  cartl.cn  cells  doo 
not  occur  until  the  middle  of  June.  The  moths  fly  from  June  15th 
Sept.  30th  and  the  eggs  are  laid  from  August  24th-October  15th  in 
the  soil  in  weedy  summer-fallows. 

Porosagrotis  delorata  Sm.  is  injurious  to  wheat  in  June.  In  British 
Columbia  Euxoa  excdlens  Grote  injures  market  gardens,  and  Neuria 
procincta  Grote  injures  farm  crops  (Fig.  127). 

Glassy  Cutworm  (Sidemia  dnaslalor  Brace).— Translucent  whitish 
tinged  with  bluish-green  atid  without  spots;  tubercles  brown,  each  wlih 
a  single  hair;   head   ri'ddish-brown;   neclishicld  brownish.     Active  in 


Fit:.    126. — a.    Molh    of    Glassy  Cutworm    (Sidemia   devastator)-,   b,   larva. 
Gibson,  But.  10.  Ent.  Br.  Can.) 


May  and  early  June  on  hay  and  garden  vegetables.  DiflSculi 
kill  by  poison  bait  on  account  of  its  underground  feeding  h 
(Fig.  126). 

Yellow-headed  Cutworm  (Septis  arctka  Bdv.). — Pale  smoky  ^r 
with  head  and  neck  shield  tawny-yellow;  without  spots,  i  J^  inches  1 
Active  in  July  on  cereal  crops  and  vegetables  (Fig.  127). 

Bronze  Cutworm  (X-phelodes  emmedonia  On.). — Large,  1^4  ii 
long,  with  alternate  stripes  of  olive-bronze  and  yellowish,  a  pale  5' 
along  the  middle  of  the  back,  and  two  others  on  each  side.  .\ 
in  grass  lands  in  April  and  May. 

Zebra  Caterpillar  {Ceramica  picla  Harris).— "Velvety  black  1  ■ 
back;  beautifully  ornamented  with  two  golden-yellow  stripes  on 
side  of  the  body,  whfrh  are  connected  by  narrow  lines  of  the  same  1 


■  ng, 

hi- 
ipe 


CLASSIFICATION   AND   DESCRIPTION   OP  COMMON   INSKCTS       l8g 

the  head  and  feet  reddish-brown"  (Hekher).     Tw„  l,r.«Mls   on  cib- 
hages  and  turnips  (FIr.  ii8). 


Fig.   liS— The  zebra  calerpillar  and  moth  (Ceramiia  picia). 


Clover  Cutworm  {Scotogramma  triJolH  Esp.).-Color  varying  from 
Sroen  to  dark;  a  pale  yellowish  line  along  middle  of  back,  a  pinkish 
i).^r,d  bordered  with  white  or  pale  yellow  along  each  side,  and  between 


BCONOMK    ENTOMOLOOY 


IQO 

the«.  .  broken  yellow  stripe;  head  pale  yellow  or  green  with  white 
mottlmgs;  under  side  greenish  grey  with  spots  and  streaks.  DamaKs 
peas,  clover,  root  crops,  lettuce,  etc.     August  (Fig.  1J5). 

(t)  Armj  Wonu 

The  Army  Wwm  ifiirphis  unipuncta  Haw.).--(Consult  Farmers' 
Bull.   73,,   U.  S.  Dep.  Agr.;   Bull.  9,  Ent.  Br.,  Dep.  Agric,  Can 
Army  worms  appear  to  be  more  abundant  in  a  wet  spring  or  sumn, 
following  a  dry  season.    Injurious  in  .8951896  and  in  19.4.    Prol,- 
ably  a  native  of  North  America  (Fig.  1J9). 

Adult.— K  dingy  yellowish-brown  moth  with  a  white  spot  on  the 
centre  of  each  front  wing;  wing  expanse  i^^  inches,  a  row  of  small 
btack  spots  near  outer  margins  of  wings  with  dark  streaks. 

£Ki.-Minute  white  eggs  Uid  in  bead-like  strings  on  grass  leaves 
in  the  folded  blades  or  under  the  leaf-sheaths.  Hatch  in  »-io  davs 
Larva.~\  dark-colored  cutworm,  1%  inches  long;  body  striped  will, 
black  and  yellow  lines;  a  narrow  white  stripe  or  line  along  middle  .,1 
greemsh-black  back;  lower  stripe  dark  greenish-yeUow;  next,  just  abov> 
the  spiracles,  black;  the  lowest,  just  below  the  spiracles,  light  greenish- 
yellow,  edged  with  white.  Head  greenish-brown  with  coarse  blaek 
motthngs  and  with  two  curved  blackish-brown  bars;  under  surfan 
greemsh  mottled  with  brown;  looping  gait  until  after  second  moult 
duration  jc^-jo  days.  Parasitized  by  Winthemia  4-puslula,a,  Apau- 
Mes  mMarts,  Ichneumon  canadensis,  I.  lactus.  I.jucundus  and  other- 
by  a  bacterial  disease;  and  preyed  upon  by  Calosima. 

Pw^a.-A  brown  chrysalis  in  the  ground;  duraUon  12-15  dav 
Ltfe-ktslory.—There  are  two  broods  of  the  Army  Worm  moth  ea.  h 
season.  The  insects  usually  pass  the  winter  as  half  grown  caterpillar . 
In  the  spring  these  mature  and  change  to  pupa,  the  moths  appeari,,- 
early  m  June.  The  May  brood  of  caterpillars  seldom  does  much  harn. 
The  female  moths  lay  their  eggs  (about  700)  on  grass  leaves  fm  ,, 
which  caterpillars  hatch  in  about  to  days.  The  caterpillars  of  tl  s 
brood  do  most  injury.  The  worms  usually  feed  at  night,  consequen.  . 
whole  fields  may  be  ruined  before  they  are  discovered.  This  Ji  v 
brood  of  caterpillars  reaches  maturity  in  about  25  days,  and  chanv  s 
topupi  m  the  ground,  the  moths  appearing  again  in  about  j  weeM, 
Ihese  lay  eggs  for  a  brood  of  worms  which  appear  in  September,  I  t 
are  seldom  injurious. 


CtASS„.CAT.OM  AND   DESCRIPTION   O,  COMWON   INSECTS 


Pre.  139.— Stales  and  woi  .  — 

".'.e  of  it,  insect  enemies:  ap      '  .■  .r  i^thTf  T™  '"'**"  «••>««<«)  and 

/;  .  ground  b«,tle.  Calosoma  .aJ./«--p«y^^  "•''":«,""  '»«"  o"  •"  «""/  worm; 
w-rt"uT"™'»'"«''™  burrow;  ranger  wL^t^''  """"■  ""'•  "  '«'"• 

n>  to  it.  burrow;  kEnicospiius  *«;i',„T:Lpu£;  p^i;;'.?',"."/"*  "  """>■ 

natural  size.     (tf.  5.  Bur.  EhI.)  ^  worm. 


■  92 


ECONOMIC   BNTOHOLOOY 


Control.  —Plow  Ihi-  fields  in  late  fall;  pluw  three  ur  four  furrow> 
in  front  of  the  advancing  army  and  kill  the  woimsi  that  fall  into  the 
furrows;  [Hiison  a  narrow  strip  on  the  threnlentil  side  of  field  with 
I'aris  Krecn  or  the  poisoned  bran  mash. 

Black  Army  Cutwonn  {Agrotis  fennica  Tauschj.^Generol  color 
lirown;  a  series  of  velvety  black  marks  along  middle  of  back;  a  white 
line  along  each  side,  and  a  spiracular  white  ban<l,  reddish-brown 
in  the  centre;  head  yellowish-red;  shield  black;  feet  pale  brown 
May  and  early  June.  Attacks  j)eas,  clover,  trees  ami  some  gardin 
vegetables  (Fig.  125). 

Fall  Army  Worm  (Laphygma  frugiperda  S.  and  A.).— (Consult 
Farmers'  Bull.  7SJ,  U.  .S.  Dept.  Agr.)  Injurious  mainly  in  thi- 
South  but  periodically  appearing  in  the  North.  Feeds  on  grasses  aii'l 
cereal  crops,  cotton,  alfalfa,  cowpeas  and  other  crops. 

/IrfaZ/.— Wing  expanse  1J2  inches;  front  wings  dark  grey,  mottleil, 
and  with  a  light  grey  spot  near  tips;  hind  wings  whit,,  with  a  pearl> 
lustre,  and  edged  with  a  brown  line.     Body  ash  grey. 

^ii^- — Light  grey  and  minutely  ribbed.    Laid  in  clusters  of  50 
300  on  grass  blades.     Hatch  in  3-4  days  in  South,  but  as  long  as  \o 
days  in  the  North. 

Larva. — Newly  hatched  larvs  with  jet-black  heads  and  white  bodii  s 
Full  grown  in  s  to  3  weeks;  then  striped,  nearly  naked  and  about  1 '  .• 
inches  long.  Front  of  head  marked  with  an  inverted  Y.  Assumes  1  la- 
Army  Worm  habit  when  food  becomes  scarce. 

Pupa. — Golden-reddish  at  first  but  black  later,  living  in  an  uniN  - 
ground  cell.    Duration  10  to  14  days. 

In  the  Gulf  States  there  are  5  to  6  broods  annually,  but  in  the  nor'  ii- 
ern  probably  not  more  than  one. 


(c)  C'Jmbing  Cutwomu 

(See  Bull.  lOt,  CorntU  Agr.  Lxp.  Sin.,  i8gs;  Bull.  10,  Ent.  Br.  DepI 
Agr.,  Can.) 

Some  species  of  cul  vorms  are  known  to  have  a  climbing  ha 
ascending  not  only  fruit  trees  but  also  currants,  gooseberries,  tomas 
etc.,  to  feed  upon  the  leaves  and  fruit.    Among  these  are: 

White  Cutwonn  (Lycophotia  scandens  Riley). — One  and  th. 
fourths  inches  long,  yellowish-grey  with  whitish  spots;  spiracles  1)1 


C..ASSIK..AT,.,N-   AND   OKSCR.PT.ON   Or  COMMON   INSECTS       ,93 

Dinty  Cutworm  AvL'  T  ,     V I'/'"'  I"''  ""  '-'"'V'"''^- 


W) 


Noctuld  Loopcn 


Oiv'^^n't'VriMl'r"^*-  *-»-Ri>c-y).     (Consult  Bui,.  33. 


Fi'.    >30.-Cabb,-.gcIoo„„(.l«l„j,„;>*a*™,„V„).     Shuwing  „   .HuI,.  *    , 

pupa.     Nataral  size.     (4/,,,  Chi„.„d>n.  V.  S  Bur  En,:)  """' 


'li 


194 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


Pupa.-  Invested  in  a  white  gauzy  silken  cocoon  spun  on  any  con- 
venient object;  one  to  tliree  weeks.     Winters  as  a  chrysalis. 

lAfe-hislory.—  l'rohah\y  two  broods  a  year  in  Canada  and  north- 
ern States. 

Celery  Looper  (Aulographa  simplex  Guen.). — (Consult  Bull.  ,i;, 
Div.  Ent.,  U.  S.  Uept.  Ag.)  Slightly  larger  than  the  preceding 
species. 

Adult. — A  "miller"  moth  with  fore  wings  marked  with  grey  and 
seal  brown,  silver  mark  hooked;  wings  expanded  2  inches;  borders  not 
scalloped. 

/7|g. —Milky-while,  flattened,  globuhir;  upper  half  grooved  verti 

cally. 

Lana.—A  pale  yellowish-green  looping  caterpillar;  marking- 
similar  to  those  on  ,1.  brassica;  supra-spiracular  spots  black. 

Pi(/ia.— Resembles  that  of  .1.  /■ri7.M/V(S.— (Consult  Bull.  33,  Div. 
Ent.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Ag.). 

Alfalfa  Looper  (.1  ulographa  calif oriiica  Speyer) . — Widely  distriljuliM 
over  Western  North  America  from  Alaska  and  the  Yukon  south  throuL'li 
15.  C,  Alberta,  Saskatchewan,  Manitoba  to  California,  Nevada,  UUiii, 
Wyoming,  Idaho,  and  Montana.  LarviE  destructive  to  the  leaves  ami 
blossoms  of  alfalfa,  clover,  garden  peas,  cabbage,  etc. 

Adult.— \  brownish-grey  moth,  ij^  inches  wing  expanse;  fore  wiiiL'- 
light  bluish-grey  with  rose  and  light  markings— one  shaped  like  lln- 
letter  Gamma  near  the  middle;  hind  wings  dull  brown.  An  atliM- 
flier. 

Eggs. — Hemispherical,  rounded  at  base,  apex  with  rounded  dejjn-- 
sions;  finely  creased  vertically;  pale  yellow.  Duration  5-7  (la>- 
rrobably  laid  on  the  leaves. 

iurra.— One  and  one-fourth  inches  long,  dark  green,  cyliniln.il 
tapering  toward  the  head;  suljdorsal  line  fine  and  wavy;  two  other  l;n  ■ 
in  this  area  and  a  wide  whitish  stigniatal  band.  Tubercles  while,  m m 
white.  Spiracles  pale,  black  rimmed.  Thoracic  feet  black,  slii;;\. 
Three   pairs   of  jjro-legs  on  segments  9,  10,  13. 

Pupa.—Uark  brown,  '^3  inch  long.     The  cocoon  is  a  thinly  w  >  n 
web  of   whitish  silk  spun  among  the  leaves.     Duration  ia-14  1!     - 
Hibernates  as  pupa  and  adult.     Probably  two  broods  in  h.  V. 
Washington. 


CLASSIFICATION  AND  DESCRIPTION   OF   COMMON  INSECTS      igj 

Hull.  98j,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric).     A  pest  of  alfalfa  an.l  the  le«umin.,.,s 
crops  of  eastern  U.  S.  and  southern  Canada  I'M'minous 

^</.«//.-Variegated  dark  brown  to  black,  wing  expanse  , ' .  inche, 
2-4  generations  a  season.     Hibernates.  ''^  '    t  mchi-,, 

£m--Circular,  slightly  flattened;  green;  about  the  size  ..f  i  nin 
head.     Female  lays  between  .00-600  eggs  in  1  few  .h,  f  ^ 

the  underside  of  the  leaf.     Hatch  in  abfut  Lu;  d^^s.      "  ''"'''  "" 

/-.(jrii--. — Green,  with   a  narrow   white   siring   n^,!   ,         ■  r  . 
white  line  on  each  side;  :  ■,  inches  Ion"  otl^LT  air/prtS^ 

^:^'::^z  ^"" ''"'' "' ''' '''-'  -^-  <"-^^«'-  "a- 

i'«/>a.-Yellow-brown  or  black,   formed   in  a  loose  oval  base  or 

Conlrol.~Cut  the  crops  when  the  caterpillars  are  most  abundant- 
adopt  clean  culture;  use  hopperdozer  in  bad  outbreak"  ' 

Hop  Vine  Looper  or  Snout  Moth  {Uypenu  humuli  Harris)  -This 
noctuid  sometimes  does  serious  injury  ,0  the  leaves  of  h  p  rZ 
nroods  a  year.  '       ' "" 

.IrfW/.-A  dark  brown  moth, ,  > ,  inches  wing  ex,,anse,  with  irregular 
and  variable  transverse  markings  on  fore  wings;  palpi  long  fla  t!n  H 
Sf:r '"'  horizontally  like  a  snout.    Jul/a;]  ^.^::2^, 

Eggs. —Pale  green;  laid  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves 
Larva.-K  semi-Iooper,  lacking  the  first  pair  of  prolegs-  ureen- 
-  h  two  longttud  nal  white  lines  along  the  back,  a     ark  gr^et     nj 
b.-tween  and  an  indistinct  whitish  line  on  each  side-  1,.»H  \ 

.i.hb.ck^iiferousdou.  Spins  a  thin  shS  ::i;:rs::-^!:::;::;' 

( <)H/r»/.— Spray  or  dust  vines  with  arsenate  of  lead. 
(<■)  Com   Ear  Worm   (Heliothis  obsolete  Fab.) 

-/abotT^^Vclr^""" ""' """  "^^•''^'^  '"■^^^'•"^^'  -p-'i- 
-S::;Slngt:rirf  ""^"  '^''  '-^^'^  ----- 


ig6 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


Larva. — Variable  in  color,  palu  green  or  lirownlsh  cateri>i!lar,  i' j 
inches  long,  often  dark  Btriped;  hcail  amber-yellow;  legs  black. 

Pupa. — In  a  small  oval  cell  in  the  ground. 

Lije-hislory. — In  Canada  there  is  one  brood,  perhaps  two  in  some 
southern  localities.  The  insect  hibernates  as  a  pupa.  The  moth 
emerges  the  following  July,  when  eggs  are  laid  on  the  silk  of  the  ears. 
The  young  caterpillars  feed  upon  the  young  kernels  until  fully  de- 
veloped, when  they  descend  to  the  ground  and  transform  to  pupa;  in 
small  oval  cells.    Known  in  the  South  as  the  Cotton  Boll  Worm. 


(/)  Stalk   Borers 

Several  species  of  Stalk  Borers  are  injurious  to  various  cultivateu 
plants,  such  as  hop  vines,  columbines,  corn,  potatoes,  tomatoes,  rasp 
berries,  asters,  dahlias,  and  also  to  burdocks.  The  caterpillar  livt> 
inside  the  stem  and  makes  a  burrow  by  devouring  the  interior.  .\^ 
a  result  the  plant  often  withers  and  dies.  Before  maturity  it  work- 
its  way  down  to  the  root  where  it  changes  to  a  pupa.  The  Stalk 
Borers  have  been  placed  inthegeneraG(»'<>'»a,//y(/ra'cJaandi'a^a«/'emi/. 
Gortyna  immanis  occurs  in  hop  vines;  Papaipema  purpurifascia  in 
columbine;  P.  nitela  in  corn,  dahlia,  aster,  potatoes,  etc;  P.  cal<i- 
phracla  in  burdock;  Cor/yna  mkacea  in  rhubarb,  corn,  potatoes,  eU. 

Garden  Stalk  Borer  (Papaipema  nitela  Guen.). — This  borer  tunnels 
the  stalks  of  potatoes,  tomatoes,  and  other  garden  crops,  and  many 
weeds.     Sometimes   feeds   on   strawberry.     One  brood  a  year. 

Adult. — A  mouse-colored  noctuid  moth,  with  outer  third  of  fort- 
wings  paler  and  bordered  within  by  a  whitish  cross-tine.    Late  Augu-i 

Eggs. — Grey,  circular,  with  radiating  ridge,  }ia  inch  in  diamcttr; 
hatch  in  late  May  or  early  June. 

Larva. — Mines  in  the  leaf  at  first,  then  enters  the  stalk  and  tuniu  '- 
it.  Full  grown  about  August;  i  inch  long,  purplish  to  light  bm  ii 
and  marked  with  white  stripes  except  on  first  four  segments  of  ;i  i- 
domen;  head,  neck-shield  and  anal-shield  light  reddish-yellow. 

Pupa. — Brown,  formed  in  lower  part  of  stalk.  Duration  al» '  i 
2  weeks. 

Control. — Clean  cultivation;  removal  and  burning  of  old  stalks. 

Potato  Stalk  Borer  (fiur/yna  micaccaEsp.). — AEuropean  insect,:  '1 
a  general  feeder.  Reported  on  rhubarb,  corn,  potatoes  in  N.  S  ■■  '1 
N.  B. 


CLASSIFICATION  AND   DESCRIPTION   OF   COMMON   INSECTS      I97 

Adult.— Ground  color  of  fore  wings  light  brown  tinged  with  red 
with  a  transverse  darker  median  band.  Hind  wings  dingv  grev  with 
a  transverse  light  brown  line.    Aug.-.Sept. 

£m-— Circular,  finely  ribbed  and  sculptured;  slightly  pinkish- 
laid  on  stems  of  couch  grass.  ' 

Larva.-One  and  three-fifth  inches  long;  head  chestnut-brown- 
tubercles  pale  brown  with  a  stiff  black  bristle;  spiracles  shiny  black- 
body  color  greyish  tinged  with  pink. 

Piipa.—Brovin,  %  inch  long.     Duration  about  ^  weeks. 

(j)  Green  Fruit  Worms  {Graptolitha  spp.) 
G.antemata  Walker,  G.  lalichterea  Grotc,  C,  cmcrosa,  G.  belhimei 
(^.  and  R.  and  other  species  sometimes  injure  leaves  and  fruit  of  apple 
and  forest  trees  in  late  -May  and  early  June. 

Ash-Gray  Pinion  (Graploliiha  antennata  Walk.).  .lrf«//— Dull 
ashy-grey; -fore  wings  with  darker  grey  or  greyish-brown  markings. 
.\pril  and  September;  hibernates. 

£«gs.-Yellow,  globular,  ri.lged;  lai.l  singly  on  bark  of  smaller 
branches  in  early  spring. 

£afM.— Light  yellowish  or  apple-green  naked  caterpillar,  i-iU 
inches  long,  with  a  cream-colored  stripe  along  the  middle  of  the  back 
a  similar  but  wider  stripe  along  each  side,  and  mottled  markings  or 
stripes  above  the  lateral  stripes.  T^ead  glossy  green,  with  white 
mottlings;  legs  whitish,  prolegs  greyish.     May- June. 

Pa/xi.— Dark  brown;  often  within  a  thin  silken  cocoon  in  an  earthen 
cell  in  the  ground.     Duration  3  months,  sometimes  over  winter 

Control.Spr^'  with  dilute  lime-sulphur  a..d  lead  arsenate  before 
the  bk       ns  open. 

Paru,ttes.—Mekorus  hyphanlrim  and  Mesochorus  agilis. 

Bethune's  Green  Fruit  Worm  {Graptolitha  bethunei  G.  and  R  )  — 

Ins  fruit  worm  is  a  pest  in  many  parts,  and  has  been  reported  as  most 

•l.-structive  in  the  Annapolis  Valley,  Nova  Scotia.     The  color  of  the 

"wth  IS  quite  variable,  some  moths  being  nearly  white  with  darker 

nuirkings,  while  others  are  much  darker. 

Another  species  of  Green  Fruit   Worm,  Orthosia    kibisci    Guen 
Of  urs  at  Geneva,  N.  Y. 

(/')  Dagger  Moths 
The  lar\a-  of  several  species  of  Dagger  Moths  may  be  found  feeding 
"■'  the  leaves  of  shrubs  and  trees.    The  more  common  forms  are  the 


1  li 


igS 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


American  Dagger  Moth,  the  Raspberry  Dagger  Moth  (A.  impressa  Walk.), 
the  Smeared  Dagger  Moth  (A.  oblinita  S.  and  A.),  the  Grey  Dagger 
Moth  (A.  populi  Riley),  and  the  Darkish  Dagger  Moth  (A.  morula 
Grote).  They  may  be  distinguished  from  the  arctiid  woolly-bears  by 
the  mode  of  distribution  of  the  hairs.  The  hairs  of  the  latter  arise 
from  tubercles  in  clusters,  while  they  are  scattered  over  the  surface 
of  the  body  in  the  Dagger-larvse. 

American  Dagger  Moth  (Acronycta  americana  Harris).  Adult. 
— Fore  wings  light  grey  with  faint  dark  lines  and  dagger-liku 
markings.  Hind  wings  smaller,  dark  brown.  Body  similar  in  color 
to  hind  wings. 

Larva. — ^Two  and  one-half  inches  long  when  full  grown;  thickly 
covered  with  short  pale  yellow  hairs,  with  a  pair  of  long  black  hair 
pencils  on  first  and  third  abcominal  segments  and  a  .  igle  one  on  the 
eighth;  head  black;  body  greenish-white  above  with  a  subdorsal  ami 
stigmatal  black  line;  lower  surface  black.  Common  in  September  on 
elm,  maple,  oak,  hickory,  ash,  poplar,  alder  and  other  trees. 

(i)  Underwing  Hoths 

The  Catocalas  or  Uhderwings  are  interesting  Noctuids,  the  adult 
mothsshowing  protective  resemblance  to  the  bark  of  trees.  Thelarviriif 
some  of  the  species  at  least  feed  on  the  leaves  of  trees,  C.  ultroniii. 
C.  grynea,  on  apple,  plum,  cherry;  and  C.  relicta,  C.  cara,  and  (  . 
concumbens  on  poplar,  willow  and  birch. 


NOTODONTro.*  (PROMINENTS) 

Hand-maid  Moths  {Dalana  Spp.). — Several  species  of  Datana  oci ', 
on  orchard  and  forest  trees. 

Yellow-necked  Caterpillar  {Datana  ministra  Drury). — The  lar\ 
are  gregarious,  and  are  often  injurious  to  the  leaves  of  apple  in  lai 
summer. 

Adult. — ^A  russet-brown  moth  nearly  2  inches  expanse;  head  ;i!' 
large  spot  on  the  thorax  chestnut  brown;  fore  wings  cinnamon  brn  ■ 
crossed  by  3-5  darker  brown  lines;  hind  wings  pale  yellow.     1' 
summer,  June- July.    One  brood  a  year. 

Eggs. — In  flat  clusters  of  70-100  on  surface  of  leaf;  white 
round. 


CLASSIFICATION   AND   DESCRIPTION   OF   COMMON   INSIXTS       igq 

.,-.n^rt"  :rwo  inches  long;  head  large  and  l.lack;  cervical  shiel.l  dull 
o.ange;  back  and  sides  striped  alternately  with  black  and  vellow  line 
b  dy  htnly  clothed  with  soft  white  hairs.  Larv.  occur  inVlust  r  an  i 
at  rest  the,r  bodies  assume  a  characteristic  bow-form.  When  vouL 
hey  are  chestnut  brown.  At  maturity  they  de.scend  to  t  Ig  Zl 
and  burrow  to  a  depth  of  3  inches.    Larval  stage  36  weeks.     ' 

C»«W -Hand-pick  the  clusters  of  caterpillnrs;  sprav  the  catef 
pdlars  with  an  arsenical.  I  r.i>  inc  cater- 

Waln-t  Caterpillar  (/Ml.ma  inlrgrnh,,,,  G.  .nd  K.i  is  often  ,le.lru,- 

i:d  ChS' •'""^™"'-"'' ■■'*'^>-"'' "'- "" -M.each,  aS. 

«mi'"57f : 'f -'™""    """^   «"h  -larker  bands  across  the  fore 
"ings,  r?i-2  inches  wing  expanse.    Julv  August 

A|?J.-Laid  in  clusters  of  100  or  more  on  underside  of  leaves 

iart^.-Caterpillars  feed  in  clusters  devouring  the  leaves'  when 

.^.oft  whitish  hairs  .  inches  long;  when  a,  rest  thevassume  a  A„-.X  , 
At  moulting  times  they  gather  in  large  numbers  on  the  trunks  and 

Pupa.--A,hTk  brown  chrysalis;  hibernates  in  this  stage 
ca.enXr  '""""'""  ""'  """'"•"'  ^""^'^^  'he  clusters  of 

I,/,?'moTi!""*  "PPl^^^^fP"'"  ^■^■''"■--"-  -'"'«™  Sm.  an,l  Ab.). 
hot-'f  ^        "^  '  '  '"''^'-^'  ''"^'>'  "«'''  ''^"-''.  tl'orax  dark 

mner  wth  a  brown  dot  near  middle,  a  spot  near  each  angle  an<l 
>u^  longitudinal  streaks  along  posterior  margin.  Hind  wings 
Imnvnish.     June  and  July.     One  brood  in  the  North 

-'^m.-VVhite,  round,  slightly  flattened  deposited  in  a  cluster  of 
40  100  on  the  under  side  of  leaf  in  July 

ro/X^'^''^^  "'"'^f  "''"^  yellow,  black  and  white  lines;  a  double 

cTcoons    "  il"'        „'"  "m  ■  r"""  ""'•  ^'^"'  "•'''^"  'hey  spin  loose  silk.' 
I  ■  :  .l^".  Pl"m    cherry,  and  black!,erry  and  some  forest  trees, 
th,.  g  o'uTd  "'  ■"  '''"  '"'  '"'^'  '-'^^  "■'"'"  ■■•-'  -^'>'  ^1-"S  in  .,r  on 


200  ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 

Control. — Spray  with  arsenate  of  lead;  hand-pick  or  burn  caterpillars 
with  rag  torch. 

LYMANTRIIDiE   (TUSSOCK  MOTHS) 

Gypsy  Motil  {Portkelria  dispar  Linn.)- — A  European  insect  intro- 
duced into  the  U.  S.  (Mass.)  about  1869,  now  found  in  all  the  New 
England  States.  The  larva  feeds  on  a  very  large  variety  of  plants — 
forest,  orchard  and  shade  trees,  especially  oak,  willow  and  apple, 
shrubs  and  even  herbaceous  plants.     Conifers  immune  (Fig.  131). 

Adtdt. — Male  brownish-yellow,  slender,  with  feathered  antenna;; 
fore  wings  marked  with  zigzag  darker  lines;  wing  expanse  ij^  inches; 
an  active  flier.  Female  white  with  zigzag  dark  lines  and  with  slender 
black  antennae;  body  so  heavy  as  to  prevent  flight. 

Eggs. — ^Laid  in  July-August  in  irregular  oval  spongy  masses  ot 
400-500  in  crevices  and  on  convenient  objects,  and  covered  with  tan 
colored  hairs;  hatching  about  May  ist  following. 

Larva. — A  dark  brown  hairy  caterpillar  2-3  inches  long;  2  rows  of 
red  spots  and  j  rows  of  blue  spots  along  the  back  with  a  dim  yellowish 
stripe  between;  body  clothed  with  long  black  hairs.  Full  grown  about 
July  ist. 

Pupa. — Cocoon  of  silk  loosely  formed  among  the  leaves;  pupa  con- 
ical and  dark  brown;  i  inch  long.    Duration  7-17  days. 

Parasites. — The  following  have  been  introduced:  Anastatus  bifas- 
dolus  and  Scheditis  kmance — chalcid  egg  parasites;  Compsilura  con- 
cinnata  and  Blepharipa  scutellata  on  the  caterpillar;  Monodontomerus 
ccreus,  a  chalcid  pupa  parasite;  and  Calosoma  sycophanta. 

Control. — Treat  the  egg  clusters  with  creosote;  band  the  trees  with 
burlap,  etc.  and  spray;  parasites. 

Brown  Tail  Moth  (Euprociis  chrysorrhcea  Linn.).— Larva  destruc- 
tive to  orchard,  shade  and  forest  trees.  Conifers  immune.  Probably 
introduced  from  Holland  to  Mass.  about  1893  (Fig.  132). 

Adult.— k  white  moth,  except  that  the  abdomen  is  tinged  with  I 
brown  and  tipped  with  a  tuft  of  brown  hairs,  most  conspicuous  in  i'le 
female.    Both  sexes  are  strong  fliers  and  active  at  night  in  July. 

Eggs. — In  brownish  clusters  of  150-300  on  the  leaves  on  the  tip^  oi 
the  branches.  Usually  brown  hairs  are  mixed  with  the  egg  mass. 
Eggs  hatched  by  August  15th. 


terpillars 


ct  intro- 
the  New 
plants — 
id  apple, 
131). 
intcnnae; 
2  inches; 
h  slender 

lasses  of 
with  tan 

!  rows  of 
yfellowish 
vn  about 

lupa  con- 


!mj  bifas- 
lura  con- 
'ntomerus 

rees  with 

destruc- 
Probal>l.v 

ged  with 
lus  in  !'ie 
uly. 

tie  tip^  oi 
gg  mass. 


1  r 


,.„  ,-..n..r   .>f  .««;   fcmal.  ,n-,!l,    „vip..sili„B  ,ust   1.cl,.«  ;   fanalc   mnih     J,.   ,  ..• 
vari.nv    1-Aur  U-fi ;  imilc  mnih  unnu.,liau-ly  al«.vi-;  t™,aU-  m..th  nmiu'.t.a  ob  al.. 
nu.k.  ,",;..h  will,  «-inK-s  fol.lo.l  in  u,,„.r  U.f. ;  ,„aK.  .hrysali,  at  hkIu  "I  'h'^-;    ,';-. 
,.!■.,■■.-„•!;  a-aiii  a-   riah',  1  lawa    r,l   .rnKT.       All  ,-lii;1illy  n-.UaaM.      •Afl.r  ll„.,'.li  I  ■• 


ClASSlriCATION  AND  DESCRIPTION  OP  COMMON 


INSECTS       '01 


iV 


,   .  132. — Different    stages    ot    ihn    |jr  ,    -i 

■|^.l;  male  and  female  a.lults  at  lower  right -"m^hem';,.^^''"'"  ""'  ""  "PP" 
mule  and  female  chrysalides  above,  male  at  lef;fun„rL?  "■"'  "'  "P""  "■'Kl't ; 
'  'luced;  young  laryte  at  its  left;  egrt^assthef^'fr^  "'"'","■"'''=■  ^''""^•'■■•'t 
.".Pos..m«  on  leaf;  e.,ma.  als^  ^ I^^^^^t  ''^u!::'^Zr:y^LJ:f^^  '™»'= 


ECONOMIC  ENTOUOLOGY 


Larva.  -  Dark  brown  caterpillar  i '  2  inches  long  with  a  sprinklinR  f)f 
orange;  body  covered  with  fine  reddish-brown  hairs;  a  row  of  conspicu- 
ous white  hairs  along  each  side;  bright  red  tubercles  on  top  of  sixth  ami 
seventh  abdominal  segments.  Full  grown  In  June.  Winter  is  spent  a^ 
black  quarter-grown  larvie  in  colonics  or  nests  of  leaves  bound  firmU 
together  by  a  silken  web.    Barbed  hairs  irritating  to  human  skin. 

Pupa. — ^Loose  cocoon  attached  to  leaf;  pupa  brown,  about  ?^  inil 
long.    Duration  about  30  days. 

Parasites. — Imported  forms  are:  Pleromalus  egregius,  Apaiilcli 
lackkotor,  Mcleorus  versicolor,  Zygobolltria  nidicola,  Compsilura  rnii 
cinnata.   Pales  javida,  Monodonlomertis  aretis;  Calosoma  sycoplmnl'i 

Control. — Cut  off  and  burn  the  winter  nests  before  the  caterpill.ir- 
emerge  in  Ai)ril;  poison  the  caterpillars  with  lead  arsenate  before  tin 
middle  of  June;  parasites. 

White-marked  Tussock  Moth  (Ilemcroeampa  Irucosligma  Sm.  ami 
Ab.). — A  native  insect  whose  larva  is  frequently  injurious  to  fruit  Irii 
and  shade  trees. 

Adult. — Male  winged  and  ashen-grey  in  color;  fore  wings  crossil 
by  wavy  bands  of  a  darker  shade,  with  a  minute  white  crescent  niMi 
outer  hind  angle,  a  small  black  spot  near  tip  of  outer  edge  and  an  obli(|ii( 
blackish  stripe  beyond  it.  Antenna  broad  and  feather-like.  Femah  - 
wingless  with  slender  antenna;,  and  of  a  light  grey  color.  Jul> 
August. 

Eggs. — ^Whitc  and  nearly  globular;  300-500  arranged  in  a  three  •■; 
four-layered  mass  and  covered  with  a  frothy  substance.  Hatch  in 
May  and  June. 

Larva. — One  and  one-fourth  to  one  and  one-half  inches  long,  briKin 
yellow;  head  and  two  small  protuberances  on  hinder  portion  of  \at  i. 
bright  coral  red;  four  creamy  tufts  on  back;  two  black  plumes  at  frri j 
and  one  at  the  rear;  black  and  dusky  yellow  stripes  along  the  la^ '. 
and  sides. 

Pupa. — Cocoons  made  of  silk  and  hairs;  pupa  brownish,  the  ni.  ■ 
smaller  than  the  female;  10-15  ''"^y^  duration. 

Life-history. — Eggs  are  laid  in  July  and  August  and  hatch  in  I    ■ 
May  and  early  June;  caterpillars  full  grown  in  a  month;  pupal  >t,' 
lasts  about  2  weeks,  and  the  adults  emerge  in  July  and  August 
lay  their  egg-masses.     But  one  brood  in  Canada  and  Northern  I'ni'   1 
States. 


tXASSlKKATms    ANO   UESCRIPTiON   or   CMMO.V   .NSKCTS      ,o,, 

Enemies.-Pimpia  inquhilor,  ChaUU  mala    Ta,l,i„a  m./l ,        .  • 
"irtls;  red  anti;  certain  <l,.rm,.  .•  n     .1  laiinna  mella:  (frlaiii 

ami  the  West.  '"  '^"^''  ^^'"la.  New  hnRlaml, 

LanSatl^iilS'::;  "■""''•  :"■  '-  "-'  '--  cross 

i^aie  almost  win^^::' rtt^iT;:  ::::r:^-':;;;':^;""T !- 

hairs.  -   "^'""-"'i  "ilh  vi'llowish-while 

^-'m.     KKK-mass  laid  .,n  cKonn,  hut  v.,//,  ,,„    /,,/,■ 
/-n„.--Head  l.lack;  first  ,w„  tu  so    s  „1  1     ■/       n  'V'""'.''*'- 

■'  "/"' — remale  larger  than  the  male 
Control   of   Tussock  Worms.     Collect  an.l  deslrnv  ,h 
P-imt  the  esR-masses  with  creosot.-  snr.vTn  ,    ""-\'^  ^-^K-^a^H-S 
land  trees  with  l.urlan  or  ,1!  '     "        "^""^  ''''"'  ""  af'^fnical; 

l.urlap  or  tar  to  prevent  females  from  ascending 

tASIOCAMPID^  (TENT-CATERWLLAR  MOTHS, 
Orchard  Tent-caterpiUar  (.\falaa,so,„a  amcricana  Fat,  .      ,.    •    , 

im--A  glistening   brown  mass  (2oo-,oo)  encirr'lin,,  .^     .    • 
covered  with  a  ffli.pv  fr„,K      17     1.        ,     ,  encirclmg  the  fvigs, 

^«v-  '-H  ■-"^on^rj-.hSii;;,"^" "  --  '^--  -^^ 
^;-.ed  wit^  white  ^i^-z:^:^'^:zS''^''  t- 

-Oer  withi^  'tZ  r^j';:::;  '-^n/™  -^  c,ose;  a  yellow 
/./>-A,.;«r^.-.VVinters  in  the  egg  state;  eggs  hatch  in  Alav  vhcn  the 
-^  are  begmnmg  to  open  and  the  caterpillars  reach  maturity  ilijule 


304 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLnCY 


Adults  appear  ami  ckrs  arc  laid  in  July.     There  is  hut  one  hrrHxl  vmh 


Forest  Tent-ctterpUUr  (.lA.i/.if7>V(.m(i//(\,v/r/(;  H!>n.)  differs  from  iht 
preceding  in  the  following  particulars:  egg-mass  is  nearly  square  ;if 
the  ends;  caterpillars  do  not  construct  tents;  line  along  the  hack 
is  broken  with  dots;  transverse  lines  on  the  wings  of  moth  are  darker 
than  ground  color. 

Parasites.  Pimftla  mnqnisitur,  P.  inquisitor,  Tuchina  mell-i. 
Anomnlon  exile.    Calosoma  and  Poilisits  are  predaci-ous  enemies. 

Control. — Destroy  the  egg-mas>,t'>;  spray  caterpillars  with  arseni- 
cal; burn  off  the  Unts;  hand  trees  with  hurlap  or  tar  to  prevent  tin 
caterpillars  from  ascending. 

(iROLT'  GKOMKTRINA  ((iKOMK  IKRS) 

Chief  Families  (tfter  Comsiockt 

A.  Mfdiii:.  of  thr  himi  winK-*  wanlinw,  iK-in^  n-pn^.i-ntni  mi-nly  by  a  fold  in  rl;. 
winn.  -  fin  no  til  ill  (r. 
.\i\.  Mfdiiij  of  the  hind  winjis  |)rt.'st'nt. 

II.   .Mi-di.ij  of  the  hincl  wings  urisinK   muth   marur   to    Mcdiai  lh;iii   ■ 
Media,. 

\Vin^ts  usually  green.    <!riy>'"-!> ',/, 
BB.  Mediaj  "f  the  hind   winss  ari-^inu  ne.irly  midway  between   Midii 
and  Media]  or  nearer  to  Mediaj  than  to  Meiliai.     Wings  rarely  pn  i  p 
C.  Subeosta  and  Radius  of  hind  vvinys  cxtendinK  distinctly  se|>ar:iii 
from  each  other,  except  that  they  are  (onneeted  by  a  cro>s  \r:  ; 
ne;"r  the  middle  of  the  discal  wW.—I/ydriomeniJte. 
CC.  Subcostaan<l  Radius  of  hind  wings  approximated  or  coalesced  Imi  i 
greater  or  less  distance. 

I).  Subcosta  and  Radius  of  the  hind  wines  closely  approximate  ! 
but  not  coalesced  along  the  second  fourth  (more  or  k>'     i 
the  discal  cell. 
K.   Radius  and   Mtdiaj  of  hind  wings  separating  ai 
before  the  apex  of  the  discal  cell. — Ennomid(r. 
KK.  Radius  and   Mediai   of   hind   wings  coalesced   f.  ^    i 
considerable  distance  beyond  the  apex  of  the  di-   i! 
cell. — Monoctcnii(Ue. 
DD.  Subcosta  and  Radius  of  the  hind  wings  coalesced  for  a  -i    ''-. 
distance  near  the  beginning  of  the  second  fourth  oi 
discal  ci-li,  thence  rapidly  diverging.— .V/crrA/rfir. 
DOD.  Subcosta    and    Radius   of    the  hind  wings  coalesced  i 
beyond  tile  middle  of  the  discal  cell. 
K.  iore     wings     with     one    or   twt>    accessory   m- 
llydriomcnhiiP. 
EE.  Fore  wingg  without  an  accessory  cell. — MonoclcK.     '- 


CU*S,r.CAT.„.N    A.N.   »KS,K,r..oS    OK   ,OMM,.N-    .NSMTS 
MONOCTENIIDiE 


JO.; 


SpringCankerWorni(/'„/,r./,„V.;:,r/„;/„  l',.L  ,      »      ri     ,      •■ 

an.l  California.  '  '"' '  '"'"'    ■^'"""'   '"   '^""•^"^ 

■iJulh.     Male  moth  with  ihin  Imnvni^lM-r.v  silkv  „ In,         ■     . 

S,:S ''s  J  ir  "•'''' -'-^ '■-«" -^p^ 'N- L  „.i.i;,;::; 

.he  time  of  unfoMin,,  „f  ,h.  leaves  '  '"  "  "'"""'  "'""" 

ma,.l  .tHpe  alo„«  each  si.le;  ventral  surface.:     Ma  .  J  i'!  ;  :*\ 

:Sr;:::i,::'^""^'"«^"'"'"'">-^"^ a,ian..enr;:iCH 

/"u^ii.— Cocoon  an  earthen  cell  lined  umI,    mi. 

Fall  Canker  Worm  (.(/.„/,/,</«  po,„ei„ri„  Harris,     Wi.l.lv  ,1;-,  •> 

A««J.-Browni.sh-grey,  ll„wer-,,ot  like,  outer  end  with  ■,  dnrl-         . 
^-rounded  by  a  dark  rin«;  laid  in  clu.sters  of  :^S^t:.   ea^,  el 

'^s;:frt::.r"^''^^^-"'''^'''-'^>----'^e^ 

/.«r.a.^Re.semhles  in  a  general   way  that  of  the  .S,,rin>r  Cank.r 


.iFt 


206 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


Control.  -Spray  with  arsenate  of  lead  just  after  the  leaves  unfulil: 
l)an(l  trees  with  l)urla|)  in  fall. 

ENNOMIDiE 
Pepper-and-salt  Currant  Moth  {Amphidasis  cognalaria  Gucn.i.- 
Injures  leaves  of  currant,  gooseberry,  plum,  Spirea  and  maple. 

AdulL—Body  Rrey,  with  black  dots;  wing  expanse  2  inches,  gre> 
with  dark  brown  dots  and  two  wavy  brown  cross  bands  on  the  outer 
third.     May  and  .\ugust. 

£jgj.— Cylindrical,  with  surface  marked  with  rows  of  hexagonal 
depressions;  '30  'ni^h  long. 

Larva.^X  geometrid  or  measuring  caterpillar,  2  inches  long;  grteti 
to  brownish-black  in  color,  with  indistinct  green  or  yellow  lines  utuI 
spots.     Full  grown  in  July. 

Pupa.—Tupx  dark  brown,  ?i  inch  long,  formed  in  the  ground 
Some  change  to  moths  in  August,  but  others  do  not  change  until 
following  May. 

Lime  Tree  Winter  Moth  {Erannh  litiaria  Harris).- Occasionall\ 
injurious  to  the  leaves  of  elm,  basswood,  hickory,  apple,  etc. 

.ld«//.— Male,  with  rusty-buff  body  and  fore  wings,  and  lighter 
hind  wings.  Female  wingless,  light  brown  to  grey  with  marking-. 
Oct.-Nov. 

Eggs. — Cream  colored,  cylindrical  with  ends  blunt-roumli'l. 
Hibernate. 

Larva.— A.  bright-yellow  looper,  with  rust-colored  head,  uikI 
ten  crinkled  black  linesalong  the  back.  Full  grown  larva  i ,'  i  -i  j  2  inchi  - 
June. 

/"M/ia.— July-Oct. 
Currant  Span  Worm 


(llamera   ribcaria   Fitch). 


yellowish  geometrid  moth  with  brownish  spots,   i'4 


Adult.—. \  |i. 
inches  expaii 
markings  on  wings  variable  and  often  with  one  or  two  cross  bai; 
Mid-summer. 

£|js.— Laid  on  twigs  about  July;  hatch  the  following  spring  wl 
leaves  are  full  grown. 

Larva.— h  yellow  striped  and  black  spotted  looper,  a  little  11 
than  an  inch  long;  full  grown  in  3  to  4  v,   eks. 

PM/ia.— Formed  just  beneath  the  surface  of  ground;  duration 
3  weeks.    One  brood  each  season. 

Confro/.— Spray  with  arsenical  or  pyrethrum. 


CLASSIFICATION   AKD   DESCRIPTION'   OF   COMMON"  INSECTS      207 

in   ,?!'''  y'"H"'*°'^.^'r"""  ''^•"'^'•^   Clerck).  -Destructive 
n  i'l'-   .    >!■...   rhcrry  orchards  on   the  Pacific   slune      A    K„ 
..^ec  ,   resembil,.,   t.e   hasswoo.1  or  lime  tr  e  s  an  wo^    r/    ''''" 
lllia,:,),  "iiic  irce  si)an-Horm    (trannis 

..ark  u^ved^ands;  hind  wings  pale  and  mottled  with  bror  0  I 

rated  bvTnrT  '"  ^""^J"'^;  ^  ^Pan-worm,  with  black  stripes  sepa- 

W.  c  M      """"^'"P"'  ^P'^"^'^^  '"  ^"Wi^h-brown  blotches 

Bruce  sMeasunng  Worm  (RaMa  bruccala  Hulst).-^Des    active 

"1  New  \ ork  .n  1886  and  in  Alberta  in  ,902  3  ^^'^^f^ctnc 

-4rf«//.-Female    wingless,    H    inch    long,    light    brownish-grey; 


,       .        ,  o'— '-^i    ,--,j     uiLii    long,    lie 

male  winged,  expanding  ,.,  inches,  pale  brownish     uct.-Nov 

of  £r.;;Sttr'  °^-^''  «-'-''"-^  '-'  ^-b- i^^revices 

/.ari'a.— Three-fourths  inch  long   aoole-ffrepn    witi,  .1, 
>2nt:^;-^Hpes  alon,  each^iS  Z^l  l^  ^T Z^Z 
^^d  black,  feeds  4  or  5  weeks  m  April  and  May,  especially  on  blossom 

o„S;rS;^::^o:::  -  "^^'  "^-"-"  — - '-  ">^  --"■ 

Psvciim.-E  (JJag-worm  Moths) 

Evergreen  Bag  Worm  (Thyridopieryx  ephemer<,/orms  Haworth)  ^ 
'Kcurs  on  conifers,  red  cedar  and  arbor  vita;  '««  "aworth}.- 

.!</«// -Female  wingless,  naked  and  grub-like-  male  with  .r,„ 
parent  wings.     September-October  '  "'"'  ''^"'■ 

'."cliiriT'  '"  ^^'^■■'^™""-"-''--     T^e^-  -i-ter  over  and 

■^.r^^r;^!;::'"^  "^^^'^^  ^"""" '-'' '"''"'  "'^  '^^'-"'^  - 

/'«/>(?.— Formed  within  the  bags 
an/i:'-"'""-    '"''''''   ^'''   "^^™'"'   -'"'i™:   gather   cocoons 
PYR.VLIUIXA  GROLP 
Families  (After  Comstock) 
l'.  Wings  not  fissured. 

f.  Hind  wings  witliout  a  frinBt-  of  hairs  at  base  of  Cubitus. 


i 


308 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOTOGY 


,tl  liflli  hniiu  Ill's ')f  Radius  M'pariilc,  tli.- 

.lal  ifll.     I'yriuisliJir. 

1  liflli  hraru  lirsdf  K;';lius  united  at  base. 


of  t!ut»itus. 


i  dL-vcloped  but  iiot  triangular 


(i.   I'urr  uiii^s  with  fciurtli 
latti-r  arisinj;  from  the 
(it;.   Fort-  winns  with  fourth 
-  t'yrtiliiliilir. 
V\-.  Hind  win^s  with  a  frin^'e  of  hairs  at  li 
(1.  Radius  of  fore  win^s  5-branthcd. 
H.  Maxillary  palpi  more  or  k 
as  in  HH.  —GiiUeriiii(C. 
nil.  Ma.\illary  [lalpi  wull  devdopal,  appearing  trianRular;  labi.il 
palpi  lonK,  straight  and  projerting  forward.— CVamfcftitf. 
OG.  Radius  of  fore  wings  4-branched.  —PhyciUdtr. 
EE.  Wings  fissured. 

F.  Wings  with  less  than  five  fissures.— /"(mif/iorMir. 
FI''.  Wings  with  five  fissures. — OnitodldiP. 

Meal  Snout  Moth  (Pyralis  Jarinalis  Linn.).  AduU.—X  pyralid 
moth,  I  inch  wing  expanse.  Fore  wings  with  base  and  tips  dark 
brown,  middle  portion  light  Ijrown,  two  wavy  white  lines  crossini; 
wings,  bordering  the  middle  portion,  hind  wings  grey  with  two  wa\  > 
whitish  lines. 

Eggs. — Laid  in  masses;  irregular. 

iarra —Lives  within  a  silken  tube;  dirty-grey,  darker  at  bmli 
ends;  head  brownish-red. 

Pupa. — Brownish-red,  in  a  cocoon. 

Clover  Hay  Wonn  (Uypsopygia  costalis  Fab.).— The  catcrpillai- 
cause  injury  to  slacked  or  stored  clover,  near  the  ground  or  floor,  liv 
webbing  it  together  and  contaminating  it,  with  e.^ccrement. 

.Iiiw/;.— Small;  ji,  inch  wing  e.xpanse;  wings  silky,  margined  wl;  1 
orange  and  fringed  with  golden  yellow;  two  large  golden  spots  at  il.> 
thirds  of  the  fore  wings,  extending  to  hind  margin  as  narrow  lilac  lin.  -. 
Two  straw  colored  lines  on  hind  wing.  L'nder  surface  of  wings  |):;.. 
yellowish;  beail  and  legs  straw  colored;  antenna;  and  palpi  pale  oran- 
Two  broods.     June  July;  .August. 

i'ggs.— Laid  proljalily  on  growing  clover  heads.     June  and  .\ugu-:. 

Larva. — Three-fourth  inch  long,  dull  brown;  head,  shield  and  a.  >\ 
plate  black  after  last  moult;  segments  much  wrinkled  and  |)ri)vi     ! 
with  several  smooth  shining  areas  each  bearing  a  fine   while   h 
Hibernates. 

PhZ-u.— Honey-yellow;  cocoun  J 2  inch  long,  oblong-oval,  v.'  •. 
silky,  intermingled  with  excrement  and  bits  of  hay. 


n.ASSIF,CAT.„N    AND    I.KS.'KIPTION-   OP   rOMMOV    rN'SKCTS      ,o„ 

C,.„lrol.     K.movc-  „1,|  |,;,y  a,„l  if  i„f..sinl  l.ur,,  i,;  r,U.  M:„  k  al,„v.. 

^""""''■"7'-- M-ils,,„.     Snl,l,„M,„n,„Ma,k 

Grape  Leaf  Folder  ,/;,.„„„  ,„„,,„/„  „,„,,     „„  ,„.^  , 

K    Canada.     Causes  .njury  l.y  skelc,.,„,.i„,   U,.  upper  surface  of 
liM\es,  while  protecte<l  uiKlur  their  folds 

.W«//.--\Vi„«s  expanded,  »,„  ,nch,  dark  l,row,.  and  l.ordered  wi,h 
«  u.e.     1-ore  w.n.-s  .v,th  fwo  oval  white  spots;  hind  win^s  of  male  with 

spo  ,  o,  female  spot  divi.led.     Jiodv  Mack,  crosse.l  bv  two  w 
Lands  m    emale,  one  m  male.     .Antennx-  of  male  knotted  near   th 
middle.     Two  l.niods;  Mav  and  Julv-\u.i;ust 

.iotf^o^S""^'  ^""""'^  "'"  ^'"«'>-  ""  """-  -^  "f  '-f-      »"-- 

Una.  -One  inch  lonp-  when  full  ^rown;  wi.lest  in  middle   yellowish 
rcett  on  sules;  head  and  pro.horacic  shiel.l  li.ht  hrown;  si,h^  oT      , 

'L,      F  r         n"    "'"'""  '"  ■'"'•^•'  ^"""''  '"  '^^•l"-  October. 

-.::Ma2r;:Lz£.'^;;bef:r ''■"'- ------  ^-^ 

,^^  0,„/™/.-Spray  w,th  arsenate  of  lead  sh.Mtly  after  blossoms  have 

Purple-backedCabbage Worm  (7;r,r,c.v//.  ,/,„,,,„/,■,,  Ouen  )  -   Iniuri 
^..-  m^e   Maritime   ..rovinces  and  Southern  States  to  turniilTri 

.l</.W/.--Small,     winK-e.xpanse     ",,    inch;    fore  wiuRs  pale  satinv- 
.  low  with  a  heart-shaped  diseal  spot,   two  transveL'wi^-v         . 
-  middle  of  win,s,  a  less  distinct  line  near  base  and  another  n^ 
;|P.  lundwmgs  silvery-whne  with  a  clear  black  margin.     June  and 

K:.  '  hllci:!!:^' we^k"'"^^  '"'"  '"  "'^'^^^^  "'  '°  -  ""  """-  -^f-^  "f 
/..''•^.-^Three-fourth  inch  long;  bristiv,  slender,  tapering  to  each 
;      ,  '>acl  purplish;  head,  anal  plate  and  two  spots 'on  second  s e^: 
''!■'-.    July  and  Sept.-Oct.     Full  grown  in  2  to  ,  weeks 

.■'/-.'.-Winters  as  a  chrysalis.     Two  broods  in  a  season,  the  last 
■,'"'-'       ■  """■'  '"J"'''™'-     ^'"'^■■'^'^y  ""•'-''^  l^roods  in  the  .South 


210 


F.CONOMtC   KNTOMDI.DC.Y 


CohW.— Same  as  for  impiirted  caliliage  worm  (Pieris  rap<t),  p.  176. 
Sugar  Beet  Web  Worm  {l.axosligc  sliiliralis  l.inn.).  Injurious  in 
Manitoba,  Sasl<alchewan  and  Allwrla  to  alfalfa,  turnips,  rape,  onions, 
peas,  cal)l)aKe,  and  oilier  garden  plants;  in  ihe  middle  western  states 
and  the  prairie  provinces  on  sugar  beets.  A  native  of  Kurope  and 
Northern  Asia. 

Adult.  -A  purplish-brown  moth,  with  darker  and  paler  liands;  wing 
ex|)anse  i  inch.     May  and  June. 

i>«j.— Broadly  oval,  J 25  inch  long,  pale  green;  laid  in  cluster- 
(3-10)  on  Ihe  leaves. 

Lana.-One  inch  long,  dark  with  a  white  stripe  down  the  liack  an^' 
one  on  each  side,  marked  with  many  black  and  white  tubercles. 

In  Colorado  the  first  brood  of  larvx-  feed  on  pigweed  and  alfalfa  in 
Jur";  the  second  brood  appears  in  July,  and  sometimes  injures  beets 
the  third  brood  about  mi<ldle  of  August  is  most  injurious.  Most  .'! 
the  larvx-  hibernate  in  the  ground  m  long  sdkeii  tubes. 

Pupa.— The  pupa  is  formed  in  early  spring  in  the  silken  tube. 
Greenhouse  Leaf  Tyer  (PMydamaferruf,<ilis  Hbn.j.—A  serious  pt-t 
in  greenhouses  to  violet,  rose,  carnation,  and  other  plants;  and  outdo..r> 
to  beet,  celery,  lettuce,  sweet  pea  and  other  jilants.  It  ties  up  con- 
tiguous leaves  by  webs  and  feeds  within,  skeletonizing  the  lea\i- 
Widely  distributed. 

Adult.— \  small  moth,  ^i  inch  wing  exjianse;  fore  wings  li;;l.t 
brown  and  with  blackish  cross  lines;  hind  wings  grey  with  darUi 
margins. 

£j,gs —Translucent,  oval  disks,  I32  inch  lo"g;  laid  in  cluster-  "i 
8  to  12;  hatch  in  ly-ao  days. 

/,<ir.a. -Three-fourths  inch  when  full  grown;  greenish  white  wi;'!  a 
green  lint  down  the  back  and  another  on  either  side;headstrawcolo,-l 
mottled.     Full  grown  in  3-5  weeks;  feeds  mostly  at  night. 
/"»/>«.— Formed  within  the  webbed  leaves. 

Ci)«/ro;.— Spray  or  dip  the  plants  in  solution  of  arsenate  of  le.il  :i* 
soon  as  larvie  are  observed;  hand  pick  infested  leaves. 


Craiibii).«  (Closk-wi.ngs) 

Root  or  Sod  Web  Worms  {Crambus  spp.).— In  July  and  .\ 

manv  small  "-revish  moths  with  closely  folded  wings  and  with  pi 


n-ASSIFlrATION   AND   DESCRIPTION   OP   COMMON    IXSKCTS       211 

ing  mouth-parts  (lal  ,ial  palpi)  are  common  on  grass  lands  and  colkct  in 
large  numbers  about  lights.  The  caterpillars  of  these  moths  live  in  the 
sod  in  silk-lmed  burrows  among  the  roots  of  the  grass,  feeding  upon 
them.     Corn  is  sometimes  injured. 

^Irfw/Zs.— Several  species;  yellowish-white  wings  with  silver  stripes 
bands,   gold   lines   and   other   markings.     Two   broods.     June  July.' 
£ggs.~Lmd  in  grass  land  in  June-July  and  again   Sept.  Oct  ■ 
oval,  yellowish,  ridged,  200  by  each  female;  hatch  in  6-10  days. 

iart'«.— Color  varying  from  yellowish-white  to  pink  to' reddish- 
surface  tubercled  with  tufts  of  bristly  hairs;  form  loose  silken  webs' 
and  feed  on  the  roots;  full  grown  in  5  to  7  weeks;  J  2  to  H  inch  long. 
Hibernate  in  webs  partly  grown. 

Pk/xe.— Cocoons  formed  often  in  the  larval  webs;  12  to  15  da>s. 
Co«<ro/.— Plow  land  early  in  autumn  to  prevent  egg  deposition' 
plow  early  in  spring;  use  trap-lanterns  to  catch  the  moths. 

Cranberry  Girdler  (Crambus  horluellus  Hbn.).-  (See  Hull.  554,  Bur. 
Knt.  U.  S.  Dep.  Agr.)  An  injurious  pest  of  cranberrv  vines,'  widelv 
distributed  in  United  States  and  Canada.  Its  host  plants  are  certain 
grasses,  Scirpus  americanus,  and  cranberry. 

The  moths  appear  in  June,  and  eggs  are  laid  on  the  trash  covering 
the  ground.  These  hatch  in  about  10  days.  The  larva  feeds  through- 
out the  summer  and  fall;  when  full  grown  it  is  about  half  an  inch  long 
with  dark  brown  or  black  head,  light  amber  colored  thoracic  shield  and' 
tip  of  abdomen,  and  sooty-white  body  bearing  many  long  and  short 
hairs  black  at  the  base.  It  forms  cocoons  in  October-November  but 
pupates  following  spring.  Duration  of  pupal  stage  about  3  weeks. 
The  cocoon  is  composed  of  scraps  of  ground  debris— bits  of  dead  leaves, 
bark,  twigs,  fine  roots,  grasses  and  sand— held  together  by  strands  of 
*iik.  Its  interior  is  lined  with  silk.  Variable  in  shape,  but  usuallv 
enlarged  at  one  end. 

Control.-FM  flooding  after  picking  the  crop;  sanding;  pruning. 
Uijier  Com  Stalk  Borer  {Dialraa  saccharalis  1-ab.).— A  serious  pest 
of  .Southern  corn  fields,  originally  of  sugar  cane.  The  caterpillar  feeds 
early  in  the  season  on  the  "throat"  of  the  young  corn,  destroying  the 
growing  tip,  and  later  feeds  as  a  borer  in  the  lower  stalk,  where  it 
niliornates. 

Adult.— h  pale  brownish-yellow  moth,  wing  expanse  of  ij^  inches 
lor,-  wings  darker  than  hind  wings  and  bear  faint  markings.     Wings' 


212  ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGV 

Ik'IiI  close  l()  IkuIv  whi'ii  ul  rot.  I'irsl  lirood  ;r|i|Hars  April  isl  Id 
May  i.ilh;  and  simmkI  Ijniixl  May  151I1  to  July  isl. 

^W-  Flat,  scale-like,  circular,  -'i,,,,  inch  long,  placed  in  rows 
overlapping  one  anollier  (2  25)  on  under  side  of  a  lower  leaf;  creamv 
white  at  first;  hatch  in  7  to  10  d«ys. 

/,un'a.— Robust,  dirty-white  caterpillar  i  inch  long,  thickly  covered 
with  roumhsh  dark  spots  each  with  a  single  bristle;  head  and  thoracic 
shield  hrownish-yellow.  Hil)crnatin(j  larva  is  unspotted.  Summer 
duration  20  to  .50  days. 

Pupa. — Lighl  yellow  chaiiKinK  to  rich  mahogany-brown,  ",s  inch 
long.  Pupation  in  the  stalk; duration  7  to  10  days.  (Consult  l''armers' 
Bulletin  634,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  .Xgr.) 

I'VKAlSllD.t 

European  Com  Borer  (I'ynnixln  nuhihiUs  Hbn.).  -  (Consult  Bull 
178,  Mass.  .\g.  E.xp.  St  )  .\  |)ale  yellowish  or  reddish  brown  moth  oi 
about  I  inch  wing  expanse,  introduced  from  Kurope  into  Massachusetl>, 
whose  larva  bores  into  corn  stalks.  Its  wild  food  plants  are  barnva^l 
grass,  foxtail,  pigweed,  and  its  cultivated  food  plants  are  corn,  hem|i, 
hops  and  millet.     .\  possible  serious  enemy  of  corn. 


'-Mm.- 


O.YM.KHIID.E 

Bee-moth  {Galltria  miUonella  Linn.).  Known  also  as  Wax-worn:. 
Often  a  serious  pest  of  bee-hives  feeding  on  stored  combs  and  honc\ . 
and  combs  occupied  by  bees. 

.l(i(«//.^VVings  ashy-grey,  hind  part  of  fore  wing  bronze  colore  I. 
body  brown,  about  '^s  inch  long.  Appears  .April  15th  to  Mav  1^11. 
and  again  in  July;  lays  her  eggs  in  hives  in  crevices  at  night. 

A',?«s-~Klliptical,  }  i,a  ini^h  long,  ])early  white— hatch  in  12  day-^ 

Aum;. --While;  i  inch  long;  feeds  at  night,  and  makes  silk-li'  i 
tunnels  in  the  comb. 

Pupa. — Formed  in  a  tough  cocoon  on  side  of  hive.     Hibernates 

Li/e-hislory.— In  the  north  two  broods  appear  -the  first  in  .M  > . 
the  second  in  July-August,  and  under  favorable  conditions  it  reqi:  '  - 
only  6  weeks  from  egg  to  adult. 

Control. — Keep  colonies  strong;  keep  Italian  bees;  use  well  n  if 
hives,  fumigate  with  carbon  bisulphide. 


C..ASSlnCAT,.,X   AXU   Dt^CKlniOX   OF   COMMOX   ,NSK<  ,s 


^'J 


''iivcmij.fi 


liuds  in  earlv  s|)rin<'  '  i-intral    Stales   on 

/W.     Ui.,i  m  mi,l>ummer  ;.n,l  halch  in  about  a  week 

l-ull  « „"  Ju,::."  "■"  ^"^™  '■"'''■     '"J--  •'-  '-Is  in  spri„«. 

/'"A"      Reildish-liniwn. 

(V'"/--"/.      Karly  s|,ra>i„„  will,  arM,,ale  of  |ea,l 

Apple  Leaf  Skeletonizer  (/'.„„.„,,„  /„„„„„„„//  ,<i|,.,,      .  ,,_,  ,. 

Two  ,..,ods  a  season.  May -JunrnclCr  ^""'^^^  ''^^^^  ''^""'■ 
/.«n.„.--- Small,  ',  inch  Um^,  greenish  or  hruwnish  with  a  1,1,  L 
shining  tuhercles  on  bark  behin.l  the  hea.l  and  „■  h  '"''^  ,\''^f^ 
>'ripe  along  each  side  of  back.  Fee  lit^  ngl  ,  .  '-"-'.'1-^- 
ann  Se,,t.  -  Oct.,  on  upper  surface  of  ^'Z  ^t^  I.  ,  ^f  Z^,;;;  f '^■ 
.-«  t   en,  and  giving  then,  a  rusty  blighted  appearanc^     '         ^"  " 

■  1  i':;';;;"™"'  ''"^""'  "•^- '--' '-  ^  ^"s'-  ~;  p^ic  brown, 
''i-k  zigzag  ii4;  h!  J  wi  Xg  vii'«^r:;r  ^'' ';  '^^r^^^^^ 

«..«.:.s.nged.     Kewg!„4t.^^ 

A'ffi.^-- White,  elongate  oval;  a  female  depositing  as  manv  as  .on 
>«J^  .ngly  ,n  flour,  in  cracks,  and  about  m^hinery;  ha^Lir 

One-half  inch  long;  white  with  line  blacl 


'.tlrvii. 


tr^'l  with  ha 


irs.     Fccd.s  withi 


n  a  silken  tube  and 


,  sparsely  cov- 


spins  a  silken 


214 


ECONOMIC   ENTOUOLOCY 


matting  the  Hour  together  and  causing  much  damage  Full  grown 
in  40  days. 

Pupa. — Formed  in  a  C(K(K>n;  duration  1 1  days;  cylindrical,  reddish- 
brown  above  and  lighter  below;  a  cluster  of  small  booklets  at  tip  of 
abdomen. 

Control. — Fumigate  with  carbon  bisulphide,  carbon  tetrachloride 
or  hydrocyanic  acid  gas;  or  better  still  raise  room  to  high  temperature 
of  120-130°  for  6  hours. 


Fif;.  133. — Mediterranean  flour  moth  iEphi'stia  kuthnidla) :  a.  mulh;  b.  same 
from  side,  resting;  c,  larva;  d,  pupa;  e,  abdominal  scKments  of  larva;  a-d,  enlarBed; 
e,  more  enlarged.     {After  Chittenden,  U.  .S.  bur.  lint.) 

Indian  Meal-moth  (Plodia  inkrpunclella  Hbn.).  Ailult. — A  pyralld 
moth,  ?4  inch  wing  expanse.  Fore  wings  with  outer  portion  red- 
dish-brown with  fine  transverse  markings,  the  middle  copper  and  tht- 
Inner  portion  grey;  hind  wings  grey.  A  new  generation  In  about  fi\i 
weeks. 

Eggs. — Small,  whitish;  as  many  as  350  eggs  laid  either  singly  m 
in  clusters;  hatch  In  4  days. 

Larva. — One-half  inch  long,  whitish  or  pinkish,  sparsely  hairy. 

Pupa. — Cocoon  elliptical-cylindrical. 

Gelechiid.* 

Angoumois  Grain  Moth  (Sitolroga  cerealella  Oliv.).  Adult.  > 
small  moth  like  a  clothes  moth;  ^  inch  long;  yellowish-grey.  Hi'  I 
wing  dark  grey,  bordered  with  fine  silvery  fringe.  Fore  wing  witli  1 
black  dot  between  base  and  middle. 

Es,gs. — Milky-white  to  pale  red;}^o  inch  long;  bottle-shaped:  60 
egg-,  hatching  in  4  to  10  days. 


CLASSIFICATION-   AN 


I)    DKSCRIP 


rioN  (IK  Common  inskc 


rs     2 1 ! 


AurtM.— Body  white,  dcnsel 


y  covered  wilh  lirisll 


.,.K.;;2."'-"""~"-""'- ■"«;'=, 

Peach  Twig  Borer  (.  I «,;r,<m //,„.„/,//„  z,||eri      De.truniv,. ,  . 
.■I(/h//.— Dark  grev;  wings  frinircd  iviih  v,.|l,,„-:  i  r 

/.«.™,-One-half  inch  l„nK;  dull  reddish-l,r,nvn  with  dark-l,nnvn 
ead;  w,n  ers  m  silken  cases  honea.h  outer  lark  at  hase  of  n  w  «r ,    ,, 

S^ri2tr"^^"^"'---"'^ -ackstipsrS 

/;»^<;.-Reddish-l,rown,  >i  inch  long;  duration  lo  ,.  davs 
6««W._L,me-sulphur  just  after  buds  l.e^in  to  swell       ' ' ' 
Patoer  Worm  mho,n,'rh  liguMla  Hiil,ner..--(Consult  Bull    ,8- 
<nrnel|    Agr    Kxp     Stn.)     A.ln„.^^    „,■„,„    ,.l,„i,h"    incid 
moth,   expandmg   ?«    inch;  fore  wing  sprinkled   with  ilk  scls 
nd  niarked  near  n,id<lle  with  4  hlack   marks;   hind   wing  fr  nS' 
•lusky      July.    Hibernates  as  adult.  ^  'ringed, 

£««s.-Probably  laid  in  Mav,  and  hatch  in  2  weeks 
/.«r™.-Skeletonizes  the  leaf  and  eats  holes  in  the  young  fruit  of 
pple;  a  small  caterpdiar,  H  inch  long;  brownish-green-  head  ligh 
hrown.     Dorsal  surface  with  two  lateral  and  two  dortalwhitth strip's 

.l.rS-;;  claTs'"  '™""  "''"''  ''''''"'  '"  '^'^^  '>■  ^  '"^-  ^"k  'breads, 

The  Lesser  Bud  Moth  (Rea.naria  nanrlla  Hbn.),  a  native  of  Furone 

.H.urs  m  the  eastern  half  of  the  Inited  States  and  in  Nova  ScZ 

and  attacks  the  buds  of  apple  trees.  ' 

CEcopi[ORrD.E 
Parsnip  Web  Worm  (Oepressarla  hnadiana  DeG.V--\  furoncT, 


ai6 


KKINOMIC    ENTliMclLlKiY 


II'" 


Adiill.  (ircyisli  liiilT  iir  iialf  iKhrcims,  marked  willi  fuscous 
S|M)ts;  :'4  inch  wiiiK  expanse;  July  AutfUst. 

Efif^s.     Laid  in  Afay  on  leax'cs,  stem  and  on  sheath  iif  inflorescence. 

Larva.  Pale  yellow  or  liluish  Krey,  marked  with  lilack  tuliercles 
bearinu  bristles;  head  and  thoracic  plate  bluish  black;  'j  inch  loni;, 
Larvx'  first  web  the  flower-heads  tonelher  and  feed  on  the  flowers 
anil  unripe  seeds;  they  then  enter  the  hollow  stems  and  feed  on  the  soft 
pith. 

I'upa.  I'ormed  within  the  hollow  stem  in  a  silken  cocoon.  Dura- 
tion 2-,i  weeks. 

Conlrol.  Spray  carefully  the  tlower-heads  as  soon  ;is  webliinn  i> 
ob.served  with  an  arsenical. 

.Kc;i  Klli>.K  =  Si:siii)i.    iCii  \K    \\i\(;si 

Peach  Tree  Borer  [Syiitinllnih'ii  (.nV/nvn  Sayi.  iCoii^ult  Cir.  54, 
1'  \  of  Knt.,  U.  S.  I)e)..  A^.;  Hull.  170,  C'orjiell  .\n.  K.\|i.  St.)  .\  native 
i.:  '.ct  occurring  wherever  peaches  are  grown  east  of  the  Rockies. 

Adull.  A  slender  dark-blue  clear-winKed  wasp-like  moth.  Alal. 
moth  with  \vint;s  transparent  anil  bordered  with  steei  blue;  expanib 
I  inch.  Kemale  moth  with  fore  winKs  blue  and  clothed  with  scales 
hind  wings  transparent  resembling  the  male;  a  broad  orange  ban- 
about   middle  of    abdomen;   expands    I'o    inches.     July  September 

liggs.-  Minute,  oval,  yellowish-brown;  and  hexagonally  sculp 
tared;  truncate  at  one  end;  ilei>osited  on  the  bark  near  surface  -  : 
ground.  Kach  female  may  lay  from  ,^oo  400  eggs;  hatch  in  abou 
10  days. 

Lana.— One  inch  long  when  full  grown,  robust,  yellowish-whii. 
with  head  and  first  segment  white.  Viuing  larva  bores  into  sa; 
wood  at  or  below  surface  of  ground,  and  continues  feeding  well  in 
the  fall,  and  after  hibernating  resumes  feeding  in  spring,  reaching  I' 
growth  from  July  ist-September.  Exudation  of  gum  mi.xeil  wi 
bits  of  bark  and  excrement. 

Pupa-  Cocoondike  cell  elongated,  made  of  grass  and  bits  of  ba 
attached  with  gum  and  threads  of  silk.     Duration  about  ,?   wei 
One  generation  each  year. 

Conlrol.-l'Tohe  or  cut  out  the  caterpillar  in  fall  or  early  spri; 
mounding  up  the  earth  about  base  of  tree  in  s|>ring;  jiroleil  ir' 
with  paper  or  wire  covering  or  netting  (see  Ohio  Bull.  320). 


'l.ASSrKlCAnnN    AM.    LKmriimIuN    ok    ruMM„v    INSI,  IS 


-''7 


Lesser  Peach  Borer  ,.Sv,MW/,„/,.„  ^w,><  <;.  ..kI  K..     ihi.  „.,iv.. 

.    h..  N.u.lu.rn  Sta,..   an.l  fre,,u..,„l>  ,1,,,.  .  „nsi,U.ral-l..  i„i„rv.     'IV 
an,   Lores  as  a  rul.  al,„u.  .h.. .vd  „n  ,1,..  Irunks  a,„    l,ra,„ h 

.  .ul    he.  m„.h  .mew.  in  June  an,l  July.     Al,„u,  a  m„„,l,  ..arli,.  ,       ' 
■nSr     ^""^'  ''>■  ""'^  --  --">•  -ll.nvsn,..„a„i.U  a,.,|.:ant: 

Imported  Currant  Borer  ( .Vv,„„„/,„/„„  /,>„/»„.,«„  |.i,„,  , ,      ,,,,</, 
A  smal    cl.ar-w,n«„|  n„„h,  •■.,  i„,„  .xpans..;  l,„.lv  l.la.k  wi,l,  a  v.  Lv 
'"1    ^'1"-;    •!»■    n„k,    a,„l    ,l,ra.   vHl.uv   l,an,|s   a.r,.,   ,|, 

al'"»l(mi-lh,nl  Irnm  Ih,.  ii|,,      |,„„.  mi  ■  a  lujw 

/Vwv^    Small,   l,nnv„,   ul.,l„,la,-;    ,,laM.|    ,„   a^iU,„    |,,,„.„   „,    ,„ 
1  lacks  III  ilii'  (ams. 

!.>inv.     lUn-s  inl<>  piil,  „|  ,  .„n.  .|,|,|  ,„.,|^,„^ 

It,    tthcTl    full 


(,'roivri 


.  liiiiK  l.lai  k  lunml  in 

m.h  1„„K,  yellowish;  lua,l  brown;  numerous 


.nl-rcles  on  ho.ly.     Half  «rown  l.^  winler;  hiiie^na,;:;;;' ,::;;;;,  of 
I'urrow;  full  grown  in  May.  """om  oi 

/'"/"'■     Pupates  in  lunnel.     Adull  enuTKes  in  June 
..n'r^tsprm^  """""'  -«'"-""  ->"^'^--leanesm 

.../^:^Sir:i::r:;r '""'"'-'■ '- ^ '"-"■- 

May  i'      '    "      "'      ""'"'    '^'""•"''    "'"'    -'"'   ^''"'""H.n  tufl^l. 

''■.,<,m;,(.     l.aiil  in  roush  pkiie^on  irunk 

'■•>nv      A  white  eaterpilk.r,  i  ,  ineh  lon^;  hea.l  >  ellow;  Ihoraeie  shieM 
l.|^..  yeUow.     Hurrows  mainlv  Just  I.elow  the  hark,  often  in  .leveC 

/'»^i;.- Formed  at  surface. 

t»«/w/.- Apply  soap-carholie  wa>h  earlv  in  spring 

Squash-vmeBorer(.l/,/////„.v„/yr/«,7„r,,„,vIII,n.i.      Ul,</1  -   \do-n 

^i-^r''H!n,i""  "'"'"'""*•     '■"-«">«-.-l--'l-kme,an^ 
"I  I -green.     Hin<l  wmjrs  transparent 


■  ith  ora 


iiKe  or  black  .ind  hron 


I  fri 


white  bands.     June  -July 


ize  marks;  legs 


nt'e  black.     Al.'do- 
"range;  tarsi  black 


}|8 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOCY 


A>u,!.  Oval,  (lull-ri'd;  '  js  incK  long;  laid  singly  on  slcms  of  plant; 
hatch  in  i-j  weeks. 

Larva.  Whitish,  stout,  i  inch  long;  mature,  n  4  weeks;  tunnels 
in  the  main  stem.     Hiljirnates  in  the  north  in  a  cocoon  in  the  ground. 

y'u^a.-  Formed  in  tough  silken  cocoons  in  ground,  in  spring  in 
North;  pupa  dark  lirown  with  a  horn  on  head  and  hook-like  spines  on 
abdomen;  Jx  inch  hmg. 

Blackberry  Crown  Borer  (Hemheiin  mtitf,inala  Harris).  Occurs  from 
Canada  to  New  Mex'co. 

Adult. — A  clear-winged  moth,  i' 4  inches  wing  expanse;  fore  wings 
with  a  transverse  band  on  outer  third;  abdomen  black,  with  four 
bright  yellow  cross  bands;  last  segment  of  female  yellow,  of  male 
black  mixed  with  yellow.     ,\ug.  Sept. 

Eggs. — Oval,  reddish-brown,  Jin  inch  long;  laid  singly  on  under 
side  of  leaves,  about  140  by  each  female. 

Larva. — At  first  white  with  a  brownish  head,  hibernating  undi  r 
bits  of  bark  or  just  below  surface  of  ground.  In  spring  bores  into 
root  girdling  it;  hibernating  again  in  its  burrow;  in  second  spring  bores 
upward,  and  becomes  full  grown  iri  July. 

Pupa. — Reddish  brown,  ?'4  inch  long,  J5-,?o  days;  formed  in  burrou 
near  surface  of  cane.  Empty  pupal  skin  usually  |>rotrudes  from  open 
ing  when  moth  emerges. 

Control. — Remove  infested  canes  during  spring  and  fall  whin 
thinning  and  pruning,  and  burn  them. 


ToRTKitiNA  Group 
Eucosmidn 

Apple  Leaf  Sewer  (.\ncyUs  nubeculana  Clemens). — (Consult  X.  N 
State  Mus.  Bull.  124;  Bull.  435,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agr.)  General' 
distributed  over  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 

Adult. — A  small  white  tortricid  moth  with  brown  markings;  \\\'  1 
expanse  %  inch.     May-June. 

Eggs. — Laid  in  June  on  under  side  of  leaf;  flat,  oval-shaped,  flant;i 
minute,  yellow;  hatch  in  8  days. 

£arra.— One-half  inch  long;  yellowish-green;  head  yellow;  thora- 
shield  darker  with  a  black  dot  on  each  side;  each  body  segment  «    1 
pale  tubercles  bearing  a  single  hair.    Hibernates  in  folded  leave: 


w  ?. 


CLASSintATION   AMD   UESIH„.„,.N    „f   n,«M,.N    INSM TS       .19 

,„,1       ■ .     ""'■», "^4  wi-eks  of  „s  life  un.lcr  a  silken  covrrinK  o,-  the 

It  folds  the   eaf  al,.nK  .he  n,i,l-rll,  an.l  forms  its  nest  within. 

^-pa.  -Dark  yellowish-brown,  hut  hea.l,   eves   an.l  win.  shields 
I'lack  mottle,!  with  yellow.     Duration  al.out  todays 


Flc;    134.— Codlinn  molh.     /l.  adult  moth  with  winus  i-xi,an,r,.,l.   « 
"Urged;  C.  half  of  worra-eatct,  ap„k.;  D.  c„c„„n  w,lh  .^mv     u™ \h',lf '     ""  ".'■'"  '' 

»  -.p  l«gir,nin«  to  close;  c.  too  late  ,0  spray.     (S^-a"^^;,  £;;.1',7  ■"""'»  f»" 

,.  '^°^'^'^°*  (Carporapsa  pomonella  Linn.).~  This  European  insect 
'»  probably  the  most  destructive  of  apple  insects  and  is  practicallv 
cosmopolitan  (Fig.  154).  I  ri<-ucaii> 

lrf««.-A  small  greyish-brown  moth,  ^i  inch  expanse;  fore  wings 
cro-^ed  by  alternate  irre!<ular  transverse  waxv  bands  of  brown  .md  erev 
^n..  w.th  a  large  dark  brown  spot  in  the  inner  hind  angle;  hind  wings 


220  ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 

light  silky  hrownish-yollow,  darlier  towaril  Iht-  frin>!i.'<l  margin. 
Flies  at  niglit,  aluiut  i  2  vvreks  after  the  pelals  fall.  Sometimes 
emerges  as  late  as  July  isl  in  northern  districts. 

KgHs.  -.\  minute  thin  scale-like  white  oliject,  '  jr,  'r"^h  in  diameter, 
at  first  transparent  hut  later  with  a  hlackish  streak.  Each  female 
ileposits  60  to  75  eggs,  mainly  ( .1  the  leaves  i  to  ,5  weeks  after  the 
blossoms  fall;  hatch  in  5  10  (la\s,  or  from  ,>,  to  4  weeks  after  petal- 
fall;  60  to  80  per  cent,  of  larv;t'  enter  the  young  fruit  at  the  calyx  end. 

Larva. — .\t  first  whitish  with  distinct  black  tubercles  on  the  bod> 
and  black  head;  later  the  tubercles  less  di-linct.     When  full  grown  lar\;i 


':M-^'^ 


k::::. 


Fig,    13^,--  Larv.T  :nn1  piipiu  uf  ihu  riKlliiiK  niulh  in  the  Ij.irk. 

is  -'4  inch  long,  whitish  or  [)inkish,  head  dark  brown,  tufjerclesindistiiu 
thoracic  and  anal  shields  light  brown.  Matures  in  ,^-4  weeks.  Wiiiti 
as  a  larva  within  a  white,  tough,  silken  cocoon  (Figs.  134  and   1 ;; 

Pupa.     Pale  brown;  '  j  inch  long,  back  armed  with  transverse  ro- 
of minute  spines;  within  a  cocoon;  duration  of  sjjring  pupae  aboui 
days,  of  summer   pupa'   about  15    days    (July    .^oth-August   14II1 
Maine). 

I.ife-hislory.  -Winters  as  a  full  grown  larva  within  a  cocoon  on 
trunk,  under  bark,  etc.;  about  the  time  of  apple  blossoming  the  la 
transforms  to  a  pupa,  and  the  moth  emerges  i.,  to  22  days  later,  i 
eggs  are  laid  singly  on  the  leaves,  stems,  and  even  fruit,  where  r 
hatch  in  7  to  10  days.  'Ihe  young  larva  feeds  for  a  short  time  on 
leaves,  but  linds  its  way  to  the  fruit  which  it  enters  usually  at  the  i.i 
end.     It  then  makes  its  way  to  the  core.     When  full  grown  in  ,; 


rr.AssiFir.\Tio\  and  description  of  common  inskcts     221 

w.Tksilmakisils»ay„ul„li|u-Mp|.l.-l,VMr.,.ni.ll„,l.aiHll„„U^,|,l„v 
un.UT  lurk,  rlc,  l„  nmk,-  ii,  c„> ,.     \VIh„  a  .,..,„„l  l,„„„l  ,„,u,> 

tl^i^V^SS'— ■  '  I  ■■■'■      I     'i\■'^<!^-''^l^■'r 

*^r.rsl  brood  fg^s  I 

~  Tni  (rood  lartac 
1^-1 -^-Y   "      rirjJ  brood  cocoon  J 


LIFI  HISTORY  CHWT 

OF 

TVC  CODLINB  MOTH. 

Utah  Experiment  Sution 


±J_ 


^ond  brood  egjt 


I  I  If  T  ^  ^i  L 


Second  brrxxl  Imvat 


7 


j  Second  boorfcMOon'        .Ji  ^"^A  '         >    ^ 

.if,.— Chart  showinii  lifi-history  of  the  codhtiK  moth  ivith 


spr.iying  anj  handing  in  Utah.     (.l/<,-r  //ujou. 


;iiK«tst<-(J  tiine,^  .,r 


FlC.    I.J7.-Th..  ,irM|„Tl,nu   ■   ,    ;,:.,.,   :.  r  :  he  ojdlinn  m-,th. 

tl>'    moths  emerKe  thr„uKh(iut  .\ukuM,  an.l  the  sc»,nd  l.ro,,.!  larvu 
'•-  r  the  applet  fhicliy  fr„ni  liic-  si.ie.     In  .\„rlhcrn  \,w  Kn»;kin.l  an,l 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


I: 


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I  SS. 

»aj. 


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Ps    AS 


SS 


93 


S^ 


SS 


4.= 


is! 

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as 

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1  M 

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ClASSIFICATION  AND   DESCRIPTION   OF   COMMON   INSECTS       22., 


. 


■^"1 


O  3  -  (9 


i:->|   I  ASS 


?c-3 


ss 


'-■2-  ■ 


Si 


■^  J  14 


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f       -s"       >■  ii-   : 

S            S            to  '?    ^ 

5            3           ^-  I   < 

»        »        g  ^  La 


224 


F.CONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


Canada,  with  llio  fx.cplinn  of  .Scullurri  ()nlarii>,  llicrf  is  Iml  „ru.  linuid 
a  Vfar,  wifli  a  vi-ry  small  MCTdrilaKi-  IransforniiiiK  lo  make  a  partial 
sironil  Kfrii-ratiiin,  hut  furllaT  sdiitli  lla-rcarc  t  wd  or  fvcji  Ihrce  hroods. 
J'tirasiles,  liti-.-Triihof^nimmn  priiiosa,  Trombidium  on  i-j!ks; 
I'impla  anmilipes,  Macrotcnlnis  iMiialiis,  Asaigtuler  carpoiapsa. 
Iloplettis  margiiuilm,  l/yposlciui  varinhilis  and  Tathinoplnlo  on  larva-; 


Tu:.    13«.  — Hiul  m„tl, 


I.  Ailiill    mnlh;  2,  larva;  3.  pup:.   (,li,rsal  view);  4. 
(ventral  view;.     {After  DuPorlc.) 


some  beetles  (Teiiebroides  corticalis)  two  species  of  ants,  Lasim  iii. 
and  Soleiiopsis  molesia,  woodpeckers  and  chickadees.  (Consult  Hi 
142,  Cornell  Ag.  Exp.  St.;  Bull.  41,  80,  97,  115,  189,  2„,  n.  s.,  H 
Knt.,  U.  S.  Dep.  Ag.;  Bull.  187,  Ont.  Dep.  Agric.) 

CoH/ro/.— Spray  with  arsenical  just  after  the  blossoms  fall,  and  ivi 
m  3  weeks;  destroy  fallen  fruit;  band  trees  about  July  ist;  fumir 
fruit-houses  with  sulphur  to  kill  the  moth  (Fig.  i  ^6  and  137). 


CLASSIFICATION   AND   DESCRIPTION   OF   COMMON   INSECTS      ..5 

Bud  Moth  {Tmelocera  ocellana  D.  and  S  )  — frnn.„lt  n  ii 
107,  Cornell).-The  caternillar  ..f  ih?         .u     *^°"'""  ^ulls.  50  and 
injury  to  the  unfoldin^fl  we    aid  tfT'     'Tf"""'  """'  '"^"""^ 

and  July  and  deposits  eggs  (Fig   138)  Emerges  m  June 


Pig-    U9.-Scasonal  history  of  the  bud  moth  in  Quebec. 


oi.  l-ark  of  twi^     eZZ        ''*":«™7  '^""  '"  ^"1^"  oval  silken  cases 


226 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


nnoim   within  a   tulii'  of   lan)jlc<l   kavts.     Pupal  stage  lasts  about 
10  days. 

Life- history. — Hibernates  as  a  half-grown  larva,  and  matures  in 
June;  pupal  stage  lasts  to  days  and  moth  emerges  in  July  to  deposit 
eggs.  Youug  caterpillars  feed  on  epidermis  of  under  side  of  leaf  and  on 
green  tissue  within  a  silken  tube  for  protection.  Toward  the  end  of 
September  they  leave  their  silken  tubes  and  form  oval  silken  cases  on 
the  smaller  twigs  near  the  buds,  where  they  hibernate  (Fig.  139). 


Fir..  140. — Pea  moth:  a.  a  full  grown  '■worm"  or  caterpillar  (enlar«<  'i; 
b.  adult  muth  v/.th  wings  expanded  (enlarged);  c.  adult  moth  with  wings  clu^■.  i; 
(/.  a  group  of  live  peas  injured  by  the  eaterpillar  of  the  pea  moth. 

Parasiles.—Pimpla  conquisitor,  Bassus  earinoides,  Trichograiifna 
pretiosa  (Pentarlhron  mintUum),  Opius  sp.,  Microdus  lati     ctus. 

Control. — Spray  with  arsenate  of  lead  when  buds  at>;  expanrii'ig, 
when  the  leaves  are  expanded,  and  before  and  after  blossoming. 

Argyroploce consanguinana  Walshm.  is  another  bud  pest  of  occasional 
importance. 

Pea  lAoih  (Las peyresia  nigrkana  Steph.).  Adult. — A  small  :  ly 
moth  %  inch  long.     July  (Fig.  140). 


CtA.S.nCAT,0.  ,SU   OKSCK,Px:0.   OP   COMHO.  ,,3ECTS       »; 
flllr^f^  in  the  growing  pod;  hatch  in  about  2  weeks 

.       within  the  pod  on  the  greet  peas  "'  '''''"  ^""  8™*"'  '^''""8 

the  ground,  and  begirf  el  lal!^  """u  ""''^^  ^™'"  ^"^-"ns  in 
About  the  ;„d  of  Ju';  thH  rl^em^r^''':"'  '"  '"'°"  '  *-''- 
ova,  cocoons  near  L   urtiXr^S  ^aiL^^.^t::"  -"  -^" 

in^stn;f--i-si-:s:---j"p^^^^^^ 

repeat  in  10  days  P  ''"''  ^a"s  green  and 

early  woric  of  thi^  wor™  iL  S,"';,^"^rof^h"rH!°^^-^  '^^ 
"nly  nearer  the  surface  on  the  fle!h  L^nde  the  ^V  I  ^°™' 
arv.  hatched  in  August  often  eat  on  the  ,",    ,  'oVthT'f  ''  'T" 

patches,  and  with^'gr^lTeltilLTrandTueTbLrr  ^---^ 
wmgs  dusky  grey  at  base,  shading  to  black  at  aDex     An  '  '""'' 

June  about  the  same  time  as  the  Codling  Mo  ha„rf       '    "'  '"  '"'^ 

^....-Glistening  white,  minute,  flaf,  ova^'and  coTerJ,"  "^T"- 
work  of  irregular  ridges.    Deposited  on  bo'h  sfdes  of  ll     ""l^  """ 
upper  surface  of  fruit,  stems,  etc;  hatch  in  4  6  dlys        ^''''  '"'  °" 

anal  plate  brownish,  with  a  ^rolZTo:!^^^^^ 

ur^if-o^- J-^.^—  ^- --^^  S^ 

pupal  case  usually  attached  to  cocoon.  ^^^'^    ^-"P'^ 

C»„;r»;.--As  for  Codling  Moth  but  sprav again  in  Augu.f  H    , 
Wftthorns  in  vicinity.  '  •'^"gust,  destroy 


238 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


Laspeyresia  moksla  Busck.— A  new  si)ecas  found  injurious  to 
peach  in  District  of  Columbia. 

Clover   Seed   Caterpillar    {Laspeyresia  inlerslinclana  Clcnuns).- 
(Consult  Bull.  134,  111.  Ag.  Exp.  St.)     Injures  heads  of  red  clover, 
white  clover  and  alsike. 

Adtill. — A  silky  dark  brown  moth,  expanding  about  ':i  inch;  fore 
wings  with  8  or  9  silvery  markings  along  the  front  margin,  and  2 
I  irved  markings  on  hind  margin  forming  two  crescents  when  wings 
are  closed;  hind  wings  dark  brown  with  pale  fringes.  Probably  three 
broods  each  season.     May  June;  July;  Aug. -Sept. 

£ggs. — At  first  green,  later  yellowish- white;  slightly  flattened 
orbicular;  hatch  in  5  or  6  days;  laid  on  young  clover  heads,  or  on 
young  stems  and  leaflets  near  the  base. 

iaria.— One-third  inch  long ;  dirty-white  to  orange ;  head  dark  brown 
and  polished;  thoracic  shield  yellowish  or  dark  brown  with  a  clear  me- 
dian line;  dorsal  tubercles  arranged  in  2  pairs  and  bearing  hairs;  body 
with  several  pale  stiff  hairs.     Mature  in  4  to  5  weeks. 

Pupa. — Brown,  }-i  inch  long.  Cocoon  oval,  white,  silken,  usually 
with  bits  of  flower  tissue  and  excrement  attached.  Spun  in  a  dovir 
head  or  at  surface  of  ground.    Duration  14  to  ,50  days. 

Control. — Cut  and  store  the  clover  crop  early  in  June;  do  not  allow 
clover  to  run  for  more  than  2  years. 

Grape  Berry  Moth  (Polychrosis  vileana  Clemens). — (Consult  Bull. 
223,  Cornell  and  Bull.  293,  Ohio).  A  serious  grape  pest  causingwormy 
grapes. 

Adult. — A  purplish-brown  tortricid  moth,  }'2  inch  expanse;  v,-\k> 
leaden-blue  with  dark  spots.     Two  broods. 

£jgj — Minute,  whitish  and  scale-like,  laid  on  stems  of  flower  clusl  <  r- 
or  later  on  the  green  berries;  hatch  in  4-8  days. 

ioma— Mature  caterpillar,  %  inch  long,  dark  green  to  purpli-h; 
head  light  brown;  thoracic  shield  black;  body  covered  with  ni  ay 
faint  spots  bearing  whitish  hairs;  3  weeks. 

Pupa. — Formed  in  a  thin  silk  cocoon  in  a  piece  of  leaf;  light  gr  n- 
ish-brown.     Duration  10-14  days. 

Life-history.— In  June- July  the  moths  appear  and  lay  their  .  M- 
in  the  blossoms  and  on  young  grapes.  The  young  larva  feed  on  i!u' 
blossoms  and  young  berries,  webbing  the  clusters  together,  i  iv 
mature  in  3  weeks  and  pupae  are  formed  in  cocoons  made  from    it? 


CLASSIFICATION   AND   DESCRIPTION   OF   COMMON   INSKCTS      Jig 

of  leaf  and  lined  with  silk.  Moths  emerRe  in  to  to  ,4  davs  in  early 
August.  1  he  eggs  of  second  generation  are  laid  on  the  berries,  and  the 
arviE  feed  on  the  pulp  and  seeds.  -Sometimes  there  is  a  third  generation 
Winter  is  passed  in  the  pupal  stage. 

C««W.-.Spray  with  arsenate  of  lea.l,  4  11,,,  Hor.leaux  .m  :  50,  and 
2  lb.  dissolved  soft  soap  just  after  blooming,  in  .\ugusl,  when  the 
berries  are  half-grown,  or  about  7  weeks  after  the  grapes  bloom,  use 
6  lb.  arsenate  of  lead. 


Tl,KTRICID.f:    (I,E.\F    ROLLKHS) 

Fruit  Tree  Leaf  RoUer  (Caca^aa  anyro.pila  Walker).- (Consult 

1  ^     ;    TT\  """■  '5°'  O"'-  ""^^P-  Ag.)     A  serious  enemv  of  the 

itZ      A  1       ""'"    ''  """^''^  ^'^°  f"^^"  ='"d  P'"™^.  and  ^"me 
snade  and  forest  trees. 


Pig.  Ml^EKg-masses  of  fruit  trco  leaf  rolk-r.  p.c    , , ,  _p,„i,  ,„.„  ,,  „, 

Natural  sue.     'After  Ca,sar,  r.AxJ?' l^lZl:^' ^'J:^, 

Natural  size.     {After  Caesar.) 

«  h;f.t!■T^^''°"^"^^'  '"°"''''  ^''^  ^  ™^ty-brown  shade  and  silverv- 
«  nte  markings,  hind  wings  light  ashy  brown  without  markings,  H  inTh 
«mg  expanse.     Early  July;  one  brood  each  year  (Fig.  14;)     ' 
v,r„M  •  .    "^  l"  "PP-^^^'deof  twigs  in  small  oval,  flat,  greyish 

n:::trz^r:^;j-t^-^--.^'^  -^  egg-mass,  in  j^,; 


are  opening.     Hibernate  (Kit'.  ,4,). 


k 


r.urv<e.~M  first  are  black-headed  and 


,  ,  ,  h"-*-",  ^1^  K'uetiier 

^es  and  blossoms  with  a  silk  web,  later  cut  large  irregul 


green;  tie  together  the  young 


lar  cavities 


J30 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


out  o(  young  fruil.  Injured  fruit  falls  or  is  deformed.  The  leaves  are 
also  badly  injured.  Full  grown  in  three  weeks;  about  i  inch  long; 
light  green;  head,  thoracic  shield  and  legs  brown  to  black. 

Pupa. — Formed  within  a  rolled  leaf,  brownish;  duration  about  lo 
days. 

Cofi/ro/.— Spray  with  lime-sulphur  (32°)  and  lead  ar.scnate  (3  lb.  to 
100  gal.  water)  about  May  15,  June  i  and  June  15;  use  Scalecide 
(i  to  15)  just  before  leaf-buds  burst  to  destroy  the  eggs. 

Cherry  Tree  Tortriz  {Cacatia  cerasivorana  Fitch).— A  pest  of 
cultivated  and  choke  cherries. 

Adult. — A  tortricid  moth,  expanding  about  an  inch;  front  wings 
ochreous  yellow  with  irregular  brownish  spots  and  many  transvcrsi- 
pale  blue  bands.    July-August. 

Eggs. — Laid  in  flat  gluey-covered  masses  on  twigs  mainly  near  thr 
ground;  hibernate;  hatch  in  spring. 

ianiiB.— Lemon-yellow,  ?s  inch  long;  colony  forms  nest  enclosed 
in  silk  web.     Mature  in  July. 

Pupa. — Formed  within  the  dirty  ugly  nest.  Duration  10  lo  14 
days.    Pupal  skins  project  from  nest. 

Control. — Cut  out  and  burn  the  nests  before  the  moths  emerge. 

Oblique  Banded  Leaf  Roller  {Cacacia  rosaceana  Harris).— In juriou- 
to  leaves  and  buds  of  orchard  trees  and  small  fruits;  widely  distributtil. 

Adult. — A  yellowish-brown  tortricid  molh  with  three  obli(|Ui- 
dark  bands  across  the  fore  wings;  bell-shaped  with  wings  folded;  himl 
wings  pale  yellow.    End  of  June. 

Eggs. — ^Laid  in  flat  patches  on  the  bark  where  they  winter. 

Larva. — Roll  up  and  fasten  together  the  young  leaves  within  whi>  h 
they  feed;  %  inch  long;  yellowish-green;  head  and  thoracic  shield  brown- 
ish-black; two  broods,  one  feeding  in  May-June,  the  other  in  Jul^- 
August. 

Pupa. — A  dark  brown  object  formed  in  its  silken  shelter  in  foli'  I 
leaves. 

Control. — Spray  with  arsenate  of  lead  in  early  spring  and  Ji'y. 

Cacacia  scmiferana  occurs  on  apple. 

The  Large  Aspen  Tortriz  {Cacacia  conflictana  Walk.)  occurrcil  in 
destructive  numbers  in  Manitoba  in  1916-17  on  aspen  poplars,  altho  .'li 
it  is  usually  a  rare  insect.  According  to  Criddle  the  adult  emergt  in 
July  and  lays  flat  masses  of  eggs  on  the  leaves.    The  cateipillars    il 


CLASSIFICATION  AND   DESCWPTION   OF   COMMON   INSECTS 


lioles  in  the  leaves  and  i 


JJi 


nuch 


:„,„...         ..  :■ — "«•     About  Ihcemlof  JuIvThevifo 

■nto  h  bernafon  re,uminK  feeling  in  the  sprinR  an.l  pupa/ing  in  Jul v 
Ihe  natural  mean.s  of  control  are  hymenopterous  parasites  bir.ls  a „  | 
sudden  climatic  changes  in  earlv  spring  '       ' 

Lesser  Apple  Leaf  RoUer  (/'.„„„<,  „,„„/„  R„l,.).^  Sometimes  iniu 
iirown,  also  a  pest  of  cranberry  bogs. 

Jrf«//,-Small,  ■■',  ,„.  h  wmg  expanse;  fore  wings  of  summer  br,H>,l 

Am-    Minute,  disk-like,  yellow;  laid  on  unfolding  leaves 

in  MavT,         ',  :'"''"  '',  '"'•'"'  '^'"^  '■"  ^'  ""  *  --'<^-     ''r"".ls  work 
m  May,  July  and  Sejitember. 

with^n'^r^lf™"' !''"'*''""''•'''""■"' ''^'''''"■'''^'' •'""''-like  projection- 
^■thm  a  sdken  web  or  cocoon.     Duration  7  to  ,0  days 

Spruce  Bud  Worn  (//«m,./»,„ /«»,/A™„,,  Clem.).- (Consult  Bull 
..o,  Mame  Ag.  Exp.  St.  and  Hewitts  Reports.)     A  destrucli  e  ne 

iTrcL'^r""^^^^'^"  ^"""^  -^'-^  ^^--"  CanadrCit^ba' 

^  J^is  .Sfrrs.'^TK: ''"'" ''"'  ^^-'  "-^ '™-  -'- 

...H^^Ha^inr  t-;;::;;.""^ ''""  ^"  ""'^^- "---  -^" 

/.ar,<,^-When  young  pale  green  with  a  yellowish  tint  head  dark 
.  own  thoracc  shiel<l  amber  with  two  .lots  on  posterior  margTn  hairt 
naif  as  long  as  thickness  of  bodv  '  in  inch  lnn„  r  .  1  ,  ,*'  "•  "^"^ 
uniformly  rust-red  brown,  an^h^  an  sielilf^pT'"''"'' 
larva  with  thick  stout  body  tapering  from  m  Id,  "  "end  admU 
quite  so  wide  as  body,  and  dark  brown.  ' 

Feeds  on  needles  of  terminal  shoots,  often  scnaratin>r  ,h„,„  ,.  1 
a".l  spinning  a  silk  thread  about  them  and  theb::!,:       m    nit: 
anjong  the  terminal  shoots,  becoming  full  grown  the  follow"'g  Jun" 


\m  L 


23  » 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


Strawberry  Leaf  RoUert  (.1  tu-ylis  complana  Frohl  and  Cactecia  obsole- 
lana  Walker). — These  two  (ortricids  often  do  injury  to  strawberry 
leaves  by  rolling  and  destroying  them.  They  may  be  controlled  by 
spraying  the  plants  with  a  solution  of  lead  arsenate  (5  lb.  to  100  gal. 
water)  within  a  week  after  the  first  api)earancc  of  the  Moths. 


Heliuzelid,e 

Resplendent  Shield  Bearer  {Cuptoili.uu  spltmiorijerella  Clim.). 
Sometimes    a    serious    pest    in    orchards.     Found    from    Maine    td 
Minnesota. 

Adull. — A  small  brilliantly  colored  golden-headed  moth;  fore  wing- 
leaden  grey  and  lustrou.s  at  base,  outer  portion  golden  with  silver  ami 
dark  brown  streaks;  hind  wings  rich  grey  with  long  yellow  sh  fringe; 
antenna;  brown  tinged  with  gold.     May-June. 

Eggs. — Laid  on  leaves. 

Larva. — Small, .' « inch  long,  legless,  light  yellowish  brown;  head  dark ; 
makes  an  irregular  dark  blotch  mine  ^i  inch  in  diameter,  in  the  leaf 
When  full  grown  in  July  it  <  uts  out  a  portion  of  the  mine  and  forms  ,1 
seed-like  yellowish  shield,  which  is  attached  to  bark.  A  second  brood 
in  September,  and  in  October  the  seed-like  pupa  case  is  formed. 

Pupa. — In  an  oval,  disk-shaped  seed-like  case.    Hibernates. 

Pluielud^s 

Diamond-back  Moth  (Pluklla  maculipennis  Curtis).— A  widely 
distributed  insect  in  U.  S.  and  Canada.  The  caterpillar  occasionaliv 
attacks  the  leaves  of  turnips  and  cabbages,  and  does  consideralili 
injury. 

Adult. — A  slender  moth  of  a  general  ashy-grey  color  with  white 
marks  on  the  back,  diamond-shaped  when  wings  are  closed;  J^  Iti  h 
wing  expanse. 

Eggs. — Minute,  scale-like,  greenish  white  or  yellowish,  laid  sini'ly 
on  lower  surface  of  leases. 

Larva. — A  minute,  active,  dull  green  caterpillar  with  spindle-sha;ieil 
body  and  with  a  wriggling  motion  when  disturbed;  mature  form  10 
inch  long;  feeds  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves;  elTects  visible  in  J  •!>'■ 

Pupa. — Slender,  yellowish,  (4  inch  long,  enclosed  in  a  beau'lul 
white  lace-like  cocoon  on  the  surface  of  the  leaves. 


eiA«»mv,I,ON  A»0  ».,„„™»  ,„  co„o»  ,„„„     ,,j 


(K 


lurs    in 


Vl'DNOUtl  lll).»; 

Apple  Fruit  Miner   (.l,^v„.,v/A/«   ,„«,««,.//,   z,ik.r) 
western  porti.ms  of  Canada  and  the  i:  S 

'""L'^r  r"  °" ""'  »'"■  ■'»«  "■  o">*.-         " 
-i7i;:r  "i£x:;'T:S";  ™;  r' "  *■'  -- 

hibernatps  m  ™;  j    •      ,  **  "f^  '"^■'"'•^  WJnIer  sets  in- 

J'upa.—t^o  cocoon;  formed  in  the  mines. 
ErJ™  ^Ji^^wf""^'  **°*  (>>«»<..«,.„/.  m«//««)  and  the  Cherrv 

from  Frrnce  into  New  York  State  aid  ""  h"  """"^  ■'""■'  ''"P"^"''' 

"^n-nta,  .ru.  anf;::^.^::::„-!  -::sz  :sfr::;r 

with  .  ack"  ou'v  7  '  ''""'  -'■  "•^'^  *'"«  -^^f--^  '"-  -n«"  wh  te 
:^ abS  Irh  ;"  "'"f  ''•^•^ ''"''  '"'"'">•  '^'"«"'-  The  caterpilla  s 
ire  about  J^5  mch  Ions  an<l  vary  in  color  from  pale  to  greyish  or  ^rTenUh 

'■V  theetmCs!        "  ""^'  '"■"•""  ''"  «•■">'  ™-""«  '-'"^■'' 


234 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 
HAPLOPTII.IIDyE 


Case  Bearers. — Two  species  of  Case  Bearers  arc  found  in  apple 
orchards:  the  Cigar  Case  Bearer,  and  the  Pistol  Case  Bearer.  They 
do  most  injury  to  the  young  Inids  and  Ijlossoms. 

I.  Cigar  Case  Bearer  (Ilaploplilia  fleUhcrella  Fernald).— (Consult 
Bull.  0?.  Cornell  Ag.  Kxp.  St.;  Bull.  80,  Pt.  II,  Bur.  Ent.,  U.  S.  Dep. 


Fig.  i4,j, — a. 
boarer 


C'lKar  case  hearers  and    their  work  on  apple  leaver 
and  its  work  on  younK  fruit.      Natural  size.      (.l/itT 


;  b,   pistol  I 
'aesar.) 


Ag.)  Adult. — A  small  greyish  moth,  expanding  '2  inch;  winL- 
broadly  fringed.     June-July  (Fig.  143,  a). 

Eggs. — Delicate  light  lemon-yellow;  pitted;  cylindrical;  laid  sinir'v 
on  under  sides  of  leaves;  hatch  in  10-14  days,  about  July  15th. 

Larva. — Orange  colored;  head  black;  feed  as  miners  for  ; 
weeks  within  the  leaf,  then  later  in  curved  cases  on  the  leaves.    Ab'    t 


CLASSIFICATION  AND   DESCRIPTION   OF   COMMON   INSECTS      235 


r  migrate  I 


f  hibernate 


September  1 

cases.  About  ..^...  .j^..  ^,^^y  auacK  tne  young  buds,  etc  ■  about  th» 
end  of  May  they  make  their  characteristic  cigar-shaped  a'seswtt 
wWh  they  feed  on  the  leaves.    About  the  end  of  Jun'e  they ThaSt 

/"MZ-a.— Light  brown;  duration  about  10  days 

Bulf'  ,^'*°r  ^'"if  f """  ^^^^^^"P''^'''  maUvorm  Riley).-(Consult 
Bull.     .4,  Cornell  Agric.  Exp.  S,.)     The  life  history  of  ihis  speaes 
very  s,m  ar  to  that  of  the  Cigar  Case  Bearer,  the  h'abit    o   th'e TvL 
differmg  to  a  slight  extent  (Fig.  14,  A).  ^ 

-IrfW/.-A  minute  moth  with  brownish,  heavily  fringed  wings  and 

ail  parts  dotted  with  brown  scales.     June-July 

r- )  ^^^V^'^T""""'"'""''    '"'^    '"^"'^'1    tea-cups    with    stronelv 
rriged  sides;  July;  egg  stage  lasts  about  a  week  ^- 

In  tTT^'^u""  ■"'""'■  '"^'''  "^^'  "■'  ^'»"  ''■''  they  begin  to  eat 
In  September  they  migrate  to  twigs  where  they  pass  the  winter  in 

rTe'llarh  ;''?''  Tl    '"  'f'™^  "^^>'  ''"-^  ''e  buds  and  ma  ^ 
Ptt^a.— Pupal  stage  lasts  about  2  weeks. 


TiscHEimD.E  (Leaf  Miners) 

Apple  Leaf  Miner  (n.^Aer/a  ««/,/„/,■.««  Clemens).-The  larva 
iorms  trumpet.shaped  blotches  under  the  surface  of  the  leave 

/lrf«ft.-A  mmute  moth  expanding  U,  i„eh;  wings  broadly  fringed 
tore  wmgs  shining  dark  brown  with  a  oumlish  tln^.   ""Y  ">ngea. 

grey;  head  and  antenna  dark  brown      May.  '"'' 

£^«J.-Small,    greenish-yellow,    blister-like,    elliptical     i<„    inch 

l"ng;  attached  to  surface  of  leaf.     Hatch  in  S-ro  days 

£<:r»a,-A  miner  within   the   leaf;   mature   in   3    weeks     Larva. 

"flast  generation  hibernate  in  the  fallen  leaf 

or  .^"^"-^"P^  fo^ed  within  the  leaf.     Duration  8-10  days 

or  three  generations  each  season. 


Two 


2i6 


ECONOMIC    ENTOMOLOGY 


Lyonetiid^  (Leaf  Skeleto>    ers) 

Apple  Leaf  Bucculatriz  (Bucculatrix  pomifoliella  Clemens). — 
(Consult  Bull.  214,  Cornell.)  Adult. — A  small  moth,  H  inch  expanse; 
fore  wings  whitish  tinged  with  pale  yellow  and  dusky  brown.  Hind 
wings  broadly  fringed.     Appears  when  leaves  unfold. 

Eggs. — Laid  in  May,  singly  on  under  side  of  apple  leaves;  elliptical, 
Ho  X  K25  inch,  greenish,  iridescent;  surface  rough. 

Larva. — One-half  inch  long,  cylindrical,  tapering  at  both  ends; 
dark  greenish-yellow,  with  reddish  tinge  on  anterior  segments, 
active.    Full  grown  in  July. 

Pupa. — Cocoons  dirty  white,  slender,  '-4  inch  long;  six  prominent 
longitudinal  ridges;  oblong,  tapering  at  both  ends;  fastened  to  twigs 
in   groups,   in   September-October,    etc.     Hibernates   in   this  stage. 

Birch  Leaf  Skeletonizer  {Bucculatrix  canadensisella  Chamb.). — .\ 
serious  pest  of  birches,  skeletonizing  the  leaves. 

Adult. — A  small  brown  moth,  about  \i  inch  long;  wings  crossed  with 
fine  white  bars. 

iama.— Slender,  green;  head  brown;  tapering  slightly  toward  both 
ends. 

It  spins  a  small  round  white  moulting  cocoon  on  the  twigs  or  Icai. 
and  later  spins  a  yellowish  ribbed  elongate  cocoon  within  which  it 
pupates. 

Control. — By  parasites  and  by  spraying  with  arsenical  solution. 

TiNEID*   (TlNEIDS) 

Clothes  Moths. — Three  injurious  species  of  Clothes  Moths  are  rn- 
ognized  in  America: 

(i)  Case-making  Clothes  Moth,  (2)  Webbing  or  Southern  Clotlus 
Moth,  and  (3)  Tapestry  Moth. 

I.  Case-making  Clothes  Moth  (Tinea  pellionella  L.). — So-callid 
because  the  larva  makes  a  true  transportable  case.  (Consult  Ci  i. 
36,  Bur.  Ent.,  U.  S.  Uept.  Agr.) 

Adult. — A  small  tineid  moth  expanding  }i  inch;  head  :i  I 
fore  wings  greyish  yellow;  hind  wings  greyish  white  and  siH  > 
June-.August. 

/;^gj.- Minute  whitish,  placed  directly  on  food  material?  hate)  in 
about  10  days. 


CLASSIFICATION   AND   DESCHIPTION   OP   COMMON   INSECTS      237 

iartra  -A  dull  white  caterpillar  with  head  and  upper  part  of  neck 

tizt  e:r^ '"'"'' "''"' "'  --■'  '-'^ ""  -ieTs:?a:pets;  s 

.e„2;::5rtr  Sr^'  --•  ''"-"-  ^^-'  3  wee.s.    One 
2.  Webbing  or  Southern  Clothes  Moth  (meola  biselliella  Hum  )  - 

^J':^t!m.  ^"'^  ''''  "'"""•    ^^"^"^  '"«-  '"-  'he  male; 

£m.-Laid  among  the  threads  of  the  cloth;  hatch  in  7  days 

Z«r»a.-Cons.ructs   no  case,   but  spins   a   silky  cobwebby  path 
wherever  it  goes;  full  grown  in  10  or  more  weeks     Feed^nratl  Lmi 
of  the  year  on  woolens  and  furs.     Not  readily^isone"  ^"'       '""''''' 

J^upa— Cocoon  stage  2  or  more  weeks. 

3-  Tapeshy  Moth  (Trkhophaga  tapelzella  L.).-Rarer  and  sliehtlv 
larger  than  either  of  the  preceding.  *    ^ 

.J'^"^''!:^?'^^^''''  ^""^^  ^^^  "^  ^"^^  "'"B^  black;  outer  haU  creamy 
and  grey;  hmdwmgs  pale  grey.    Expanse  .^^  inch  '""''"  "^""y 

ian^a.-Burrows  in  food  materials,  lining  them  with  silk-nn  nth., 
protecuon  than  the  gaUeries  or  burrows  it  mak  "   Feeds  on  "alt, 
o'frr -Ss."'  "'"'^^'  '^""^'  ^"^^'  ^"'"^  ^"^  woolen  uplS 
Con^ro/.-Cive  clothes  or  carpets  a  thorough  beating   spray  with 
l.en.ne  and  expose  to  sun  for  some  hours,  fnd  repea't  ffequ'enTi 
CossiD^  (Carpenter  Moths) 
U<VardMoth  (f«2era/.yn„aLinn.).-./V  serious  pest  of  shade  trees 
Adult.~\  white  moth  with  blue  and  black  markin.,.-  f,™,i  u 

l>.rger  than  male  and  a  feeble  flyer.    Mat  trSL^ln:: 
.ngs  sem-transparent  and  white  with  black  markings  Iraxwirh 
•'i\  large  and  one  small  black  spot. 

/;^«.r.-Oval,  salmon-colored,  deposited  either  singly  or  in  a  lar,.e 

mass  m  crey.ces  of  bark;  hatch  in  about  10  days         ^  ^  °""  "  '"'^e 

iart-a.-White  or  pmkish,  oyer  2  inches  long  when  full  erown- 

hirb'otn    T"",""'  ^'"  ""  "^'■^  '•-'-  '•^o-cL  and  and 
sh..lds  brown.     Bores  along  .he  pith,  eating  the  wood  at  interyals, 


^38 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


with  an  occasional  opening  for  the  removal  of  fras,  which  is  soon  closed 
with  a  web  of  silk.  Both  large  and  small  limbs  when  attacked  fre- 
quently break  off.    Nearly  full  grown  by  second  winter. 

P«/io.— Formed  in  the  burrow  in  May  of  second  year. 

Cofl/ro/.— Prune  away  and  burn  the  smaller  injured  twigs  or 
branches;  inject  carbon  bisulphide  into  the  openings  of  burrows  and 
seal  with  wax  or  putty. 

Carpenter  or  Goat  Moth  (Prionoxyslus  robinia  Peck.).— The  cater- 
pillar bores  into  maple,  oak,  ash,  willow  and  locust  trees,  often 
producing  deformities. 

Adult.— A  large  moih,  wing  expanse  of  female  3  inches,  of  male 
2  inches.  Color  dark  grey  mottled  with  light  grey.  Front  wings  of 
male  darker,  and  hind  wings  ochre  yeUow.    June  and  July. 

Eggs.—OvsX,  Ho  inch  long;  each  female  lays  several  hundred 
eggs;  dirty  whitish  with  one  end  black;  finely  reticulated,  sticky. 
Laid  in  crevices  about  injuries.    About  July  ist. 

Larva.— A  large  white  caterpillar  suffused  with  rose  red,  2).^  inches 
long;  head  brownish,  jaws  prominent  and  black;  thoracic  shield  dark 
brown  in  front;  each  segment  with  several  minute  brownish  tubercles, 
each  bearing  a  hair;  spiracles  brownish;  a  dark-colored  dorsal  line; 
under  side  of  larva  greenish  white;  bad  smelling. 

Pupa.— Brownish,  i}^  inches  long;  dorsal  surface  of  abdominal 
segments  with  rows  of  tooth-like  processes.  Formed  in  a  loose  cocoon 
at  ends  of  galleries.    Duration  2  weeks  or  longer. 

The  life-cycle  is  believed  to  occupy  3  years. 

Control.— Trim  away  deformities;  inject  CS2  into  borings  and  close 
holes  with  putty  or  cement. 

NEPTICUUD.E 

Serpentine  Leaf  Miner  {Nepticula  pomivorella  Pack.).  Adult.—  \ 
minute,  purplish-black  tineid  moth;  head  tufted;  reddish-yeUow;  Jun. 

Larva.— Smaii,  dark-green  caterpillars  Ho  inch  long.  Make  1 
narrow  serpentine  mine  beneath  surface  of  leaves  of  apple  and  peu  , 
first  half  of  mine  broader  than  second  half.  In  late  autumn  the  Un  l- 
find  their  way  to  twigs  by  means  of  silken  threads,  where  they  spi 
small  oval  brown  cocoons  H  inch  long  resembUng  Lecanium  scales,  n 
May  they  transform  to  pups. 

Ptt^o.— Bright  green. 


ClASSlFtCATION  AND   DESCRIPTION  OF   COMMON   INSECTS       .39 

ORDER  DIPTERA  (FLIES) 
Sub-orders  and  Groups 

(Rk.  144,  .1).  J"inl».-.\,ma/u,,m    GVu;,^ 

BB,  Antfnn.T  shore,  usuallv  i-u)infi..l- ilr-t  .,„  1     ., 


AA 


"■"W-     A.  P»H.-ni<;(Mus<i,l.,.).  •'■«"""    (Hilm.m.lo.).      A',    6Vm,„    rPach- 

(I'i'f  Families  of  the  Nrmaloamis  Orllmrrlu/,!,,,- 
A.  A  distinct  V-shapcd  sulurt  „,,   l,aik 
—Tipulida  (Crane  l-'lies)  p.  j^., 
Ku  V-shaped  suture  on  thorax. 
H.  Veins  and  margin  of  wings  fringed   with  scale, 
quitoesj,  p.  243. 
BB.   Margin  of  wings  not  fringed  with  scales 

^'^•;r^s:r-:^r„::t:e:rc-j--- 


AA. 


of  thorax;  legs  long  and  slender. 


—Cuiicidir  (.\Io: 


340 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


D.  Abdomen  slender;  wings  narrow;  antenna!  pulmose  in 
the  males;  wing  veins  strong  near  costal  margin.— C«i>o- 
tiomida  (Midges),  p.  25J. 
1)D.  Abdomen  short  and  thick;  wings  broad;  antenna  short 
and  non-plumose.— 5i)>iM/iW<r  (Black  Flies),  f.  ^s^- 
Ckief  Families  of  Ihe  Brackyarous  Orlkanhapha  (Figs.  146-149); 

A.  Antenna:  of  five  or  more  segments,  those  beyond  the  second  more  or  less 
united.     (Fig.  144,  £)• 


Fig.  145. — Venation  of  a  tipulid 
{Tipula).     {After  Comstock.) 


Pig.  146. — Venation  of  a  tabanid 
iTabatius).     (.After  Comslock.) 


B.  Alulets  large,  third  joint  of  antenna  without  a  style  or  bristle.— 
Tabatlidx  (Horse  Flies),  p.  2%i. 
BB.  Alulets  small;  branches  of  Radius  crowded  together  near  the  costal 
margin.— 5(ra/ii)myiK(ii  (Soldier  Flies). 
AA.  Antenna  of  four  or  five  segments  but  the  third  joint  not  ringed. 

B.  Antenna  long,  clavate,  4-jointed;  branches  of  Radius  curving  toward 
costal  matgia.—iiidaida  (Midas  Flies). 


Pig.  147. — Venation  of  Dixa.     {After 
Comstock.) 


Pig.   148. — Venation  of  an  asilid 
{Erax).     {After  Comstock.) 


AAA.  Antenna  of  three  segments;  Radius  four-branched. 

B.  Vertex  of  head  hollowed  out  between  the  eyes;  palpi  present 
Asilida  (Robber  Flies). 
BB.  Vertex  of  head  not  hollowed  out;  alulets  small;  beak  prominenl 
Bomhyliida  (Bee  Flies). 
Chief  Families  of  the  Cydorrhapha  (Figs.  151  and  152): 

A.  Adults  non-parasitic;  maxilla  covered  by  upper  lip;  Radius  3-branched. 

B.  With  a  spurious  longitudinal  vein  between  Radius  and  Media,  ir  : 
convex  between  the  antenna.— 5yf/i*WiF  (Flower  Flies),  p.  250- 


CLASSIFICATION   AVD   DESCRIPTION-   OF   CoMMox   .vsEcTS       ,„ 
mi.  Will,  ruclimcnlury  m„u.i,.|,arls;  ,M|,,i  „„„i„...  „„ 

"""rrr:™-;^  «:,;:■ ■ 

"='»=:«?:;:;■!••:;;;:---:;... 


S«.i    Mf 


n,..    .40.--U.na„„„  „f  „  l.p,i,l  1,.,^,,,,  p  ,-„T^ 

(•  !/<'•>•  (V),„,,/„f*.,  '■■       ■.>'Y-\.-nati„n    „f    „    svr„l,i,| 


WHK  length;  cross  vdns  „„,  closCogethcr    vc^N  .      ' 
brown. -,9.„,.M„j«„,|,„„„  Klic-s)  '  " '"""   '" 


F't;.   151.— Vonation  of  rAw™ 
(--l/zcr  C'omstock.) 


Frr^^  ,52.— Vunation  of  a  mustid 


Posuor    greatly   lcngthen«l.-r»„„^,v,«.  (Thick.hea,l„| 


Hi 


r.CONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


anal 


i;r..  Discal  and  second    basal   ciUs   sipatalcd 
complete. 
V.  Oral  vibrissje  present. 

Ci.  Arista  long  plumose  or  pectinate  above.^ 
Drosophilida  (Pomace  Flies),  p.  260. 
GO.  Arista  bare,  pubescent  or  short  plumosi . 
front  bristly  as  far  as  middle,  usually  liglit 
colored.— /I iromyiKfa  (Leaf-miner  Flies),  p 
362. 
FF.  Oral  vibrissse  absent. 

G.  Subcostal  vein  abruptly  bent  forward  bcfon 
the  tip  of  Radius  I ;  anal  ceU  angular.    Wing- 
pictured.— rry^c/i/it  (Fruit  Flies),  p.  264. 
GO.  Subcostal  vein  more  or  less  fused  with  Radius 
I;  all  three  basal  cells  distinct,  anal  cell  mu 
produced;  antenna:  more  or  less  elongate  an  J 
decumbent.— Pii/iiiie  (Rust  Flies),  p.  262. 
CC.  Alulets  or  calyptcrs  large;  eyes  of  males  often  contiguous;  thorax 
with  complete  transverse  iulMxe.—Calyplralc  Muscids. 
D.  Cell  Radius  s  closed  or  more  or  less  narrowed  at  the  margin 
of  the  wing.  ..      ~.    >  a 

E.  Antennal  bristle  hart—Taekinida  (Tachina-Bies),  p.  2  71 
EE.  Antennal  bristle  bare  near  tip.Sarcophagidit  (Fle^h- 
flies). 
EEE.  Antennal  bristle  pubescent  or  plumose  to  the  tip. 

F.  Dorsum   of   abdomen    bristly;    legs    elongate.- 
Dexiida. 
FF.  Dorsum  if  abdomen  not  bristly  except  at  tip- 
Uuscidx  (House-flies),  p.  268. 
DD.  Cell  Radius  s  widely  open— Anihomyiida  (Root-maggot  flii*'. 

AA.  AdulU  parasitic;' .v?er  lip  enveloped  by  maxilla  as  by  a  sheath.-Pu/..>..w 
(Sheep-ticks,  etc.),  p.  279.  , 

(Consult  Tea.  Series,  No.  22,  Bur.  Ent,  U.  S.  Dep.  Ag.  on     The  Strucure 
of  Certain  Dipterous  LarvK,  etc.,"  by  N.  Banks,  1912) 

TIPnLID.fi  (CRANE  FLIES) 

Meadow  Maggots  (Crane  Flies  or  Leather  Jackets).  Adull.—hAm 
mosquito-like  flies  with  very  long  thin  legs,  long  slender  belies, 
narrow  wings  and  thread-like  antennae.  A  transverse  V-shaped  sui.'e 
on  the  back  of  middle  portion  of  the  thorax  (Figs.  14S  and  1531 

Larva.-Wxen  full  grown  about  an  inch  long,  dirty  brown,  un 
footless;  of  a  tough  leathery  texture;  cylindrical;  tapering  m  from  and 
blunt  behind. 


CtASS.„«nOK   ANO   OKSCKxrnOK  „.   COMMOK   ..SHCTS       ,4, 

eggs  from  which  hatch  ZmLo^^T,"'''^"'''''^'^'^''' 
adults  in  September  when  eggs^re  C'for  ,  f  .  ,  T  '°  ""P-^  ""'' 
hatching  from  these  eggs  wSer  over  "'"'•    '"'"=  "-"^S"'' 

C<,^™/.-EarIy  fall  plowing,  draining,  and  rotation  of  crops. 


COUCm*  (MOSQOTTOBS) 
Key  to  The  Common  Genem 

AAA,  Palpi  i„  .he  male  at  I^LZIZ^Z^^  "^^  "  I,*"  P'-"»-«-^«'". 
than  one-half  as  long.-cS.        '""«  ''  ""'  P™""^'^!  '■>  'he  female  Ie„ 

•'f</«  calopus.  ""^f"'^'  macultpenms,  and  A.;«,;^,a  fasciata  = 

^e.S^'t?.tuStnfs^t^^'""-^H''^^^ 
yellowish  to  dark  brown    "e«  a^d  T'T     '"u«  ""'""'^  ^^'"^  ''W 
narrow  whitish  band!  at' if  b!^   ^'      .""'  ^'""^"^'  "''''""«="  -"h 
"dult  (Fig.  154)  '  ''"=  '"'^  °'  '"'^  «g">ent.    Hibernates  as 


j^^  ECONOUir   ENTOMOI.OOY 

/•!,.«,  l.:M  ;il  i\inlit  "r  'iirly  nxirniiiK  ..ii  llu-  surfau-  ..f  -laiiilin*; 
waur  in  mas.c>  of  so  U<  400.     Hat.h  in  al-nl  ..4  li'iurs. 

/«n'./  Law  iH'a.l  vvilh  a  pair  of  nioulh-Lruslu-s  and  a  lul)o  al 
oi,|H.sitc  fn.l  of  l"»ly  for  l.r.all.inK,  nol  over  four  times  a,  lo.>K  asl.roa.l; 
antenna,  of  m.xlerate  lensth  with  a  l.ramh  about  the  m..l<llc,  bearing 
a  lufl  of  hairs.     Full  Krown  in  a  week;  .lirly  while,  or  yellowish 

j;,p„.  A  hunehe.l  object,  floating  just  below  the  surface  of  the 
water.     Duration  i  to  ,i  ilays. 

Number  of  broods  limited  only  by  conditions  of  tem|.erature  and 

moisture. 


Fli;.    I.';4.     Thi'  com 


Malarial   Mosquito  (Anopheles  maculipeitnis  Meign.).    Adull 
.,  iffers  from  Culex  in  being  much  larger,  more  slender  and  with  lar  • 
legs;  wings  longer,  and  more  or  less  spotted  with  brown  or  black,  ;n 
carried  flat  on  the  back  when  not  in  use;  palpi  or  mouth-feclcrs  as  !■ 
as  the  beak  in  both  sexes.     (In  Culex  the  palpi  are  short  in  the  femu  , 
A  common  malaria  carrier. 

Eggs.    Laid  singly  on  surface  of  water:  hatch  in  24  to  4»  hu 
iarea.-Larva  lies  flat  on  surface;  tube  very  short;  at  first  blac 


IMSSIPKATION-    AM,   m.Mm,',U,S   „F   ., 


iMMiiN    IVSKl  IS       '^5 

=ic%5:::::;r,*-r ■--•"'■ 

Other  s|W(iis  of  .\ni>i)h<l,<  ir...      i     ^ 

-»«,„::rr;;:'™;';:;:,^::!:;;;,-r"'-'- 

r,W  C,„,.  •  ^^""'"  "■'"''••  •'■  ."'•''/"■"•  Co,,.,  an,l  .1.  a,r- 

CECIDOMYIID^  (GALL  MIDGES) 


,,,    ;  '55-  -.The  h<;s.5,an  fly  (.1/ujWiWu  ,1,-Urmlor) 
"a,  3.puparmm  or  "flax-seed  "^   .  aeedntd,,      r 


'lit  female;  2,  mature 
ao.jut  8  times.     (A/ler 


"ver  .he  wheat  re  ICr.         t,:  f  Z"^a:  h"'    Z"^'"'""'" 

;:;--'-.,e,.,.,,._,,,.-;---^A^^^ 

;^er  than  the  .a,e;  ,e.s  Ion«;  .,„,.  1^:^^^  :':^:,  ^^Jf  ?"" 
'^  »-t  hairs  and  obscurely  fringed.  '  '^"^'^M  Hith  (me 


KCONomC   ENTOMOLCKiV 

reddish  and  i  to  50  inches  long;  hatch  in  4 


146 

£^(j.— Spindle-shaped , 

'"  iaSl)!-A  footles,  magRot.  clear-white  except  for  a  greenish  stripe 
down  the  middle;  last  stage  of  larva  passed  in  "flax-seed"  covermg, 
and  having  a  peculiar  "  breast-bone,"  a  horny  forked  structu  e. 

V»7a-Pupa  case  deep  rich  browB.  like  small  "flax-seeds;"  pupa 
rosy  colored  and  with  a  pointed  beak. 

Broods -rwo  generations  in  fall  wheat  regions,  and  one  in  sp  mg 

wheat  regions.    Criddle  reports  a  supplementary  surnmer  brood  m 

Manitoba  the  adults  appearing  from  late  June  up  to  middle  of  August. 

Sptde^elop  which  winter  over.    Webster  (640    is  o    the  opmum 

fhat  the  Hessian  Fly  is  two-brooded  even  in  spr.ng  -^ea    seclum. 

Female  lays  a  few.  to  50  or  more,  eggs  on  upper  surface  of  leaf  about 

lasrweek  in  August,  first  week  in  September  or  later,  accordmg  f. 

a   tude  altitude  and  longitude;  maggots  hatch  in  about  4  days  an, 

iove  d;wn  the  leaf  to  the  stem  where  they  embed  th-selves  w.th  n 

The  leaf-sheath.    In  about  3  weeks  they  change  to  "flax-see<l     but 

remain  as  larvx  until  the  following  May,  when  they  change  to  pupa|^ 

The  flies  emerge  a  few  days  Uter  to  lay  their  eggs  for  a  new  '?""«  bK« 

on  the  leaves  of  spring  cereals.    The  maggot  stage  lasts  un  d  the  th.rd 

weekl.1  June,  and  the  "  flax-seed  "  stage  until  the  third  week  m  August 

or  later,  when  the  flies  emerge  (Fig.  156). 

pl^siUzed  by  Polygnolus,  Merisus,  Eupdmus,  Tetras„chus,  an.l 

Entedon,  all  Chalcids.  j  i_  j     » 

c2ol.--Uie  seeding  in  fall  on  well  prepared   seed-bed;    trap- 
strips;  destruction  of  all  volunteer  wheat;  destruction  of    flax-seeds 
at  threshing;  co-operation.    Plowing  the  wheat  .tubble  deeply  immedi- 
ately after  harvest.    (See  Part  IV).  ..,,..      ^      ,r„„.„i, 

Clover  Seed  Midge  {Dasyneura  legurmnuola  Lintner).-(Consul 
Bull  I  34,  lU.  Agr.  Exp.  Stn.).  A  widely  distributed  pest  of  red  an  1 
wh  te  cbver  fields.    Alsike,  mammoth  and  alfalfa  are   "nmjurcl^ 

liuU.-K  minute  2-winged  fly,  M2  inch  long,  with  red  abdomen  an-l 
long  reddish-brown  legs  and  antennae;  head  and  thorax  black;  win,. 
transparent  with  dusky  hairs.    April-May  and  July-August. 

£„..-Very  minute,  orange,  smooth  and  transparent.  Laid  m 
Eteen  flower-heads,  hatch  in  about  a  week.  ... 

iartia.-A  footless  orange  maggot,  Mo  inch  long,  and  with  nine  pa  ■ 
of  respiratory  tubercles  and  a  sternal  spatula. 


CLASSIKICATION    AND   UtSCKII'll.lN   OF 


tOMMDN   INSKcrS       J47 


248 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


/'K/>a.— Cocoon  oval,  '{>  inch  long,  made  of  silk  threads;  pupa 
pale  orange;  eves  brown;  two  short  tubercles  on  front  of  head. 

/.(/■e-A/s/wrv.— There  are  two  broods  each  year.  Kggs  are  laid  in 
May  in  the  forming  llower-heads.  At  the  end  of  June  and  early  July 
(June  20  to  July  H  in  Illinois*  the  maggots  mature  and  drop  to  the 
ground  to  pupate.  The  adult  flits  emerge  when  the  second  crop  of 
clover  comes  into  bloom  (July  is-^^pt.  i)  and  lay  their  eggs  among  the 
lilossoms.  The  maggots  leave  the  ripe  heads  in  autumn,  and  pass  the 
winter  in  the  ground.  In  May  the  adult  (lies  emerge  to  lay  their  eggs. 
AfTected  florets  do  not  expand  their  petals  and  remain  fresh  and  pink 
until  after  maggot  leaves  the  bud,  eventually  fadmg  and  withering 
without  ojjcning. 

.Wiliinil  Kncmiis.—  Tclnislichux,  . I iwpaliiif,  Triphleps. 

(■|)H/r»/.--Culling  or  pasturing  clover  before  the  20th  of  June. 

Clover  Leaf  Midge  (Ihisymiira  Irijolii  Low.) .--A  serious  pest  ol 
while  clover,  afTecled  leaves  folding  upon  a  midrib  with  maggot- 
enclosed. 

Adiill.  Smaller  than  the  Clover  Seed  Midge,  but  very  similar  111 
color  and  markings.  .\b<'  -n:.  n  is  darker,  due  to  the  large  dorsal  band- 
of  black  scales. 

/.■^js._Colorlcss  soon  becoming  orange,  cylindrical  and  slightl> 
curved;  verv  minute;  several  eggs  usually  placed  together  between  folded 
leaflets  near  the  ground. 

/.dTO/.— White  at  first,  orange  later;  '  25  inch  long.  Leaflet  remain- 
folded  in  half  along  the  midrib. 

/'«^a.- -Cocoon  oval  and  about  }i^  inch  long;  pupa  orange,  with 
blackish  eyes  and  a  darker  median  ventral  stripe. 

A/yr-A/.v/ory.— I'robabl\-  four  broods,  each  recjuiring  about  a  month 

(oH/ro/.— Pasturing  or  cutting  frequently. 

Rose  Midge  (Dasyncura  rlw<lophaga).-\n  introduced  l)est  of  greei- 
house  roses  and  often  does  serious  injury.  It  is  known  also  as  llu 
Reinberg  FIv  by  florists.  The  larva;  "feed  inside  the  flower  and  Ic.ii 
bu<ls,  preventing  and  distorting  their  growth,  and  soon  causing  them 
to  turn  brown  and  then  to  blacken  and  die."     Several  generations. 

Adiill.     A  2-winged  fly  wil'i  '»"K  delicate  legs;  l-,0  ""fh  '""K 


2  days 
I.ana. 


Cvlindrical;  laid  at  bases 


if  the  flower  and  leaf  buils.     Ha 


-One-twelfth  inch   long  and  legless;   mature  in  one 


Grape  Blossom  Mid«  o,    ,  ."^'.'\'"'''-'^^"  '"  kill  ,hc  adults. 
Chatauqua  «rape  U^Z^Z^'" '"""""'  '^'"^■^-     A  pest  in  ,he 

-'oredlegs.     Knclof  M^,      ''  '""«'  "'"'   >■'■"-'--!>    I'-Iy  a„,l  straw 
•'^m-— Minute,  grev   pl,in.r,.,. 

'-esin  1„  feed.  >ill"w,sh   and   reddish    wlien   magK„ts 


"■    '■"•-The  whf.M  .,  i,|„,.  ,«,,,,„„.  ,^,„ 

/../n«.-  Whitish  to  vell,nv.„ranKe    i  ,  ,  i,„  ,,  , 
"•  ^t  small  oval  silk-lined  earthen  co  „„„   ,       ,  T^'  l'"''''  ">'■  «•'''"" 
"I  ground.  '"'"""  '''"'"'  6  inches  below  surface 

/'«^u.    -Formed  at  end  of  \pri| 

( .'«/n,/.-- Spray  with  JJIack  Leaf  40  just  ,s  l„„l      f       , 
!'<■■-'■"  to  open,  and  again  a  week  later  "^  ""'■''  ^■"'^'"^ 

Wheat  Midge  («,>/„,/,  =  (■»«/„„„/„,  /„•„„.  ..  ,  .,      ^  ,, 

^;-.*structueto^vlH.a.,in.ro,luced,.r,,,aln       •/?'■'"''''''•'''' 
"  '.Hiehec  (Fig.  ,57).  '      "■""•'  ''>  ""y  "f  the  I'rov.nie 

liliiJl.     A  minu(eoranL'e-\elioii  tl.- I       ■     1   , 

""  I'-k  above  the  wings.     Jul'e   lugus,^"  "       '""'^'  ^"""'-'-«"'  -n 


2  ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGV 

£,,s.-Minute,  cylindrical,  pale  red;  laid  singly  or  in  clusters  in 
crevices  of  wheat  heads  in  June  and  hatch  in  about  a  week 

''"c<>»<r«/  -Burn  or  feed  screenings;  plow  stubble  deeply  after  harvest 
rotato  of  crops;  sow  wheat  early.  Dry  weather  unfavorable  and 
m  weather  favorable  for  the  development  of  the  msect. 

SYRPHID*  (SYRPHIDS  OR  FLOWER  FLIES) 
The  Svrphids  or  Flower  Flies  are  most  valuable  enemies  of  mar 
•   ■         .  Zlof  insects     They  are  usually  bright  colored  and  the, 
;:rd"u;  nrpourand  nectar  of  flowers.    Their  maggots  are  o  te. 
id  in  colon.es  of  plant-lice,  upon  which  they  feed,     bome  syrph,., 
larva:  live  in  filth  and  are  known  as  "rat-ta.led  maggots. 

C.L  Metcalf  ("Syrphid^e  of  Mame,"  Bull.  253)  notes  five  types ... 

''tinripHUopHa^ous  type  with  body  narrowed  anteriorly,  su,, 
cylindrical  and  flattened  ventrally  (Allograpta  ^lid  Syrphus) 
'  "The  bori.,  type,  with  body  neariy  cylindncal  (A/e™rf.«). 
•,    The  short-tailed  filth-inhabiting  type  {SyrUta). 
I   The  rat-tailed  filth-inhabiting  typt^Er.stalts) 
c'  The  MiVrodim  type,  with  body  hemispherical  m  form. 
ApS-fSng  spedes'are  .-^yrphus  a.ericanus,  .itlograpta  olj... 
S,h!fopnoria  cylMrica,  Diaea  fasriata,  S.  stanthostomus   F>g.  150). 
^^^;^owiigene..iv.in-a..^^^^^^^^ 

^.rtc::!  -S:£of^h^."  and'-Syrphid.  Of  Maine-  ^  > 
Metcalf.) 


CLASSIFKATION   AND   DESCRIPTION   „F   COMMON   INSECTS       .5: 

A  few  forms  are  injurious  in  the  larval  stairp     Tk.  ,-       /    .. 

.1<f«r<,rf«„  ^„„,„>  and  £„„„„^       .  . 

narcissus  and  amarvllic      Tk«  1  1.  P        °'  '"^  onion, 

r,.r.!n  .  ^"y""-     ^^^  'afva  burrow  into  the  bulbs 

near  the  food  upon  which  the  Lvf  f    ;.  .u  '    ^^  "  '"  '"*''*^'  ""  "' 
depending  upo^  thitb 's      X  s^edt^  "^Th  ""°"  ? 
shiny,  elongate-ovate  or  subcylinlXuh  ro^n^ed^rndf^-t'l' 
long  and    t',  hch  wide      irnH„,-  ti,  '"unuea  ends,  ,',Jg  inch 

.0  be  deliclt'e,-  aX^autifutsX:^'''^  ''''  '''  ""''  ''  "^^ 

The  larvffi  vary  also  according  to  the  hahil.;  nf  tK„ 
are  "headless,  footless,  blind  cre^ing  maggot,  ■'    Therbreath     k' 
spiracles  near  the  fore  and  hind  ends  of  the  bodv      Th  ^         ,    '  ^^ 
long  when  full  grown.  ^ '     '^^^^  "«'  '  ^  '"^h 

Nmcissus  Fly  {Merodon  eauestrh  F  )      i  .^  ■ 
and  daffodil  bulbs  in  British  clmbil  ""  ""'  "'  "''"''"' 

Adult.— A  fly  resembling  the  house-flv   Marrl,  ««  .      u 
common  in  May,  when  it  begins  „,  breed         ""^''^^'^P'^^ber,  most 

Eggs.-I^id  in  the  centre  of  crown  at  surface  of  the  ground 

I  hree-fourth  to  i  inch  length.  "'  ground. 

SIMULIID^  (BLACK  FLIES.  BUFFALO  GNATS,  TURKEY  GNATS. 
Severa,  species  of  Si„,uli„m  are  very  troublesome  pels  in  „ur 

;;....rts  and  their  Punc,ures^::'SKt^'=:;  /:,^,T 
lil..a  Fhes  have  stout  black  humped  bodies  and  arc  small   n  , 
'^^>n  .„  inch  in  length.     They  are  most  nume     „     „  eiriv    ,"  1  '""", 
»■  ™nsKlered  by  travellers  worse  pests  than  .„s   ui   ^^^  ^'ZlZt 
'"i-;-  m  the  day-time,  especiallv  in  bright  sun-hiiu  * 

I  he  eggs  are  laid  in  palrhes  on  stones  or  other  obiects  nnH^r 
--.     ■■■''elarv.area.,ua,icandgregarious;tW^:e1:n:a::ird:! 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 

1  rvlindrical  in  shape,  provided  at  the  po^iterior  end  with  a 
TTlike  suck  r1  gei  wi:h  LI  wherewith  they  attach  themselves 
(hsk-like  ^""^"^   ""^  .         J  „e  two  fan-shaped  organs  for  secur- 

!"  r  Ttnd  bt  ind  thJsxo     he  ventral  side  is  another  sucker     The 
;i:  ifi;  wSn  a  hoot-shaped  cocoon,  and  is  provided  w>.h  two 

'"'r-'^Trirr :";::ds  in  a  season.     The  .OS, 
As  a  rMle  '^"'^  "^  ^    ^^.^,,  „,  shmJhm  vcnusUm.  S.  v,Ualum 

ttrs:^^^^-  ^^^  ^'-'"- ' '''""' '""" 

'■  ?S.' ^u£ -<'  'u-s  of  pyrethrun,  as  repellents;  destruc- 

lion  of  larva;  by  phinotas  oil. 

CHIRONOMID*    MIDGES) 

„n   iPunkin)      These  minute  Hies,  l<nown  as  "i.un- 
((•.■r,m-/...K««  >1  >■  i'  T''.'-^.      ..  .,„.  ,,,,„  very  troublesome  pests  u. 

northern   woods      Ihey  a^  ,hrea<l-like  and  live  in  water  ,. 

part  of  the  body.  '^'^^^^^^.^^  ^^at  the  following  species  b,„ 
'"  rf  '^,'iTe„,rthrmostcommon  form,  C^^■«,-/».,C■  -„,»/.-.. 
'"'::£/"■ 'Z::^™-.  and  C.  ..„.■„.„..  N,.  much,  howe^. 
USlVling  the  habits  of  the  different  speoes. 

.^.AmDVB  .HORSE  FUES.  BU.LOOGS,  C.-OS,  «BEZE  PUES 

Comm.m  OVnfrci:  ,hir,l  seirment  of  the  anliMiivc  willi  mt  r, 

u  ■[^;r\;^^:;  without  spur. , bird  .^™. .,1.  a„tcn.,. ..., .  ^^ 

BUc.  Horse  F.y  (----':: J tge  ald'tpr^  "^h^l  "::; 
iToad  and  slightly  fla.tene^b^^d^,  ^^  J^^^,  ,.,w  po^r- 

...Lrment  of  antenna- annulatt  anfl  vvi       ^ 


egment 


mav  transmit  di-^iasc  (Fig.  i.sSi- 


(:;?piercingmou.l.-pa..s:M.ep^HK     --.^^^^  ,^  ^^^^^^  ^_^^^_^  _^^^^^^^  ^^, 

„nthe  loaves  ot  grasses ,  sedg. - 
Hatch  in  less  than  y  'lays 


CLASSIFICATION-   AND   DESCRIPTION   OF   COMMON   INSECTS       .," , 

/-«n.«      Lives   i„    ,he   s„il,    murl   or   water;   .vlin.lricul,    la,.-ri„. 

m  hcs  Ion„  when  full  .-rrnvn;  ydl.uvish-whl.e  will,  wi,!.  ,|ark         1' 

a„ds  at  un„.n  of  each  two  segments;  prothorax  with  .  lateral  «roo" 

""each  .sulc;  mesothorax  with  4  lonsitu.linal  grooves  on '1^       l" 


nea^mr^     Vro,,n  .,^k  Hor*.s  *„h  rty-n*,.  sme»nr^.ar.  with  a 

1  I  qt..  powdered  sulphur,  ..  rl, 

"n  th.  westc-rn  plains  horse  Hies  a,,   ..ry  „„uM..,o„.  ^.,,      ..h, 

•""V  IJi«of,  (  A,y,„p,v  „„„,,„,  Walk  .  a,„l  f     .w^^,/„  O   v  


«54 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 
(ESTRIDf  (BOT  FLIES) 


""Tc:Z^:^n  ^t:!  tip  or  R...,  M,..  ■.  straight  not  reaching  th.  margin, 
and  cell  R.  wide  open;  squam«  small,  arista  bare;  ovipositor  elongate.- 

GaslrophUus  (Fig.  160).  ,.     j  _^  :.i,,ii,^i, 

B.  Wings  with  spots  and  smoky  median  cross  band.-C.  inUstinotn- 


P.O.  ^'.''■-^''^^^'^''^::^£^^^:.s:r'''-  -" '"""""' 

"''•  ^^::^r::veins   CM-Cu,   beyond   the   anterior  cross.™, 

(r-m)  •  legs  blackish  brown.-- G.  hdmmhindahs. 

CC.  Posterior  cross-vein  opposite  and  nearer  than  the  anterior  cru-v 

vein. — G.  nasalis.  , 

AA.  Costal  vein  ends  at  tip  of  M,,.;  M...  with  a  bend;  cell  R.  much  narro.d 

"B.'Tacial  grooves  approximated  below;  cell  R.  clriscd  and  petiola.-  - 
lEstrus. 


CLASSIFICATION   AND   DESCRIPTION   OF   COMMON   INSECTS 


255 

lly- 


''■  blTA'T"''''""  r  °'  *'■"'"'  ^"'^^  "-"othoracic  band  o(  brownish 
b  act  hairs;  medm  3  .inua.e;  legs  black  wi.h  black  hair- Um  ,f 
h.nd  l.b,a,  and  tarsi  ydlowish-brcn.-//.  «„„■..  '    "^ 

tarsi  jTllow;  femora  black.-//. /,„„,„„. 


Fig.  161.— Venation    of    wings    of 


warble     flies.     ,.  Hypodttma     linfalum:  2, 
H.  boils. 


Warble  Flies 

liulu'Div'^Fnt'^fs'Tf '  (//.vM.r«a  lineatum  Viller.).-(Consult 
r     c        ;         '  ^-  ^-  ^''P'-  '^K'"-  ^""-  4»,  Minn  Agr.  Fxp  St  •  Ont 

0"  to  flesh  ^nd  Zl'  ^"h  '"';•  '™'-  '■'"''^'  •^'•°'     ^•--  -"I.- 
Kurope  '  """^  '"  ^''''"''^  "'"''  >'^''^-     Introduced  from 

.J''"'!r'^u^^'"J  "^  ''^^"'"bling  a  dark-colored  bee;  li  inch  long 
«ah  yellow>sh-wh>te  hairs;  abdomen  banded  abo.e  with  black  and 

th^rat  Tr  "r  '""""""""^  "'  ^'^^^^  ^''^  reddish-yellow  hairs- 
h  rax  wuh  four  Imes  often  seem  as  white  by  reflected  light.  Mouth- 
P.r.,  rudimentary  and  ovipositor  blunt.  Tibia;  and  tarsi  yellow 
ftrnora  black.     June-July  (Fig.  ja,).  ^       "^' 

/-m-Attached  in  spring  and  summer  to  hairs  of  cattle  by  a 


JS6 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGV 


inch   long; 


(lull 


peculiar  claspinK  base,  ..tttn  several  I.,  a  hair; 
^^'S-1:ro:::::cr;i  ..  Washington  ,.e.i.e<.  .ha.  .hc^,. 
wert  1   ked  nto  the  mouth  and  the  maggots  bored  through   ho  w    1 
The  oesophagus,  whenee  they  gradually  made  the>r  way  to  the  t,ssu. 

''"V!:^:r7z:^.,  on  the  ot.,.  ^^'-^r^-^;:::, 


conelusively  that  the  eggs  may  be  laid  o"  ^;--\->;/:j;„the:: 

r;rttr:u"ia:re::i:c^:"u„w\hesur.ce^.^^^^ 

u,ge  to  pup..     Four  stages  of  larva;  durat.on  g-io  months. 
Pup...  Vuparium  dark  brown.     Duration  3-6  weeks. 


CLASSIFICATION  AND  DESCWPTION  OF  COMMON   INSECTS       ,57 

me  Ox  WMble  Fly  (Ilypodcma  bms  DeG.).-This  bot  flv  i,  «l 
turopean  and  is  found  in  several  provinces  of  Tan,,!,       a- 
states.     It  is  more  dreaded  hv  camr,!,     /       .  T^  '"  "^"»' 

panic  due  largely  to  the  insetr  .        """'"'  """^  "»"'""  "'"'h 

More  robust  £1,^1?  Tolh"  '     7"""  °'  '''■''''"''■ 
^cutellu.  and  base  of  -0^:  .S.J;:^S::,^-P-;ose  . 


.63.-The  ox  warbk.  fly  („y,oJ„„a  W,.).      Enlarge,!.      (Afl„  //„rf«„.,  J 


"t  ubdomen  which  are  bright  lemon  yellow  (see  Table  given  abovr 

.or  ^ructural  differences  between  l,ovis  and  linLun,)  (Fig  :6  ) 

The  adults  of  H.  bovis  appeared  in  B.  C.  from  May  ..st  to  Auzu^f 

.'d  as  extremes  (Hadwen).     Carpenter  says  that  most'of    L  maggo 
mergedfrom  May  .7th  to  June  .7th.     The  pupal  period  has  an  average 
una,™  of  about  35  days  varying  according  to  temperature.     On 

'^?.  ..aid  at  a  time,  often  when  the  cattle  are  runniig,  besides  not 


r 


»S8 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


,0  many  lai.l  uIm.uI  the  hoof  a.  with  Uncalum.  SwcllinR  is  more  roun.lc.i 
an.l  more  raised  than  that  of  lincalim,  and  exudes  less  serum 

C<.»Uro/.-When  practicable  .lip  every  lo  days  and  treat  the  lar%a 
with  arsenic.     Remove  the  larva  from  the  warble  in  sprmg. 

Larva:  of  a  species  of  Ilypodama  have  been  obtamed  from  lb. 

backs  of  horses. 

But  Fliks 

These  flics  are  probably  of  European  origin  but  little  is  know,, 
of  their  introduction.  .  ,■  ■  ^       .  (.,(, 

Horse  Bot  Fly  (Gaslrophilm  hUeslinalis  DeG.  =  eqm  !■  ab.).  AdujL 
-\  large  brownish  hairy  bee-like  fly,  ^  i"ch  long;  head  brown  w.ll. 


F,a.^4.-Larvx  of  hursc  Lot  flics:   ..  C.  k^..rM.iaU>:   2   C.  in,.s,inaH.:   , 

t:irte  rows  of  black  spots;  wings  with  dark  spotsor  bands;  abdomen  br.  - 
with  spots  and  conical.     July-August. 

/••pps -Yellow,  conical,  attached  by  female  without  ahghtmn 
hairs' of' fore-legs,  shoulders  an.l  un.ler  side  of  body;  Jis  mch  1.^ 
hatch  most  readily  lo  to  is  days  after  deposition,  w.th  the  a.-l 
warmth,  friction  and  moisture.  .  ,    .i.     .  „ 

Lana  -Licked  into  the  mouth  of  the  horse,  thence  into  the  stom.. 
where  it  attaches  itself  to  the  wafl.     Remains  in  stomach  8-io  mo.. 


ClASSinCATION   AND  MSCR.PT.ON   OF   r..„Mo.s.    ...s^ts       ,5, 

fn  sprinx  it  esca|H.»  in  the  .Iroppings  to  the  ,,r„un  i  .,,,1  I  ■     u 

-  .wo  helow  the  surface  where  it  pupates   h^r^)  "  ""  '"" 

/•«/>a.     duration  .(o  40  days 

Ihese  flies  are  a  serious  ann..va.ue  to  horses  in  the  UV  1       .!     ^ 

-.ands  of  whitish.  Mack  and  "orange-red  or,",  a,:,,!;,:        ""'  ''''■'' 
The  eggs  of  6.  nasalis  ar.  Yellowish ;  laid  on  the  hiirs  ,',f  ,  h,. , .       . 


Flc.    165.— An  effcttive  leather  frinoe  tlevir,.  .... 

red..ailed  b't  flt'^rySX'  f""^  '"""  '"'  ""-  »""  ■ 

*rted  on  the  hairs  of  the  lip  and  nostrils  l,y  the  stalk      Th,.  ■■  ,    1  ■      ■• 

"f  the  fly  causes  a  sharp  pain  and  evciles  -.n  "'''""*' 

fi^ar  in  the  horse.  "*■"""'  "'"^""trollaMe 

CWro/.-Administer   three   or  four    4-0,     ,i,„,.,    „f    „ 

lowed  finally  by  an  ounce  of  powdere.Uloes  t    lel^:':;:^ 

:^;z;.stSsr^':;^::— i-r^^ 


MICROCOI^    RESOIUTION    TEST    CHART 

(ANSI  ond  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


I.I 


I  [f  ilia 

::  JT   12.0 


11-25  IIIIII.4 


1.8 
1.6 


^      APPLIED    \M/CB      Ine 


'6'il 

Ess' 

Mo.-    Z< 
Ne.    TO 

r' 

U6C9 

USA 

'  ne) 

482 

-□JOO 

(^16) 

28S 

-5989 

'a 

26o 


ECONOMIC   F,NT0M0I.OC.Y 


v.!.' 


the  frontal  sinuses,  ihe  -"ties  between  and    bovc  the  e> 

U  attaches  itself  and  fee<ls  on  the  ".^    '^^J.^^^ ,^^^^^^ 
.vhite,  with  two  brown  spots,  spiracles  on  la^^sKme^^^^^        fc  ^^^^, 

,.,t  darker.  .-^'-'-•>„^':"^i„r    Xel!  mature,  maggot  passe, 
rounded  spots  on  sides  of  each  segment.  ^^^.^^   ,^   ^_^^^^_ 

down  the  nasal  passages  and  falls  to  the   groun 
'"Zi'^Puparium    smooth,   hard,   and   black,    tapering    towar,, 
''I^JZ'^^^rT^.  nose;  furnish  a  shed  for  the  sheep  or  . 
plot  of  plowed  or  dusty  ground. 

DROSOPHILID^  (POMACE  FLIES) 

Po.aceF.y  iOrosopl.ila  -^t^*""^;;-^*:!.rll2-sr' 
in  decaying  or  over-ripe  fru>t,  and  .s  a  common  P^  .^ 

It  is  also  suspecte.1  of  bemg  a  '^^f ""  "^^..^^t  ;,  white  ana 

OSCINIDiE  .GRASS  STEM  MAGGOTS, 

'''  ''"[•  '■  '  with  la  k  tripes  running  down  the  back;  femor.  .- 
;a;t':i  oT  eg  lormally  de.'eioped;  eyes  golden-green  (F,g.  r,.  . 
last  pair  oi  ie>,  gUstening  white. 

2^:jS::ter;^;i^-- ■-«-'-"-'-' ^-""^ ''^^ 

ward  front  end  and  broader  posteriorly. 


CLASSIFICATIOX   AND    DESCRIPTION   „F   vuMMOS    INSIXTS 


261 


-I'upa-.as.-  tn.„slurc-nl  pale  Kre.n;  pupa  Krcrni.h  a„,l  1 ,;  inch 


/'up,i. 

/W/.V.-  Prol,al,|y  ,hree  sencranons  o.oir  ca.I,  sea.,,,  The 
.-Ks  are  laul  m  Sep.emhcT  ()c,.,l,.r  .,„  fall  wheat.  The  „,a,«,„s 
a,  ,lown  m,o  the  s,em  where  they  remain  all  winter.     In  earh-  spri,  ^ 

nits  appear.  I  his  brooil  matures 
ahout  .August  ist,  when  flies  again 
appear.  This  third  generation  ma- 
lures  at  the  end  of  .Sci)teml)er  and 
the  beginnmg  of  October,  when  the 
adult  flies  escape  to  la>-  their  eggs. 
Besides  wheat,  rye,  ijarley,  and 
"5ts,  this  insect  attacks  timothv, 
couch  grass,  Klymiis,  Poa,  and 
green  foxtail. 

CoK/ro/.— Grain  stackc<l  or 
threshed;  straw  stacked  or  burned; 
burning  of  stubble  when  practicable. 
ileromyza  nigriveiUris  Maci]. 
and  Cerodoniha  femoralh  Jleig. 
have  been  recorded  as  doing  injury 
in  Montana. 

American  Grass  Stem  Maggot 
iOscinis  carbonaria  Loew.).  Adult.— 
•■\  black  or  yellowish  fly,  resembling 
a  minute  house-fly,  i-/g  inch  long. 
Una.-^A  yellowish. white 
blender  maggot  with  two  distinct 
li"ok-like  jaws  and  two  knob-like  - 
processes  on  the  last  segment  of  the 
''"•'.v;  }{2  inch  long. 

/'«/.«  -Pupa-case  cigar-shaped  and  pale  chestnut  brown. 
W.-Sim,lar   in   life-history    ,0    Wheat   Stem   Maggot.     The 
U.;.._^destroys  the  centre  of  the  young  shoot  at  the  ground  in  the 

m,r  spears.     O.  c„.v,«,//.v  I.oeu.  and  O.  ,/«„./«  Loew.  occur  on 
I"  orie  grasses,  sometimes  very  abundant. 


it  stt'iii  iiwiK^'i't ; 
puj>a;  d.  pup-i 
irasitu.       (Aflrr 


Ciiltlnil. 
in  autumn 


).,((isciMlc   KNT(iMi>l.oi-.V 
Sun,m.r-faU„w   ^ra.s   l.n.ls;   prevent   volunteer   grow,), 

psaiD^  (RUST  FLIES) 


^,    /„  -I         ^  V;h  "1  -  This  flv  is  a  native  of  F.uropi, 

carrots  celery  ami  ^^^m'^-      ,.  ^,     ,  ,,„  .p„selv  clothed  with  ycUov. 
1,/h;/.-- -One-sixth  inchlonR.darkgr  en,,  p.        . 

"'':;^;';i:h::i':t:::'s:st~*:'-' ■ - 

in  the  srouml.  l„nL',   slender,   truncal i 

/.an'«.-MaR>!ot   dark   brown,    '  "    '"'"    ""^ 

»';::r"',:::;r:i-:;r;:£Ci-...* 

=:u"=" -;£.  -  ■™"  — » """""  ■"  """" 

poultry  yard;  sow  late  and  practice  rotation  of  crops. 
AGROMYZID^  (LEAF  MINER  FLIESl 

Marguerite  Fly  iP,„o,„y^  ^^-'^^l^^r  ^'tuf  S^ 
tural  Experiment  Station,  Bull.   i57.>     attacks  c 
and  is  especially  injurious  in  the  greenhouse.    Occur..       .he 
States,  and  has  don.  -nsider^le  injury  in  B.  C  ^^^^ 

Adult.'-.\  small  (?reyish  fly  '12  mch  Ion.,  w  y 


(i.AssirirM'i(,\  AND  iii:s(](iiMi,i\ 


>i     (C1MM,|\     |\>|;|]S        J(, 


allaclu'il  t(i  slits 
spriiif,';    destroy 


l«,d,es  „fu.n  ™,si„«  witluTi,,,.  .K„  ,„..,,,„i„,  „.„.„,.      .,^ 
Iho  number  „fl,l„ssoms.     Matures  i„  about  ,7  , lavs  " 

/'»A;.  -Forme,!  in  larval  mine.     This  staw  lasts   .l.out    ,,  ,1,-  • 
I'uparia  .lark  l,r,™n.  "'   '■*  ''''■'^' 

.0  or  ,.  cla>s     s  soon  as  lirst  s.gns  of  operation  of  the  insert 
Asparagus  Mmer  U,.,„„.„  ,,„,^/,,,  ,.,„,,,_   ,(,,^^,,„  ^^^ 

'.Tt    r     I'.   S.    Hur,    r.nt.)     Injures    asparagus    stalks     ,he    ma 

mm,n«  henea,     the  epi.lermis,  sometin.es  ,ir,lliu.  the  st;,,  " 

.l.-^v...h    ^;    .nch   expanse.     Proha,,,,.   two  fenerations,   June  an,l 

KSS-^.  -\yhite;  deposite.l  just  l,en,atl,  epidermis  of  stalk 
/../™.-M,lk-white;    1-,    ineh    lon«;   footless,    Iruneate   posteriorly 
and  tapering  anteriorly.  '      "^'^""^'> 

/'((/.a.^Puparium  llax-seed-like,  red.  1  ;  ineh  Ion,- 
"1  epidermis  of  asparagus  stalk  near  groun,l 

(ohW. --Pull    up   and    l,urn    infeste.l    stalks    in 
volunteer  trap  |)lanls  in  late  June. 

Con,  or  Spike-homed  Leaf  Miner  (C,r,„l,ml,  ,/„„„//.  j.„ew ) 
'Consult  Jlull.  4u,  liur.   Knt.,  r.    .S     Dent     .\„r  )     Tl       i     f 
1'^^  a  .i,,e  ,listril.u.ion   in  the  V.  S.  and' 'LITo!,  a'     d    t^:; 

ti7^:r        ■'•';- generations  at  least  in  Indiana.' 
.l</<«//.^-One-twelfi      ,0    ■,„   ineh   long;    proboscis,    palni      front 
-U^ta^  leg.  mesonouim  an,|  abdomen  mostll  ye,l,nv,     fiu.r  ri^ 
.>\es,  in  some  of  whul,  an  egg  is  lai,l.     Mav  in  I„,iiana    but  -utive 
il.roughout  the  year  in  Pasa.lena,  Cal.  ' 

/i;,«.v.-- Elongate,  ki,lney-shape,|,  roun,l,.,l  at  eaeh  en,l  C.lor 
'V:mo  white;  l„„  ineh  long.     Hatch  in  ,    r^  ,lavs 

S  tl  ;'•■  """""'^   '''""'■   ""^'-'-  ™-l^'tn."cate; 

''''i<te<t.     Full  grown  in  0  24  , lays. 

/'»^a.-\U,,e  at  first,  turning  vellow  a,„l  ,lark  later.  Duration 
"  -M  days.     Hibernates  (in   In,liana' 

(W,-(„  summer  fallowing,  ,.,  fall  pl„wing,  ,.,  burning  ,lrv 
-  -ses  along  fence  lines.  roa,lsi,les,  etc.  in  late  fall  ai„l  earlv  spring      " 


264 


Kd.NoMll     KNTciMllI.clC.V 
TRYPETIDiE  (FRUIT  FLIES. 


A 
A  A 


■irjttlUini  not  wiin  ^ix  nn-iu 

sidion  of  fciurUi  v t-in  rurvcil.     /'.f <" ""'■ 
HH.  \Vin«s  nnl  marked  a^  in  n.  „,,„,  liUk;  ^  ro-Laml-  •■ 

winKS  nearly  Iran-M  -  .  '/'  ,.        ,,,^^.|.  „,„. 

bands;  rross-veins  not  approMm-iUd,  siutum 
yellow.— R*"S"''"'- 

M^.™.„».  M.  Fry  (C"f «.  ;f ''t  ,;i;:';;r,w  iEl'i»^ 

....  „*,.h  pu„ !., .  ^'>*»i;  t:; ;;;'!-  V».  ««.- 

inside  of  costal  vein.  Urisiles  on  upper  surface,  an' 

Abdomen  oval,  with  t,ne  f-";-^.  ; ^  ,;.,„  ,',^1  half.    Xui'.- 

::;"=;,;r=:»:^».;:ir- „ 

weeks)  they  leave  the  fruit  and  enter        s, 
PHftii.— Duration  12-21  'lay*- 


fl.ASSIFICAlM.s-    AM)    I)KS(H||.il,).\ 


iMMiiN    l\si:(|> 


r»„/r„/.-.CU.aninK  U|,  and  dcMruci,,,,  „f  .,11  fall,.,,  fr„i„.  ,-,„,,;„,, 

<  -UKuhan,  -Iransition  an,l  r,,,,..r  Austral  .,.,,.. 

."U  e  )h     eyes  Kreen,   k-^s  ydlnw,    win„s  .  ross-l.an,!,  ,1;  active  and 
ri>tless.     May   an.l   Junu.     Matinu'    luTind     ■■     ■.,  ■■'"'^i-n" 

IHTiod  6,0  days.     O,u.|,ro,„l.;  2.'  ''    "■'•~-   '■^^-'l-""" 

||fru,,^,,H„nK„v,,,„s,tor.     lemak.  „,ay  lay  aho,,,  .00  .«,s.     l,a„h 
/../rr,;  -liurnuvs   within    tlu-   fruit,     i-stn-viny   seeds  an<l   kernel 

I'H-h  lonK,  white  with  l>i;;ek  moulh- 
l«irts.  Leaves  the  fruit  and  enters 
the  ground  to  pupate. 

/'«>a.-  I'u])arium  broadiv  oval 
and  straw  colored,  in  the  ground. 
Miliernates.  Duration  10  11 
iminths. 

Cmlrol.  -\\U,w  poultrv  lo  run 
-'"long  the  bushes  to  [>ick  up  fallen 
infested  fruit;  sprav  bushes  with  a 

1    s  at  ,nter^als  „f  a  week   beginning  eanv  ui  .May.     A  heroic  but 
-tual  method  is  to  pick  entire  crop  of  fruit  and  destrov  te™ 
li»-  maggots  emerge.  • 

White-banded   Cheny  Fruit  Fly    , A'/„„„/.,/.v   a,„ul.„a   I.oew.) 

'.n!l.-A  small  black,sh   fly,   smaller  than    the  House-flv,    .,r   inch 

;ng   expanding  .i,  inch;  pale  yellow  spot  on  hinder  part  of    horax 

-    a  yellowish  str,pe  along  each  si,le  of  thorax:  head  vellow    eves 

U.ngs  with  four  brown  cro.ss  bands,  and  a  black  spot  at  tip.     June 

i.fJi.-Egg-laying  begins  about   ir  days  after  emergence  of  flies. 


Ml 


l;(ciMiM|(     i;n  iiiMiii  ih;v 


■k-l.oilu'.l 
L-.il,ir«f.l. 


Kkks  inM-rliil  uiicUt  llic  -ikiii  of  liicrrics;  sm;ill,  i;li~Uniiij;  wliilr;  flli|i 
ticiil;  hattii  in  iihout  5  (hi vs. 

I.arva.  Onu-fourlh  inch  Ioiik.  while  or  (  rcam-coliiri-il,  <-vHnilri(.il 
lapcTinj,'.  Twelve  lo  22  chiys  in  fruil;  ik-^trnys  the  |)ul|>.  Leaves  l\\< 
eherry  when  full  ;,'niwn. 

I'lipii.  l'u|Kirium  I'ornuil  just  lienealh  llii'  siirhue  iif  ihe  );r"nni! 
brown;  hibernates. 

Black-bodied  Cherry  Fruit  Fly  ( klt,igoli-li>  faiishi  ().  S.  1.     (Consul 
Dull.  227,0.  .\.  ('.,  iiifv'i     Ailiill.     Larger  than  prereilini;;  bla(k  will 
oul  whili'  cross-banils  on  the  atiiln 
s.    ^;t       J,  men;  lieatl.  eyes  ami  le;;s  >iniilar  !■ 

those  of ,  iiii^idiihi  liiit  bands  on  win.. 
darker  and  dilTereiilly  iirranned  Mi; 
ifiS). 

/■,'i'i'v      iiinl     l.arvd.     Similar 
those  of  ciiigiiliila. 

Pupa. — I'upariuni  creain  or  sir.: 
■olored. 

Ccnlrol.  -S[>rayinK    with     swi. 
e.ied    arsenate    of    lead   solution 
lo  3  lb.   arsenate  of  lead   (paste),  40  gal.   of  water   and    1    gal.    ■; 
eheap  molasses)  when  the  llies  begin  to  emerge  about  June  lolh.  ;i 
again  10  to  12  tiays  later. 

Apple  Maggot  or  Railroad  Worm  {KInigohiis  ponwin-lln  Walsh 
(Consult  Rep.  Maine  .Vg.  Kcp.  St.,  iSSy;  Cir.  101,  liureau  of  Ki  ; 
U.  S.  Dep.  Agr.;  Bull.  171,  .\'.  H.  .\g.  K.\p.  St.;  Bull.  324,  Cornell  \j 
Exp.  St.;  U.  S.  Dep.  Ag.,  Bull,  g.)  This  maggot  is  a  serious  |  - 
of  apples  in  .S'.  E.  districts.  It  is  probably  a  nati\e  species.  .  I 
occurs  widely  in  both  the  L'nite<l  States  and  Canada  on  apple,  1 '  ■''•■ 
apple,  haw,  and  huckleberry.  Perhaps  most  common  on  sweet  ■:••■ 
sub-acid  varieties  of  api)le. 

AJiill. — A  small  lly,  a  little  smaller  than  the  housc-tly;  blai!  '; 
with  yellow  head  and  legs,  eyes  green;  3  4  white  bands  (,;  in  1  ili 
and  4  in  female)  across  the  abdomen;  wings  marked  by  four  dark  i  - : 
ular  bands.  July  and  later,  ^ach  female  capable  of  laying  ^or  ;;; 
eggs;  uses  sharp  ovipositor  to  jiuncture  the  skin  of  the  fruil.  '1 
oviposition  period  may  be  as  short  as  one  week  or  less,  but  u-  ■''} 
longer  than  a  week  (I''ig.  169). 


I'lo.   loS.   -A  ictiiiilc  \tU 
iliL-rry    fruit    tly.       .Much 
i..\fter  Caesar.) 


■•■■^-M.,.A,„.V    ..„,„„,„„„„    „„,„^,^„,^^^^^^^^^        ^^^ 


/■•'mv.     Kllipiiral,  y.Hnivisli.  |„.,|i,  Willi, 


-'Mu„,l.r,heskin„f„..„„,.,,,,M,i„;,o;;a;': ''"""''"' 

i-'irui.     A  small  plnni,,  whit.-  Icf.l,..;s  nia.n'ol     I  '  in,  I,  I 

'^'^'^  ^^'"- '--'' ^- ■■^-pi..i:t;\.;.:u'::;n;:;:;; 


'ill  i'l'li  i"!!!;;  laid  -.inRly 
h- 


i'"J.     Af,.„Ki|,..,fi|,[,,.,,,|,|,.  ,„ 


iFiK.  170).  '"  ■•  "■'■"'''  '•■"^'^  •"  '""-■'  'IH-  Kn,un,l 


170.— A  p:ir,-isili-of  tlu'a 


/'"/-a.— P-jpariuin  just  hfiic-all 


.l//,r 


^'    •  c-mergc  .„  Sfi-lcmbcr  ln,m  early  pupx. 


KIONdMH      r.NTOMnloc.V 


/./Yr-//iN(<ir.v.— IlilxTnali'S  a>  l>u|a 


in  lln  Krc.uiiil,  ailull>  lifgin   i^ 


..„,:;«..  h.  J>.iv,  a„,l  a,Mu-ar  irr^ularly  lat.r;  n,aK^.ts  l.atchmR    ro„ 

Thev  mat.r.  In  4  -  weeks,  an,l  make  -heir  way  ,mt  o,  ,  »■  apple  , 
the  ■  T-un.l.  llu.  time  (.   lo  4  week,i  ,!epen.  n.^-  .m  vanely  u    a      . 
..  .h.,r.  ..me  i,  .lav>,  in  earlv  apple,.     Infe^.e,!  fr.nt  usually  fal- 
There  is  l.ut  one  ,e.uTali,.n  each  year.     "  Some  forms  recpure  an  exi , 
vi.ar  for  the  pupal  s(aj;e"  KfKamO. 

■      Cn,„rol.  -.\pi.lv  arsenical  or  poison-l.au   sl-ray   n.  e.rh    Jul>    1. 
a.lults;  collect  fallen  apples;  allow  l,ov;s  the  run  of  the  or,  har.l. 


l.,«-aliiy 

,;»„il|..i^ 

l..,.i..'. 
,.,„...! 

S,  ...nJ 

l.r 1 

Autti'.i 

Itl,.,ra.  N.  Y 
l)„rhi.m,  N.  11- 

J.i'i!!    15                   J'l' 

|„|,.,  J>,'v    .)      Jul 
l.,ii,  Jmi.   i« 
101  J,  Jim..  !1 
igii.july   10 

H,ij,  j.iiy.    Ji. 

■  4 

V  .1  S,..l. 

y  J'l 

i« 

J„l 
,1" 

'  1 

w  'lay~l 

l;ivs 

iiL  or  Itss 

S..nH.  111. 
in  Sv,,t 

s  cmcriic 

IllinRiv 
O'Kai 

1 

Rnwrnativillc, 

; 

(Jut. 

Auc.  Jf> 
11)1.5.  J"lV    '-I-'' 

•27  Sir' 

11 

4  I 

...■k^   h 

N..1U.. 

Brio,. 

Win.ls.T.  N.  S 

-Sn.i.  ."i 
,  ,.,il,,  J„1y   iSJul 
Sr'tt.  1» 

y  23  S.'i.t 

MUSCIDjE     iMUSCIDS. 

'       T^lscil  ;:;n„,   slender,   .lircc.cl    f .r,l,   .uhi,..c.l   U,r   pu-rcn^;   .r. 

pectinate  (ravsnn  one  side  only).  ,.,,    ^ 

H.  I'Mpi  nearly  as  lonR  us  ,.n,l,..<is.     ll.,m,loln„  (Ayf"-"""- 
liB.  Palpi  much  sluirtcr  than  pr.>li<i-ci-      .S'(">ii».vv(. 
.\.\,  Prohosci.  n.,.  elongate;  lahdla  llcshy  and  not  adapted    or  picrcnB. 

H.  Arista  plumose;  hypoplcur;e  with  a  vertical  roiv  of  l.r.slk^;  e>cs  h 

vibrissal  anulc  distant  and  above  oral  margin. 

C.  Thorax  an     abdomen  with  depressed  yellow  woolly  hairs  an. 

the  bristles;  slernopleurals  arranged  1  :  1.— /'ortinu. 

CC    Thorax  and  abdomen  witlu.ut  sui  1.  hair>;  -ternopleurals  arra, 

2:,.    mesonotum   di^tinctly   stri|.cd;   briKht  metallic. -t /" 


wy/<i. 
liB.  .\ri-ta  plun 


!•:  h.vpopleura  without  a  row  or  tuit  ...1  bristle 


^t 


'-Antenna 

Orel  margin 

-Vibrissa 
^Palpus 
-Proboscis 


-;  >;.1'        V     will,    Jcsi«„u.:   „,  ■    ■  ,f  ,I„    „..rU  .',„,,•       -'^'V'    "'    "'^'    '"^'J    "'   H 


K(  ilSuMK'    I.SliiM<Mu(.V 


\l,..,ri.ilu"i  i;..ii,  II. 'I  I..  I111..I  111.  lr.iii-,Mr.v  Miliir.  .  |i..-ltTi.ir  .l.n 
-....iiImI  i.iiil  .1.  r..-li.  Ii.''  I.ri-lli-  iii...n^t.lMl  .mil  uni-.niall. 
,|,\.l.i|Hil.     /'/i.in.iM. 

M,.,.,i.,h.m  m,t  lUll.Tiiil  I..I1M1.I  111.  iMii-MT..  -ulur,;  p.,-l,ri.. 

.l.,r-.„  .iilral  ami  a.  r.i-ti.  Iial  l.r'-lU',  "rll  .l,-».l..|...l  an.l  i„n»lai.i 

1>.  Clu-ik^  liairy;  lliinl  l.inijitu.linal  viin  (K,,.!  -pinuli'-i'  ai 

lia-i-  .inl>.     Ci/Z/'M""'- 
nil,  Cli.-.l-   liar..   Ihitil   l.itiuiliiiliiial    v.iii  'k,,,!  -|iimil..-. 

/j„  ili.:. 

Jnnsi/erje  sutur       Postitarcallus 
i-'/Scutellutny 


PtoplturaV 


Front  coxa 


Haltere 


Hind  coxa 


Middle  coxa- 


Fl...    [7J— Lati-ral  viiw  ..f  I'li-   tlmrax   ..f   a  muscuiilean   lly.    with    ,tei|{iiati"ii- 
Ih^-  parts  c.imm..Tily  uM'.l  in  laximnmit  work.     (Afirr  Riley  and  Johannstni 

House-fly  (.Vhx.;  ,l,im,s/iia  Linn.).— A  cosmopolitan  ins.. ! 
dangerous  to  luinian  lii'f.  .\  carrier  for  typhoid  fi'vt-r,  tulieriulo-- 
dyscnlcry  and  otIuT  diseasfs  (Fii;.  17,0- 

.\iliill.-'.\  two-wint?ud  lly  uilli  four  hlack  lines  on  hack  of  tlnir,:\ 
bristle  of  antenna'  feathered;  vein  ending  near  lip  of  winR  distin.i} 
elhowed;  no  liristlcs  on  ahdomen  except  at  the  tip.  Moulh-parts  u.  , 
for  sucking'  not  for  piercing,  retractile,  mouth-parts  and  feet  specie  ;> 
adajited  for  larryinp  micro-organisms.  Kad.  fool  with  two  claws  an  ■ 
two  sticky  pads.  Egg-la;,  ing  begins  10  14  'lays  after  adult  erne'-.- 
frompupaiium  (Fig.  174). 

isjsj.— Minute,  glistening  white,  long  ovoid,  'ii  inch  long.  Lai.  u. 
irregular  small  clusters.     Lach  female  lays  about  120  eggs  at  a  1  n. 


'"I  '"•'>    l.iv  Mn.ral  ii,„,,;  |,.„,|, 


■t";lk'r,„nlr.„„,...,l,r„UL..|„,  i„  ,, 
"■'"''■•  '■"'^'">.'  Iniii'.  v,.«,.,;>l,l,-. 


1  ill  .ill,, in  .s  I; 


••|H«nunur..,an,|i„;il..,s„,,„,i„ 


"I"-    IM    ,1,1,1   -UMiriKT. 


nii)i^i  I, ran 


ith 


>T  niariuri', 


■  null-.!  nii.\icir,-s  ,,f  hn 
Ill  iiiMlau'f. 


-I ;").-  Ill.h  in  sul,s,an«s  n,„r.  „r  l..„  a     dh"'"   '"    """   """"^^ 
^      '"P"-     Puparium     n.arlv    ,vli„,|      ,        "'• 
■iili  ihfsinut:  iluraliim   j  4  ,|-ivV 

l)nra,ion„f;if,.cyde, 0,4  days.     ,v„,,. 

1>    seven   t„  (en  fenerations  .level,,,,  I... 

''"'"    April    ,5,1,  an.l   Oc.I.er   ,olh      I, 

"tTnates  as  larva  „r  pupa  in   the  S„u,h 

,i;     ';"''';'l'l>-"-rea,mm„nlyasa,l.,l,    in 

J^;-l..       (Consult     IWanls    an,l 

»l-«itls  hooks  on  "House  Klies.", 

Stable  Fly  (.V/„„„,,.,,  ,,;/.//r,„„  i.inn  ■ 

'»-r.,n.,abK>.r,ls,s,,a,,y  proves:  d„.,,,„«,,, 
''""'•  "^-Kesemliles  house-(iv   In, ,  h,    ,  •  ^.•^|l• 

^ 'Men  UnKe  at  fron,  en,l  ,.f  ;     iiJ    Urr"'''V"'''''''"''"'^^  ''^'«''' 
-  "'oraN;  dorsal  surface  oT  „  '""""'"'"■^'■"■^  Wa<k  lines 

-^   spots,     liite  seve  :     u^         "o oi  "       '"  "T"'"  "'  "^"'^^  "-'' 
'-.'Is  in  moist  straw  a,  ,1  I  .  •         '"""""""     -^  '""-  "'  'lisc-ase; 


-i/„, 


vill,, 


.l|',"lii,ili;      /> 

I.       /I,7„„;       /(, 


jyj  ECONOMIC   ENTOMOIOGY 

Eins  -Laid  in  an  irregular  heap  of  about  too  on  manure  and  gar- 
bage; similar  in  form  to  those  of  House-fly,  hatch  in  2-3  days. 

i«r,a.-Similar  in  form  to  that  of  House-fly,  but  more  trans- 
lucent in  appearance.     Duration  10-20  days. 

P„pa.-Duration  6-ao  days;  puparium  reddish-brown,  elongate- 

""^tws  flToccu^  in  the  open,  but  often  enters  houses;  breeds  rapidly 

in  oat-straw  and  other  organic  refuse.    Winters  as  pupa  or  larva. 

C<,«(ro/.-Apply  0.62  lb.  borax  to  every  10  cu.  ft.  (8  bushels)  manure, 

on  removal  from  stables,  with  a  flour  sifter  or  fine  sieve,  part.cularl> 

about  the  edges  of  the  pile,  and  sprinkle  2  or  3  gal.  water  over  ih. 

heated  manure;  use  fly-traps.     (Consult  Farmers'  Bulls.  540,  734  anH 

Sqi,  U.  S.  Dep.  Agr.,  1913.)  ... 

Kom7lY(H<BmatohiaserralaKoh.-T)csv.,Lyperos,atrnlans-Lmn.).  ■ 

(Consult  drc.   »5,  Bur.  Ent.,  U.   S.  Dep.  Agr.)     Introduced   mto 
U    S    about  1886  from  Europe,  and  has  spread  rapidly  smce 

'  Jrf,^/.-Similar  in  shape  and  color  to  Hous.  tly,  but  about  half  a- 
lartP.     June-September.  .        . 

£.»;-Laid  singly  in  fresh  cow  manure  in  day  time,  irregular,  o%al. 
light  n..ddish  brown.     Egg-laying  begins  soon  after  adult  emerges. 
ia,TO.-White,  ii  inch  long;  full  grown  in  4-6  days 
P«;,a.-Puparium  dark  brown,  ellipsoidal,   H   inch  long;   pupal 
stage  lasts  5-10  days. 

Probably  6-8  generations  in  a  season.  .... 

Conlrol.-{i)  Killing  the  maggots  by  the  introduction  into  the  man- 
ure of  Ume  and  other  drying  and  destructive  agents;  (a)  appl.ca  ion  of 
creolin  compounds  in  the  form  of  spray,  or  kerosene  emulsion  so  utio  . 
or  a  mixture  of  H  gal.  fish  oil,  H  pint  coal  oil,  4  tbspfls.  crude  carbol. 
acid  applied  with  a  cloth  rubbed  over  the  parts  attacked. 

The  main  factors  limiting  the  number  of  the  common  flies  are: 
(a)  The  destruction  of  the  larva:  and  pupa  by  braconi.l  and  chal.  u\ 

parasites; 

(ft)  The  lack  of  food  for  the  larva;; 

(c)  The  enemies  of  the  adults; 

(d)  Weather  conditions-H,ppressive  sultry  weather;  cold,  wet 
and  windy  weather;  acting  on  the  adults,  and  preventing  the  emergence 
of  adults  from  the  pups. 


CLASS,Krc,U,OX   AS-D   nKSCK.Pno.  OF   COMMOV  XXS^CTS       .„ 

'^or:::^::z^  S't:;:r  """•*'^'  '-^"-^  ---« -  ^-^ 

"f  a  dark  Wuish-greenSti.hh""''^'''^'^" '''''" '''^house-fly, 
>h..rax.     The  eggs  are  , a      in  "       ""''  '■'"'''  ^'"'"^-^  ""  'h^ 

in  wounds.     The  mag  Jn    1.  ^r       f     k  """''  "''""  •'^'•'''  ^"''"'•'^  and 

"^  'S:::  ^™f  Z^lt  Tr'^"  -  ^^-  --™  ^Pee-es 
li"ttle  Flies.  ''■'"  ''"''«•"  '^^  «1"»-.  Green  or  Blue 

A  laSkisT r:iS'n'''r  fr ''^  ^^"""'>*''-  --V^naLinn.)  - 
'.^  eggs  arcSo^f m  dteL  177"''  r'  ^"'""^^ ""  '"^  ">-- 

^"  ^.oo  eggs,  which  ha,4  veosoot    ",-"'"''  ';""'^-  ""''■  '''>•  ^°° 
'■ration  22  to  ,,  Javs   ^? '''"" -""""'^P'^"™.     Duration  of  a  gen- 

-.-•es  With  a  prXs  tio:'S:rt':f5-  '  ^"'"^^  -'"™- 
-ag  of  3-4  days  and  a'pupal  ::^:lit   ',/'''■  "'  ""^'^  '"^•'" 

.Ja.vs  and  a  pupal'stage  of  5  ^6  Is     HH    '  T'  '^""'  ^'^^"^  ''f  "^ 

Phonaia  regma  Aleig  fs  a  larl\  , "'''""'''^*  ^«  '^^^a  and  pupa. 

l-uses,  and  hre^s  in  g'fbage        '         ''  '''  "'^"  '"  '"'y  ^P""«  '" 

Pant::!^  ?S:  fgron'L'ea^'Tf  ;"^--'-««  ^^-■)     '^e.uents 

'^"ci:2^tie^::;jr^  -'-t  --in^^-ith^ru;: 

™Hy  yellow  hai    on  d  rsunT  o^.h"  TT  ''™^'=^-     "  ''^  ■'"'"' 

^'"'1  garbage.  ^  "'""''■     '■■"''=''''>•  ''^^eds  in  manure 

ANTHOMYID^  (ANTHOMYIDSl 

'""^.;'S:rtt  J^^;,-^: --  -  -•  -ggots  are 
M^..'got  and  Seed  Corn  Maggot     '"'"   '"'"'   '^'^''^S"''   «"-" 


2  74 


KCONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


Uull.  Smaller  Hun  House-Hy;  ■'  U  inch  Iohr;  Krcy.sh,  wah  t hrc. 
blackish,  rather  broad  bands  on  back  uf  thorax  ami  a  .lark  stnpe  alon. 
back  of  alKlomen;  a  number  of  stiff  hairs  on  body  and  legs;  eyes  red 


p.j.     „,_Mal.-  uf  tlio  cablKiBe    root   maRKnt  fly      UnlarKi.,!  ab.mt  3  t..^- 
iPkoto'by    J.    r     U„J,,.v.,;..     Af^er   C.bso,.    and    Tn-h,r.u.    ,M.    ...    l-<n.    '■ 
D^pi.  Agric.  Oita-iva.) 


I-lu.  176.-  W-nvAv  of  llu-  ^■.^^\y.iv. 
{Fhoto  by  J.  r.  Wddy^i-orih.)  AJte 
Dept.  A^ric.  Ollnu-a.) 


Knhirwed  about  J  !i 
'li,-r>ie.    Jini.    12.    l:nl 


dish-puri.le.     Hibernates  sometimes  as  adult.     I're-oviposition  ,.. 
about  6  davs  (figs.  17.=;  and  176). 

/•Kfis.-Elliptical,  white,  1  2.5  i"'-l<  '""t!;  5°  <'°  deposited  .^epar., 
„„  Ihe  surface  of  .round  or  on  stem  of  ,,lant;  stage  lasts  about  a  we, 


CLASSIFICATION-  AND   DESCRIPTION   OF   COMM. 


j.f::p:,:«*  *s,ts  «-,;XI»^ 

fleshy  tubercles  and  2  conspicuous  rcl.lish  l«o-,,o,nle,l 

^  ^^^ZZT'  "'■''   '-  '-'  "-.^Hes.„u,.,.o.n^ 


•■""erclos  and  central  spirackV   AH  Z  h    T"'  ''"'"■""•'  ^'"•">W".on,   „f ',|,., 

Ufe-hislory.~-X,UU  appear  in  May.  when  cal.ha.es  are  hcin. 
'"''  ''"''  '''^I''«"  «gK^-     Maggots  hatch  in  a  week  ami  f^.  V    ' 

.-'ah,y  three  or  four,  hut  the  ,at:]rS:  :hS^::r'" 


i;8.— r;,ba 


«'t  "l.-iKKOl.  s,M.-  view.      Knl.irK.vl 
Irehrrni.  l:,il.  Ilr.  Can.t 


(.1/'.T(,;7,,„„  „„,; 


Co„,rgl.-V,^   "Single-ply    tarred   felt"  paper  dislcs    wh  n 
*"ts  are  set  out;  use  cheese  cloth  fr,m,.s.,  ,  •'""'*'' 

»-  '■.  a  Cyn,p,d;  and  y>„,„A,-,/,-„,„  spp.-.a-„nsul,  Bull.  .tlOnf  br! 


276 


FfdNnMIC   ENTCIMDI.OC.Y 

Hull.  411),  X.  \'.  Awr.  Kx|i.  Sin.;  C'drmll  Iniv 


l)f|).  .\t;r.  faiKicIa,  191I1; 
Hull.  78.) 

Onion  Maggot  (I'liorhia  rcl>arum  M^'.  =  Ilylemy'ui  aitliqiM  Mr. 
.\,li,ll.  SliKlUly  larnt-r  than  Cal)lKi«e  Root  Ma^'gol  Kly;  liody  an' 
la's  with  many  black  bristles;  hack  iif  llicirax  of  male  with  four  indistin. ' 
(lark  colored  bands;  abdomen  with  a  distinct  blackish  band  dow: 
the  middle;  May-June.  Probably  three  broods  a  year.  I'reovipo-; 
tion  ]icriod  aliout  10  days  (  Fif?-  iSo). 


I'll..  171). 

£,i;gs.^Cylindrical,  white,  distinctly  ridged;  groove  not  so  dee; 
long  as  in  /'.  hrassicce;  duration  1,  to  4  days. 

/.(jrrci. -White,  cylindrical,  rounded,  truncate  at  posterior  ' 
-'.-,  inch  long;  central  tulierdes  of  blunt  end  single-pointed,  with  a 
of  additional  tuljercles.  Duration  .'  ,i  weeks,  occasionally  4^5  "-' 
Young  larva  works  its  way  down  witliin  the  sheath  of  the  plant  t. 
forming  bulb,  in  which  it  feeds. 

i'H/>i/.— I'ujiaria  formed  in  soil  or  in  outer  layers  of  onion.  !• 
il.^-^  inches  below  the  surface.  Suitimer  duration  about  2  w 
hibernates. 


'I.A.SSIPK  ,VTI( 


"N-   AM 


'  t'^:s^  Hu'iiiis 


The  Biirred-i 


'f  (ciMMcjN    I,,.; 


■•itRi-il  Onion 


iiJ"n,)ust,)„ni„ns(Mid,i„; 


:in). 


■'%,?"<  (/■//, 


>iil:<l>s. 


'•'"•'(  Wic.l. 


)  is  al>„ 


-1  molasses',,,  k^l' ..m::' ^Ij^.Tl^i:;-""^""-'  "f  -'iium  arseni,. 
™;h.  "'">   '■'"^■''"-.  Pyr..,hrum  an,l  carl,,,!,-, 

"^-  ''q'-  -Vic.  Can.,.     ln\Ju       P^    -'V-     '''""^""  ""'I-'-'  I'nt 
'-"T  tibi.x.  of  „,alc.  wi.h  a  nnv  ,      hT''";'""""^  inner  si.le  of  p„." 

.  ,f  «:ti;::r7ii;;;-:,;v--'"' "'"•■— 

-   ">e  head     Caudal  tuhe.c  es  s  t ,.     '"  /''  "■','"'■''  ™''  ^""'  ''"-„. 
'""-fa-Mi.ional.uhereles.     F  e  Ln     '„        'V'""  "■«^-"'"  "'"^  - 

•lurahon  „  .lays.  "^'  ''«'"  '"■"«"  <"  'lark  re,l,lish-l,nnvn- 

Nunil,cr  of  fenerations  „„t  vef  In 

"l-n  a  v^t  period  follows  immHia    i:'"f„  "/^^  ""'-  "'-'  «"-re 
0/«/r„/.--r,irt-„,,t      Use  miner-  If    ,-,  '  """"'^  ""^  *'■■''• 

Raspbeny  Cane  Maggot^  'll""'f"^^  '-''"'-  acid  emulsion 

-"•-',  n.s:::::;:-;^w-,;;;;i.si,oo,,an,uunneis 

I'-'  "-ood  beneath  the  bark,     ft  co,,,,',  ^  "•'  """■"  "  ?'>'"- 

■"  ""'es  full  grown  in  June      V,i\Z  '"■""""-'  ''"""»•'•       'nd 

/'«^--FornH.dat(nvere2  ::;r^'';-^'^'>- 

<  "'"^"/.^-Cui  off  and  burn    I         ,         '"  ■''""'  '■""'  i"'^■• 
Beet  Leaf  Miner  rA,:,,'     ,):';''«  -'^  -  --  ai  observed 

--  .  There  are  several  gene,  ■  '  ,  '"^'"^  ""^  '"^"'-'  ""  Ihe 
'--«'  .n  the  pupal  conditi,',  ,  ;  ,,: ^  ^•"^"'  -"'  "'^  "in-er  i. 
•«;  are  placed  on  the  lower  .Ide    f  ,  ""  '"  '"  "■^'  '"''■     The 

^    -  'eaves;  hfe-eyele  about  a  1^^  ""  ''■"•"  ^""  '"^  ™^«-  n.m: 
'  '»ifroi~-  Pick    'in. I    J  .    . 

J  ILK      lino      hum      ir-*^       1       !      ■ 

'"-■"-'   '--.-    "here  practicable;    use 


,.)^  |.;(iiNciMic   i;n  loMiil.oOV 

spiiuL.h  a.  u  lr:i|.  .n,,,;   |.1..«-  'k-^V  ■'"'I   harr.nv  a.  su„i.  as  crop   ; 

nmovccl.  . 

Lesser  House-fly    (Iloimilomyia  aininihns  l.inn.).     Iliis   liy   i- 

smaller  llian  .!/»«■,;  ,hmirslir,i.  an<l  mi>y  l)e  ohscrvtil  in  houses  in  can;, 

summer      As  an  Anthomvii.l  it  can  l>c  readily  (listinnuistied  from  lh. 

true  musci.ls  l.y  the  venation  of  llie  winRs.     In  this  species  tiie  mi<M!. 

lil)ia>  are  witliout  a  tubercle. 

The  larva,  • -,  inch  lont;,  is  markedly  dilTerent  from  ,,iat  of  Mas.  : 
n  has  a  flattened  liodv  with  a  double  row  of  spiny  processes,  li 
lives  in  waste  vegetables  and  animal  matter,  and  no  doubt  is  rcsponsibu 


'rt^f"^ 


Fi,,     ,»„-"tIu-  little  l,.ais,-fly  ^IIow.•l<,•«yia  /.r.-rio.      Fcmafc  at  Iftt;  m.tl.:    . 
mtl,  c'larRv.l  anfttna;  larva  at  rifihl.     Alloular^c.,!.      Ufler  Howard.) 

for  the  transmission  of  certain  diseases.  It  becomes  full  growi 
about  a  week,  sometimes  prolonRed  to  i,  or  4  weeks. 

The  Little  House  Fly  illonialomyia  brevis  Rond.)  occurs  al 
oull)uildini;s  an<l  breeds  in  human  excrement.  It  acts,  no  do 
as  a  disease  carrier  (Kis.  180). 

The  Latrine  Fly  (Jlnmalumyia  st.ihiris  Vah.)  is  also  under  suspi 
as  a  carrier  of  contagion.     Middle  tibix  with  a  tubercle. 

TACHINIDjE  ^TACHINA  FLIES) 

These  flies  are  useful  in  thai  the  larva;  or  maggots  are  par;i 
within  the  bo.lies  of  injurious  caterpillars.  The  female  lachina  fly 
her  cKgs  upon  the  cater|,illar  or  upcm  the  leaves  of  the  food  i' 
an<!  the  maggots  on  hatching  bore  their  w:iy  through  the  walb 


""""■" '»•"- M ,        ,^„ 


HIPPOBOSCID^    SHEEP  TICKS  i 


Sheep   Ticks    M/, /„/,/„,,.„,  „,/,„,,  ,•      ,   ,,^      ,     ,        , 
H,-  ar..  „fu.„  vc.n-  i„i„n„„.  ,„  ,,„,;,  ;,',,,       ^  J  7'   ''^  ':"''""'^"- 

'':'•;    '''-I'-'' -v,..d  kinds. ..„„,,,,  ,,;,''' ■''''^,!"^'''-« I 

I.ifi-lii.st(irv.     Karli  f,-ni  il,.  nr,„l 

^•'r'^-'""^ ■M";:;:!;/::;:;;;:^ ;:'',:::%:;''- "'^- 

^'"l'a.a,ul  reaches  sexual  n,a,„ri,v  ,  „/,■.,,"'' f'T""""'"- 
^n.r  f.r, nidation  ,1,.  u-nn,!,-  ,1,.,,,;;,:  ,|„  i,,^;.     '"■     '"  '  '"  '°  ''">-^ 

ORDER  SIPHONAPTERA  .FLEAS) 
Pulicide  ./•■/,■„,,.     ,;c„„s»|,    l-arnurs-  JJull    ,s„-     -■    s    .,         . 
«o  siKva-s  „f  .Icas  arc  f,.„„.l   inU^n,,,        is'.';,'->  "'■"■  ;^-' 

M.-  are  n,„st  numorcus  in  ^^  ,...'„:  7  ''^"'  '"  ""^  ^'"""""'■ 
H.unan  Flea  r/.„/„  .,.„,,■      ^^      ',',"'">■  ^':^^"-- 

.^"-;^.a.in.au,..,,,,,,.,„,,,;;;:;-;;;;--.■lMn,.,Min. 

::::r"' "°"  """""■""'■ ' •"■''■■-■^■•« :-::::!.:  :::i,':::. 


280 


KCDNIIMIC   KNTOMOI.lKiV 


Pupa.  Formed  wIktc  larva  lives,  often  emlosed  in  a  small  .ilk 
cocoon,  covered  with  dust.  Duration  about  12  days  in  warm  con- 
ditions, hut  mav  lie  more  than  a  year  un.ler  unfavorable  condlUon^ 

Cat  and  Dog  Flea  (I'lik-x  svrr,ili<rps  iWr^.^Clnmcrplialus  nitu- 
Curtis).  Ailull.  Like  that  of  House  Mea  hut  with  a  comh  of  s[>ines  on 
border  of  head  and  j.ronotum.     Adheres  quite  chisely  to  its  host. 

Egl-s.  Laid  loosely  amonK  the  hairs  of  host;  small  white  and  oval, 
hatch  in  about  2  weeks.     Collect  on  mats. 

Lana.  At  first  white,  footless,  maRKot-like;  head  pale  yellow, 
feeds  on  decayinK  particles  of  animal  and  vegetable  matter;  matures  n> 
summer  in  about  12  <lays. 

/>!(/)(;.— Duration  12  to  lO  days  in  summer  in  a  cocoon.  Ihis  fle.i 
may  be  found  in  winter  in  any  of  the  stages.     Several  broods  cad, 

season. 

Coitlrol.  Hathe  the  animals  fretiuenlly  in  a  .?  per  cent,  creoln 
solution  (4  teaspoonfuls  to  a  (|uart  of  water> ;  provide  them  with  sleep 
ing  mats  and  have  Ihcse  mats  beaten  or  shaken  regularly  once  a  week, 
keep  the  kennel  clean;  du-l  fresh  pyrethrum  thoroughly  among  ll.. 
hairs  of  the  animals  and  on  the  floors;  remove  carpets  or  mats  an^! 
give  floors  a  thorough  cleaning  with  soapsuds  and  later  with  henzin. 
dust  powdered  alum  upon  the  carpets,  etc. 

Treatment  of  bites  with  a  ^  per  cent,  carliolic  acid  solutior, 
menthol,  camphor  or  carbolaled  vaseline  will  allay  the  irritation. 


COLEOPTERA  (BEETLES) 
Chief  Groups   of   Beetles 
.\.  Utail  of  the  urdinary  form,  not  prolonscd  into  a  narrow  beak;  maxii 
divideil;   palpus   llcxiblc,   usually  4-iointed;   larva'  rarely  without  Ub^ 
Twr  Hctles  Cl'ig.  181). 
B.  .Ml  tarsi  with  the  same  number  of  segments. — Istmuni. 

C,   fiiurlh  and  fifth  tarsal  sCKments  not  grown  toRcthcr.— Prn/.]" 

a-'ig.  i8.!i. 

J).  First  lline  ventral  segments  of  abdomen  grown  togell 

most  with  thread-like  antenna?.— t'jrnitOM  or  iVcrfm ' 

K.ctles. 

Dl).  First  ventral  segments  of  abdomen  not  grown  togclh' 

E.    .Vntennie    cluli-shaiied.- (V.niVorniii     or    Clult-li 

(Fig.  iS.i). 
KE.  Antenna-  scrrati-.— .SVrriVorn!,!  or  Saw-liorns  (Fig,  t 


'  '  ■   '"urll,    and    iif,|,    ,;,r.;,|    „.,.„„„„ 


.^^ 


I'i'..    ISI.— Ventral  uspi.ct   ,1  a  car-.b, i     „■■  ,     ■ 

„„  *'^'^'-  "'"arsi  3-Jointnl;  anIcnn.T  cl.ui,  „rn      r  ■ 

BB.  Fore  an<l  middle  tarsi  vJoinLl  In  ^        '"■'  ^'•'■' "•■'I'iJ.r.  p    .,s, 

^^    Head  often  rr.Io„.ed  i„,o  ^ C        m  1       '  T-'  ^  •'•""'"'-  "-''-'"'■ 

-^e  t.a„  3>inted.  larv.  Mei^C^rtrir;  ^^  ^^ 


2Sj 


.(iNdM.I'    KNri)MI>l,llC.Y 


(Trie/ /•■.imj/iVi  "//*(■  f.irnm'M  (.V""/".- 

\    |,,Ksaila|it(<l  ("rrunnirm;tiTrc*lri.iliiinl.'nn:i'  iij.imliil. 

It.  Anlcnn^  inscrl,..l  ..n  (rnnl  .,f  hr.d  al..n,-  ihi'  Im-.-I  Hw  "K.n.M.I.-. 
CidndtUd.T  CriK.T  ll.-.lli's),  p.  .•»4. 
HI).  .\nlc.nn»-  ins.rt.-.l  .,n  si.ks  .,(  lu..!  I.Hw,..-n  the  l.a-,-  ..I  ll.   m.„.l,l.l. 
anil  Ihi-  (>!■-.     CirMilir  ttir.iun.l  It.ttk-^).  p.  jNj. 
\  \    I.IKS  ailiiptcil  iiir  swimminii;  a(|u:ilir. 

H.  W  ill,  ,.iily  two  c.vrs.    -/>,v(/>.  hl,r  ( I  )iv  ini!  Ilcitlisl. 
Illl.  Wilh  turn  i'y>>.    Oyi'ii'l"  (\Miirlii;i«  ll«tk-s). 


F„.     .»J.-Tarsi    ..t    c>.k-"Ptcra.     .1.    u .plinutarsa, 


I.   L.'plinutarsai    /i.    Coccindla;    (',    7'en.' 


t*iff  Families  of  the  Chnicornid  Croup: 

A.  Legs  nued  for  swimming;  aquatic.-//.vJ™/./.i/W«  (Water-.cavongcrv 
\.\    LegsnottUled  for  swimming;  terrestrial. 

B.  Klytra  short.— 5(af/iJ''''"'''<'  C*'"'^  IK-otles). 
BH.  Elytra  as  long  or  nearly  as  hmg  as  h.Kly. 

C.  Alxiomcn  with  5  ventral  segments.-»r,«..(;./,f  (l.ar.ler  Ikil 

p.    201-  t..|    f  ■  J      n- 

CC.  .\lnloiwn  with  h  i>r  more  ventral  segments.    -6i(Mi</<r  (t.  .i' 
Beetles),  p.  J93- 


AA.  lliM.i  ,„„ 


A.  "™l;n-.-rt,.,|mlho,;,.,„pl„,„m|,„un.l,.>,, 

H- .w„  ..„...„.  ,„  ,.,„,„„,„  „,„  ,„,^„  :^ ^^^^^^  ^^,_^^^  ^ ^^^^^^ 

"    "'■•"'  """"al.irWni,  |,ui  pariaiiv  „,,,.r,.,M,v,i  ■      , 

Hi,,,,  ■     '  "^■'l"l.i"'in.,lk„r,|.     /.„m/,,r/,/,r(|.ir, 

"'Km.' ■■-". ...*,c„„.,„„ 

I'"-   ■«.!.    -Forms  uf  .„„v„„.v  „t  l„.,.t|,,      ,        ,.,  ..    ,„    ,   ^^, 


A 
AA 

(  /;/,/  /• 
A 


AA 
A 


nil.  Hcail   hcnl    noarlv   at    rii;l,l    aiiul,      

^I'.'atl.  Waul,  n;.,,,,,   ,',  ,    "'•',:  "■  "'"'^'i  »'«  -mall.  -PtMd^ 
■■•milhs  of  l/„-  Um,lli,on,i.,  Or.,,,/,-   '     '  '  " ' ' 
.  An,enn,pclho«v,l;  lamella  r„v,|.     /.„M,„;,/,MSfaL.  M    ,i    ^ 

Antenna.. noe.ll,owed;  lamella.  „,„  livnl      s  ,        ',  "''•  <"  "'■ 

'■.'»-/,■«  »/  //,e  /V,w„/l/,„(.  GV,.„A  "*""'"■  ^'--^'f  ^'h-'"^'- 1'  30, ■ 

Body  and  antenna-  shurt 

;p::;'^:!:v::;:;r^ -:.:.-:',,-----. -...on, 

llody  ami  antennir  lone -Y-r,„„,;,,,,.;      r         , 

-»"■'-■" of, I.  n,,„o.,.jcro.:r    "■""'''-''"""•'J  «"'i-.'.  p.  3=0. 

■  Head  with  distinct  nn.'  '     ,„fi  .„„|  ..l,  t,    .,     ■, , 

Beetle..-,),  ,,,  3,;.  ""  '""'  ''•"'"  "^■>^'We.-.l/,-/„Wa  (Blister 

Hea.l   -,viil„,ui   ,|is,in,i         „     i„„|,.   ..,.,,,   ,,.,    .      „      ,   . 

Beetles),  p.  3,8.  '  ""■'"'•     '^"" '"•""'«.'(  Karkling 


jK4 


Kl  ilMlMlC    KNToMfll.ix.V 


</,„/(„.i.M  ..((/..■  Ww„„f/,„r,,(,V,..,^'  ,,,,,,, 

II.  H.-ak  -liurl  ami  l.rua.l;  ani.nn.i-  ^liorl,  K.iil.  ulalr  an.l  .Ulhl»il,  lilii.i 
uffn  Willi  sivrral  liilh  ixlirnally;  h.uil  harn.wiT  than  |ircilh"rat 
i^yr.  nal,  .marninah-  .ir  ilivi.lr.l;  lii-t  laMl  joinl  muill  «h..rliT  ilia, 
,.',niliim-.l  Unt'lh  ii(  tlif  .i1Ik-«.  IfiJ'r  (Hark  lliilli..],  |p.  svi 
mi.  Il,.ik  u-uallv  I..I1K  an.l  w.ll  ,l.v.lu|.nl;  Iialpi  -mall  anil  ...ni.alr.l 
anl.nna  usually  ,  liilil.nl.  lilii.f  »illi"Ul  Iv.lh  i  il.riially;  suhmi-nlun, 
lirolurv.l  iiiliia  milar  |«ilunilr. 
<:.   Dcir-uni  "(  la-l  MUmi-nt  .i(  male  iliuilcil  IransMwly. 

I),   Man.lihli-  Willi  a  «rar  im  anUTi..r  a-|Hi  t.     <)li,>rli\ttihid. 

V-  M'<-  .  ,,         ,.      ., 

111).   Man.lililc-  willi.ml  >tar  ,in  aiiLThir  a-|»i  t.     C  nr.  u/wili./. 

(Ciirculi.isl,  |i.  im. 
(T.   Il.ii-uiii   ..I    la.l    -rmmnl   ..(   ;">lli    ->>:•■-   Uh.livi.lnli   lllmf   n..i 
-crraliil.     (..tl.imlriilir  ((.rain  \\  itvil-i,  I'   HT- 


^^^J^      5 


J:.^^ 


Ph..    l«-l.      StTiaii 
in.-i,tinati-:  X.  Iliibilhit 


;tiitfiwi;r 

;.  Ill" 


1(1  11 


iililualiiin-:    I.   sirraU';   -'.   pcminalf;    I 
;.   ».  iriL'^iuIarly  siTralf.   aiil)rr!;*i:liilU' 


lavic.irn  Ivpi-.      (Mm  Lnonlf  isn.l  Itaru  ) 

CICmDELIDiE  (TIGER  BEETLES; 

TiRcr  bci-lles,  Ixilli  ailull  anil  larva-,  are  pri'ilaceous  tfudinf;  U|i- 
talcrpillars  and  "lliiT  unwary  insects.  The  adults  are  active,  ali  ■ 
irc.iturcs,  anil  are  must  e.inimimly  ohserveil  on  sandy  grounds  ar 
roads.     They  are  liriUiantly  marked  with  metallic  colors. 

The  larva'  live  in  vertical  liiirrows  and  there  lie  in  wait  for  tin 
prey.  They  have  strong  jaws  and  large  ilirt-colored  heads,  ai 
the  fifth  abdominal  segment  bears  a  hump  with  two  backward-curv 
hooks  which  serve  to  anchor  their  owners  in  the  burrow.;. 

The  majority  of  the  species  belong  to  the  genus  Ckindda,  and  i 
most  abundant  forms  are  C.  >cxgutUU,i  Fab.,  ('.  iiilf^tirh  Say,  C.  npn' 
Dej.,  C.  Iiirlicollis  Say,  and  C.  pundultila  Oliv. 


I  ARABIDiE    GROUND  BEETLES. 

I  ■»'««"«  (,V«,„,„ill.-,l.n,„„r.„„l  II,,,,,,. 

*     ■^"■''' «^''->ili,-,mi„K,|„.,',n„  ll,..    ,  „      ,,■ 

"I'-"-" ' '•■ -..;:::;,::.;:;;: 

!'■   •^'■'■«iri"fil.vlniinl,rri,i,i,,|  ji  , 


■i'luli'  liri.llj 


-;™^^;;:;.:u:;:iT::::::,;::::-i;;r---... 
J  pr;ir;:ir'z-^ - 

,^;:::;i  ;:;,'■" ' >  p"-^..h> ':;,";;,„::::;, 


Ph.. 


It;       l'r..slirru,  „f   l,i.,.(ii.,       ,,     ,•„    , 

'<      ••■<al  .av.tiM  S..,.arau.,r,„;d'.,„     "..'himi'";     "'  .'-"""■"^  ""J  " 

■'•'I  l„.|,i„,i.      Ulflft   lluliham.)  '""•'•  '•■"«al  i.av,t„.s   3i.i.,,r:il,..l 

.,=:=HS'-~'~i^s.:^ 

I'l'    Kly'M    always    ..nlir,.;    man.lil.K..    „i,h„„l     .    |,rl  ,l 

s;»";;*r,;;:,;: • '•-■"" 

«.  H.n,l  coxa.,  n,.  ,,epara..l.  Ial,r„m  „,„  u.rk..,i:tMHMir. 


>  \.  .Mici.ll, 


286 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


Gr..un.ll.cclksare common  insc-ctsan,l,  with  lw>..,rthreeexccpt.ons, 
prey  upon  injurious  forms  an.l  do  not  feed  upon  fruits,  leaves  or  see.ls. 
(See  Part  I,  Beneficial  Insects.)  Following  are  the  speoes  most  com 
monly  met  with: 

Some  Common  Carabids 

Murky  Ground  Beetles: 

PleroslkhH^  hicubtandus  Say  .-Color  usually  green  or  hluish   no. 
polished;  length  .0-.4  mm.;  thorax  wi.lened  posteriorly;  str.a- of  elytra 


PU-     .86  -A  carubid  b.o.lo  ll',.r.,>,Ulu.^  l,uMnnJ,.s)       (AfUr  Cil>..«  a«i  Trr,...,:. 
iMl.  Hut.  1-'.  "'7'   -Ic-Cun.) 

smooth;  4  <lorsal  punctures;  legs  usually  reddish;  under  surface  pun> 
tured;  three  basal  joints  of  antennx  distinctly  carinate;  basal  >mpress,o. 

of  thorax  double  (Fig.  i8ft).  ,    •       ,       ,1 

Gahntajanm  Fab.-Black,  clothed  with  short  hairs;  length  . , 

22  mm  ■  legs,  palpi,  thorax  and  base  of  antenna,  reddish-brown;  he, 

black,  strongly  constricted  behin.l;  prothorax  half  as  wide  as  wir 

covers;  elytral  striiE  fine  not  punctured. 

Lebia  grandh  Hertz.-Length  g  mm.;  head  and  thorax  leddish-;. 


CLASSincAT.O.V   AND    DESCmPTIOX   OF   COMMON'   .XSKCTS       .87 

l-v;    umler  surface  an,l   k-^s   pale   lm,wnisl,-vell,uv;    alKlonuM,  hlu  k^ 
b;  ra  .lark  l.lue  and  deeply  striate;  a,Ue„,ue  pale;  head  i.lw^,^ 

Ilarpahis  calisiiwsus  Kah. -i>itclu-  M-iik    l,.n„tl.    , 

:2:,:;t' A.rJr;: """" ""- ^-i '"-■"-: 

/'"''pfliis  pcii:isyk,i,ii,u.s  Dei.—hUirl:    |,.n„th   ,,    .- 
.  n  1    'Cfcs    red.hsh-jellow;    under    surfaec    red,lish-l,r„vvn  to  pieeous- 
Mdes  of  thorax  gradually  curvcl;  region  of  basil  anLdes    .    ,n  P^ 
pressed,  densely  punctate;  mentum  too.he.l.  "  "*-'-■  ''" 

Metallic  Ground  Beetles : 

C'<(/,«,™a  s,n(/>;/»r  Fab. -(Searcher)      Len-ih  ,s   .„  .■  ,      . 

;hora.  blue;  .ar.ins  reddish!,,ron.ed:'id:::;d'i     Zd:  t;^ 
Wue,  alKlomen  ^-reen  and  red;  elvtra  metallic  ^reen  u-l,h  77  *' 

-i^'H,  punctured;  third  joint  of  antenn.  ''^frXl         '''  "'"""• 
Cal,,u„„a    ...lidum     Fab.-    (Fiery     Hunter).     LenRth    ..     mm  ■ 
■l-k  above  and  below;  elytra  black  with  si.v   rows   of  golden  sp"; 
-P  y  s.r,ate  and  finely  punctate;  head  and   thora,.   ffnc^K    ruTKe' 
"iirdjomt  of  antenna' compressed  '      ^      ' 

C,^oso,„a  sya,pha,Ua  Linn.-A  Furopean  form  imported  to  combat 
.■  (..vp.sy  and   the  Brown-tail  moths.     Both   larva  and  a   ults  are 
.laceou.s  and  freely  climb  trees  in  search  of  their  prey.     Th    e«^ 
■'"  <lep..s.ted  m  the  earth  and  the  mature  larva,  seek  the  ear  haiah 
;.".i  instruct  pupal  cells.     The  adult  beetles  emerge  la      n         sprfn 

COCCINELLID^    LADY-BIRD  BEETLES) 

>C-u„.u,.  Bull.  .,s,,  conn.  AKr.  K.vp.  .S,.  .„„  ■Coicoptcra  of  Indiana.". 
.ady-b,rd  beetles  are  essentially  fee.lers  on   ,,lant-lice  and  scale 

'  "union  Lady-binh: 

Two-spotted  AdaUa  (AJath,  hipu,utata  Li,m.).-.Umg-covers  red 
'  ''"''  ^'""  '"  "-'  -"-  "f  -i.:  ll...ra.x  black-margined  wUh 


288 


KIOMlMIC    KNTOMOl.OCY 


yellow;  lawl  black  wilh  two  yellow  s|)ol.  helweeii  eyes;  le^s  and  un<li  ; 
side  of  boilv  l)laik.  Feeds  on  i)lant -lice.  Common.  K^K  staKclasI 
about  a  week,  lar%?.l  sta^e  aboul  ,<  weeks,  and  the  impal  sla^e  about  ,i 
week.     Oi-.e-eighlh  to  one-fiflh  inch  lonK  (Kit;,  if*'"*)- 

Twice-Stabbed  Chilocorus  iCIiilmnrKs  hhuliinus  Miils.).  WItv.' 
covers  black  with  a  red  spot  near  centre  of  each;  head,  thorax  and  kr- 
black;  under  side  of  thorax  black,  an<l  abdomen  re<l.  Larva  S|>iny 
pupa  black  and  spiny.     Fee.ls  on  scale  insects  and  ,)lant-lice  (  Fit,'.  i8S 

Two-spotted  Hyperaspis  illyfcrnspis  signala  Oliv.V— Wing-cover- 
black  with  a  red  circular  spot  and  a  smaller  yellowish  spot  on  each;  Ihor.i 


<1   ludv-t'iril   in  all  its  stawf-; 
iAjWr  lirilh'n) 

und  head  black.     In  male  the  head  and  margins  of  thorax  yell.. 
Larva  while  and  woolly.     Feeds  on  cottony  maple  scale. 

Spotted Megma(.Uci;i7/(i  nuuulata  \)M.  =  McgnUifuscilabris  Mul 
—Wing-covers  red  with  six  black  six.ts  on  each;  thorax  red  with  i. 
triangular  black  spots;  head  black  with  a  red  median  stripe;  legs  .i 
under  surface  of  body  black.     Larva  blackish  with  white  lines  :- 
Idack  spots.     Feeds  on  iilant-licc.     One-fourth  inch  long. 

Pitiful  Lady-bird  (Paililia  misclln  Lee),     lilack,  small.     Fee<l- 
San  Jose  Scale  iFig-  iS.)). 

Convergent  Lady-bird     {llippodnmia   convcrgan    Guer.).— W 
covers  reddish  \ellow  wilh  six  black  dots  on  each;  thorax  black  ' 


'2F.     ^A 


.x-s,rK-AT,ox  .x„  .,s..n.n,.v  ,„  ,.,„„,„  „,,,,,     ^, 


,s„ 


'0 


;'.  ttu-    lonviTKOnt  lady-bcciU-    (//;«»„/«.„,  '■'ily-lK-cll..   (.l,;,i/,„  /, 


1,11,1  • 


■    inlesH'J  pear,  slir.u-' 
.'Jy  onlart'Od.     (/)/(. 


sll-.«-in„   b«-tlr,  and  tlai'r  i  ,rV  ,'    f  '■,,'""'■'■  ''•  '<''-^"<; 
if"  Ho-u.,,ird  and  Marlau  B.'.n    '  I'^'^'y  "''V"  "■•-■  - 

•■■   O      ...      l.KI.,    t    .   .V.    [>,  p, 


2  90 


F.CilXOMIC    KNTOMOI.OC.Y 


marKins    vcllow   and    Uvo   cUlique   ycll.nv   .hislu-s;    head   black     will. 

yullow  Lflweun  the  eves;  le^s  and  un<lcr  surface  of  l.o<ly  hlack.     Larva 

ye1h)w  with  l)lack  spots  and  cross  l)ands.     Feeds  on  plant-lice,  etc. 

bne-fourlh  to  one-third  inch  Ion);  (Fin.  iSS). 

Thirteen-spotted  Lady-bird  (llifptHUimia  i>,-pun(laUi  Linn.).-- 
WinR-covers  reddish-vellow  marked  with  i.;  spots;  thorax  black  with 
velknv  mar-ins;  liead  i.lack  with  yellow  mouth-parts.  Lnder  surface  oi 
i,odv  and  femora  black;  tibia'  an.l  tarsi  yellow.     Feeds  on  plant-hcc. 


■Till-  scjuafh  iMly-bird  bi-t-lle  (EpUadma  ImnalU). 


Five-spotted  Lady-bird  {Coawelhi  5-».o/u/«).-\Ving-covers  re<  wi:!. 
five  black  ban.ls;  thorax  with  fr.mt  lateral  margins  yellow;  head  bla-  - 
with  two  yellow  spots  between  the  eyes;  le^s  an.l  under  surface  bla.  .. 
Feeds  on  plant-lice.     One-fourth  to  three-eighth  inchlong  <t>g-  >;  ' 

Nine-spotted    Lady-biid     (CoaincUa    ^-mtala    Hefbst.).-\\i- ;:- 
covers  red,lish-v  .How  with  <,  black  spots;  thorax  black  with  front  m  r- 
nin  or  red  vellow;  hea<l  re.l  or  yellow;  legs  and  under  surfa.  o  bla 
I  arva  with  black  markings  on  thorax  and  white  markings  on  abdoni  :.. 
Feeds  on  plant-lice.     One-fourth  to  three-eighth  inch  long. 


iA<«  i 


c.As.,nc.no.v  A.0  r.KscK.PnoK  op  common  ,.skcx.s     .,, 

"al  margins  with  a  Wack    n      in  '    'h        T"    '''''  *''"■  «■'''<=  "''>'•'••  ''"- 

femora  Uack,  (il.i.e  an,l  tarsi  1  row„  .    tt  '7"'"'''^  "'"«'"-^' 

-ith  sharp  spines  on  each  ,   "em      F     ,      '^      ""'^  '"«^'  '^'''^'' 
^■ishth  inch  long  (Fig.  rHy)    ^  ""''  ""  P'^nt-lice.     Threc- 

Squash  Lady-beetle  (/i^/W„„  A„,„,.^  P 
"'■currmg    n  the  east  as  far  north  as  Canar    Tu       ,  ,    "'"■'  '"'<''' 
.h.s  la,ly-beetle  feci  on  the  leaves    f  „  i, /"S..^""'!  f"  '""•"  "' 
yellow  with  four  Mack  snots  nn  ,t,     .,''"'"'■  '^■'-     The  adult  is  orange- 
-ver.     The  larva'  "veM  w  an  I  '""l'""'  ^"""  ""  ^^^^  wing- 

-pines.     The  adult:  hi  ^    ™:  'T"  ''',  ^"'^  "'  ^^^^-^  >"-' 
«rouncl  (Fig.  xgoj.  '''  '"'""'"  ''™'^^'h  leaves  on  the 

DERMESTID*  (LARDER  AND  CARPET  BEETLES) 
Larder  Beetle  (Dern,csles  hnhrius  Linn  )     s,^  .■ 
-at  pantries,  and  where  skins  and  featht^aL  k^r   ""  "  '"'  '" 

^.i^^^-^'SiieZthff^is^ir'^^''^'^^^""^'^^^ 

^...-Lald  on  nteat,  or  in^^^tl!  il^X';-;--     ""'-nates. 

-tr^t;rfXrs:s::':?trr--^^ 

burrowing  into  it  and  pupating  there  '"  ^'  '^^^'-  '"'« 

(  ,.«/«/. -Trap  or  collect  the  beetles-  cle-in  th 

.vn.p  the  hams  ver,  closel,;  fumigat'th;  ir''^ '•^""■^ '''"-"^'''>'^ 

Buffalo  Can,et  Beetle  (..l«//.„„„  ,„  ^y,,,/" ,,,,  ^.^^  . 

."-I   of  carpets  and   woolens.     Introduced  !r.,^\.  '  '"'""' 

i'H'-ipally  a  museum  pest  (Fig    "~'''  ^"'"^  ^-"^"Pe,   where  it  is 

r^'^^:'^:^:::::^  ^Si-  '-'•  ■""-  -^'h  h,ack.  white  and 

■'  "ees,  and  other  shelters        n  ''  '"'  "^  ''""^■^'  ""'^^^  "^ark 

^-"e,e..Proij^::„;:-:ri:t;:r- "-''-' 

'?A'J.— Laid    m   convenient  r.l-,,.,.  '""rm. 

''^'  h  in  a  few  days.  '        ''  ""  '"^P"^   "^  "^her  woolens. 

/  ,/n'a.— A  stout  active  grui)   i ;  m.'- I  n  , 

-■  forming  tufts  at  the  1;,,;/!:^ l"    f*"  ":"':''_  «-"h  stiff  brown 


■forming  tufts  at  th/sid^ld  a;  r-XfbS 


develops 


.U-     h- 


292 


rXDXOMIC   ENTOMOLOCV 


rapidly,  l>ul  may  be  retarded  l,y  cold  weather  or  hy  lack  ..f  f.""l 
Normally  six  moults;  feeds  on  woolens. 

Pupa      Yellowish,  formed  within  a  larval  skin. 

On(r«/.— Use  ru^s;  remove  and  beat  the  carpets,  and  spray  then 
with  Kasoline;  scrub  the  floors  with  soap  an.l  water;  spray  floors  wii 
Msoline,  and  fill  the  cracks  with  putty. 

Black  Caipet  Beetle  (.l//(i,i;fK».v  pheus  Oliv.).  Iniroduce<l  in.i 
Kurope.     Injury  done  Ijy  the  larva. 

AdiJl.-\  small  black  oval  l)eetle,  smaller  than  the  Buffalo  Carp. 

Beetle,  ]  ir,  inch  long.  ,         ,   , 

£gjj —White,  broadly  oval;  laid  about  the  edges  of  the  carpet  or . 

woolens. 


F,c;.  l9l.-BufIalo  carpet  beetle  (^nll,um,^  srropl„.Iari.ry  a.  >^^va  ,1. 
view;  b.  pupa  within  larval  skin;  c.  pup.,.  ventral  v,ew;  d.  a.lull.  All  enl,.r, 
(From  Riley.) 

Lana.—\  reddish-brown  active  grub,  i.-J  inch  long,  with  a  In 
bushy  tail  of  reddish  hairs;  l)ody  cylindrical  with  closely  appn- 

hairs.  ,  .  .  ,   i 

/'»/>(!. —  Duration  6  15  days;  clothed  with  a  coat  of  whitish  h.- 
A  museum  iicst;  a  house  pesl  feeding   cm  woolens,  carpets   . 

feathers.     I'robably  requires  2  years  for  life-cycle. 

Raspberry  Bytuius  {Hylunis  unicolor  Say).    Adult.'— \  small  bi  - 

dermestid  beetle,  I7  inch  long;  body  covered  with  pale  tawny  1; 

May-Julv.     Feeds  on  young  leaves  and  buds. 

£ggs.-Laiil  in  June  on  the  unripe  fruit,  one  egg  on  a  berry  ar, 

tachetl  by  one  side  to  one  of  the  carpels. 

Laroa.—\  small  white  plump  cylimlrical  grub,  1  i  inch  long;  -■ 


im&:: 


'■'.ASS,K„-AT,OX   AX»   msc.U'noS   OF   ,OM„,.X    .XSKCTS       ,g, 
^^.  j-.>«.-Vdlo„.,sh,  formcl  in  an  car.hen  cdl  in  .,„.,n.un,l,  where  it 


SILPHID^  (CARRION  BEETLES) 
Spinach  Cairion  Beetle  (.V,//./,„  6,V„/„.„,„  ,.,,  ,     .,.,,^,   ,,.  ^.  , ,    , 

.S.  o^ara  L.  is  also  an  injurious  species  in  the  West. 

ELATERID^  (CLICK  BEETLES,  WIREWORMS) 

<  ."«.«..»£,„,,„„„>  G™™  (After  Leconte  and  Horn) : 

j;j^^^xs,^rL.!!S:;t-^''-— - " 

"B.  t  >pcu.  „.  front  flatte„„l;  n,ou,h  hori.ont.l  or  anterior. 

D.  Tarsi  simple,  li]iform.-C„rv,n/«Vr,, 
I'lJ.   rars,   >vi,h  the  second  and  thir,]  joint,  lobcd  beneath.- 

- 1  jupf/fs. 


WiRKWdR.MS 

^'I'  '",:;"  "f  ^"^1^  '^''^"-  --^  ^nown  as  "  Wireworms"  of  which 

;    - ral  speces  are  injurtous  lo  the  roots  of  cereal  crops,     Perh-I    1  e 


-*s:wi?ai 


294 


ECONOMIC   KNTOMOI.dC.Y 


■,rrrr 


coloratus,  Mdanolus  communis,  Cryplohypmiis  „hhni<ilHs,  uml  Corym 
bites  spp.     (Consult  Hull.  156,  »ur.  Knt.,  U.  S.  l)f|>.  Ak.,  1015.) 

.IrfW/s. --Slender  oval  hard  IjitIIis  (the  "click"  or  "snappinK 
beetles)  with  serrated  antenna-,  moslly  brownish  in  color,  sometim( 
black  or  Rreyish,  or  even  metallic.     In  .\«rioks  tmincm  Say,  the  "  whea' 
wireworm,"  the  Ihorax  is  very  convex,  coarsely  and  densely  punctai. 
and  the  front  or  clypeus  convex.     It  is  dull  brownish  yellow,  dusk;. 
beneath,    sparselv  pubescent,    and    about    >  .J  imh  h'nK.     Di.isterii, 


Fig.  ig2. — Agriotes  muncits 
(After  Forbes.) 


1(J3. — MeUmotus  cribitlo^KS 
[Aftfr  Forbfs.) 


ehgans  Fabr.  is  dull  reddish  brown,  about  '3  inch  lonK,  s|)arsely  p 
cent,  head  black,  a  median  Wack  spot  on  thorax,  a  black  spot  in 
of  middle  of  each  wing-cover,  and  a  black  cross-bar  near  the 
Asaphes  decohmitus  Sav  is  shining  black,  about  half  an  inch  long, 
hind  angles  of  thorax  divergent.  MeUinoltis  communis  Gyll.  is  : 
1,2  inch  long,  dull  brown,  and  with  a  more  or  less  distinct  medi.i 
pressed  line  on  basal  half  of  thorax  (Figs.  iy2-i95). 


l^.n; 
a'  '•": 


'lASSIFICArii 


'N    .\M'    m:s,H,n,ns    ,„     ,,,MM,,N    ,v„.,.,s 


when fui, ..jt'Z'  I  \ :::::. ^•^"■^r  ="■ '-' « 

'  iipii.~.\  soft  white  i„„  V  a-i-mhliM.r  tl„.  ..  i   u  ■     r    ' 


i/H 


2(;6 


i;(  iiNoMir  KsriiMiii.dC.v 

miiiicus  is  ivlimlriciil,  |mli-  brownish-yellow 
last  segment  which  taiicr- 
inch  Uinc  when  full  (trowii 
The  larviu  spend  i  lo  5  year- 
■  cereal  and  forage 
M.  tissilis,  M.  crihitliisus. 


The  urul)  of  .l,i;n'ii/cv 
lii(!hly  polished,  willi  two  hlaik  pits  on 
uradualiy  lo  a  lirown  point,  ami  ahout  an 

.\[(l,iiwliis  spi).  (Corn   ll/rruwmd.     Tl 
in   the  soil,  and   feed  on   eorn,  and  other  cereal  and  forage   rr,.p-. 
fon,mon  species  observed:  .1/.  u.mmunh.  M.  Jhsilh.  M.  rrMosus. 

Hvslop  reports  that  larsx-  of  M.hnoliis  are  larKely  contine.l  1^ 
poorlv  drained  and  heavv  sour  s..il.     They  spend  .'  to  ,  years  m  Ih 


,-  -ri,  .    ,irv  l-.rii     u-ircworin     [(nrvmhites    noxiw^i:    ii.    athilt;    h.    l;ir 

l,l/(rr  n'dllun.  f.  .S.  Iliir.  I.iil  ) 

soil;  pupate  in  July  Aujiust,  adults  transforming   12  22  days  lai^ 
l)Ut  emerging  the  following  spring.  ,    ,  ■   ■ 

The  grub  of  Mclaiwlus  commimh  is  smt>olh  and  shmuig  and  01 
light  br.nvn  color;  the  last  segment  ends  in  a  blunt  tubercle. 

The  grub  of  Ptastcrim  clegans  is  one  of  the  smallest  wireworr 


jcing 


I  ■',  to  1  'i  inch  long,  and 


I  of  a  light  \va^y  yellow  color. 


segment  has  an  acute  ap 


-al  notch,  is  nc; 


arlv  Hat,  and  roughish  alu 


(I.ASSIfK.MI.lN    AM.    l.KMkMTln.N    „F   ,,,„m„.v 


INSKc  IS       J()7 

.,.i  cal^nout  i'rr  '''"""""r  "  " "  ^' '  '"' ''  '"■'«■  «""  -  -1 

|>iiai  notch  <>n  U,t  se(,'mfnt;  dark   »a\v  vfll.iw 

luno.     I'upal  slaKc  lasts  al»iul  3  w..t.ks.  ' 

i'ryfilohypinis  ahbrcvialiis  Saw     \ 


malun-!  in  May 


l"it..l  States  an,l  Cana.l.       \;i;,l,  1 11'";"'  "'"T*"^"'  '"   '■^"^"■"> 

.■attend;  .lark  l>r„w  arv'-    L        ;:;:'       "\';"'  '""f  ''"'■"'  •''"" 


Lon/u 


l-l/;.v  llu((„»,) 


"1  Drasteriiis  elci;iiiis 
'lays  later. 

Ctirymbilcs  cariciniis,  ( 


Pupates  in  August  September;  adult  emerges  , 


!  :- 

1 


f         ,  ,  ■        '«'•■"'/'■•■•,  f-  cyliiulrifonnh  feed  on  flower 

of  apple  an.l  pear  in  Canada. 

'"■"^™'  ^;'^-''"'"0'  «/  ir,>.-.«„„.,.  ---The  full  grown  larvc  chan.e 
|;"P:^  .n  the  soil  in  July  and  August.     These  itcome  adult   >e    1 
.Nout  a  month,  but  remain  in  the  ground  until  spring  in  the  r    up 
;.    On^eme^mg  they  lay  their  eggs  in  grass  lanils  i^  the  e:::^"'';; 
'■>al>lc  tlKit  the  larval  stage  of  most  species  lasts  2  vears 
'■  sjiccies  J  or  even  5  years. 


,  but 


2t;8 


KciPNiiMir  kmiimii|(m;v 


i.inlrol.  I'ri)fi-.s.irs  ('(.m^loik,  SliiiKirliiiKl  aii'l  I'orlu'S  «vc  r.i 
yi'iirs  iiKi)  liirrifcl  (in  a  l.mi!  •»>  ri*'^  "'  is|«'riniiTils  in  the  hope-  nf  lin.liii. 
i)ut  11  siilisfiK  lory  nuth."!  of  tuMlinK  wianvi'rms.  Thi-st  fxperimi'tii 
were  carritil  nut  alonn  thriT  lini-s; 

1.  Hv  lilt  protiiliiin  of  llif  sft'd. 

2.  Hy  llu-  (Icslrurtion  nf  Krulis  l>y  cultivation  and  clean  falluv, 
and  imnninc  crojis,  and  liy  the  use  of  insecticides  and  fertilizers. 

V   Hv  I  rapping  the  adult  click  lieelles. 

The  following  sulislances  were  used  as  a  protection  for  the  seed. 

1.  .\  coating  of  Paris  Green  ami  llofr. 

1.  A  coatin);  of  tar. 

j.  Soakinn  the  seed  in  a  solution  of  salt. 

4.  Soaking  the  seed  in  a  solution  of  copperas. 

i;.  Soaking  the  seed  in  a  solution  of  chloride  of  lime  and  copper;i- 

f).  Soaking  the  seed  in  a  solution  of  kerosene  oil. 

7.  Soaking  the  seed  in  a  solution  of  spirits  of  turpentine. 

8.  Soakinn  the  seed  in  a  solution  of  strychnine. 

9.  Soakinf!  the  seed  in  a  mixture  of  I'aris  green  and  water. 

10.  Soaking  the  seed  in  an  alcoholic  solution  of  arsenic. 

11.  Soakinu  the  sce<l  ir  .1      ■'  'lion  of  arsenic  and  boiling  water 

1 2.  Soaking  the  seed  in  an  alcoholic  solution  of  corrosive  sulilimaii 
1 ;.  Soaking  the  seed  in  a  saturated  solution  of  potassium  cyanide 

In  almost  every  case  the  wireworms  fed  upon  the  grain  or  seed  llm 
coated  without  injury  to  themselves,  and  the  investigators  were  for.  c' 
to  the  conclusion  that  it  was  not  practicable  to  protect  the  seed  i.} 
means  of  these  substances  even  were  it  possible  to  use  them  witli-i; 
])reventing  or  retarding  the  germination  of  the  seed. 

Buckwheat,  mustard  and  ra|)e.  which  are  supposed  by  many  I-  !- 
immune  crops,  were  found  to  be  not  entirely  so.  for  the  wirewoni. 
in  some  instances  fed  upon  these  plants  almost  as  readily  as  upon  ci ->;. 
plants. 

Insecticides  were  also  used  in  the  effort  to  destroy  wireworn;- 
Thc  following  were  applied  directly  to  the  soil: 

1.  Kerosene  emulsion,  and  pure  kerosene. 

2.  Crude  petroleum  emulsion,  and  pure  crude  petroleum. 
V  Poisoned  dough. 

4.  Bisulphide  of  carbon. 
!.  Salt. 


<>(•   tilUMoN    INSKcrS 


-'')') 


CLASSiru  ATI„N    AM)   DKS(  KIITKIN 

6.  Mui iite  of  poia^i. 
?•  I.imc. 
S.  Chloride  of  Ijnu'. 
<).  Oas  lime. 

,o„n.  .....x,  .,....?    "'    )"y    ''""'"'"I    value.     Such    a    UrK.- 


■"""""'  W""!'!  have  to  he  used  in 


many  instances  as  to  completely 


1.,  ,,  ,11  -  ""■^"  "'  nianv  insti 

Itstnn  all  vexelation;  ami  the  cost  would  1...  •  • 

Ihrir  application  impracicahle  "'''"'"''  "^  '"  "'■''^'■ 

The  following  methods  were  found  of  value- 

in  infested  spots  '  "'  '""^""'"'  ''""«''  "'''^•''■'  "•"!"  Imr.ls 

...  the  ilSr:;:t'l';;i'': ''^^  ;-'^  ^''^^^'' -- "^ '---> 

iransformed  puna-    which  d  ,  "'*'"  ""'"'"^^"  "^  ""^  "-^"Iv 

'ie.royed.'ri;tt;^.;'i:si::^:ire/s^f'is--- 

-hey  appea'r'a    adult    ,eZ'  u'i"'  7  "^  ^"'l'  °'  "'''"'^  •"^'-'^ 
-ansformin.  ,„,o  pu,  e  i       "fal     h  1 7hev I         "''  "'""'^'"^  ""^    ' 
.urhance  of  anv  kind      When  the  worl       '  ""'  ''■""'""  '"  '"" 

.specially  in  spots  on  Z^l^:^:^:^^  '"  '""f  """' 

^.™;n^r  ::r:lr;^;^:SitS'?  "^""'  "r  •" 

I'  is  frequently  observed  ,.,,    '^         '''""' '''"'"^  f"""'' very  effective. 

».  «»vj:;'xi^:r~s  "= rr ■%':''"' 

crops  in   the  folloivini;  season   in  «i,it,.  nf  ,u„   ,  ■ 
^^-ui'  Bull.  3,5,  Cornell;  Bull.  44,  HI."  Agr!  Exp.  Ll )'  "'"^'""■■^- 


Ji'l^  ^'. 


300 


KCdNOMic  i;nto.vi()1,(j(;y 
BUPRESTIDiE  (METALLIC  WOOD  BORERS) 


I'pimtTji 


Ctiiiiiiu'ii  OriuTj  (altiT  Hlatrlilc.\  I : 

.\.   Hind  tcixal  pUiU's  dilattil  niMr  b;v-e. 

li.  Prosternal   sjiine  obtusely   anKulatid   b.hind   Ihi' 
mctalhorax  triangular,  uninM-rrd- 
C,  Mentum  cntiri-l.\-  horn-liko,  c'lytra  without  yellow  markings. 
DicrrC'i. 
CC.   Mentum  mcmbranou-  in  front;  dylra  usually  marked  ydlow. 

Huprisli^. 
nil    Prosternal    spine   aeutely   anRulaled   behind    llie   n.Na-:    epimera    .1 
mitatlu.rax  parllv  covered  by  abdomen.     C;lypcus  eonlra.  led,  se  ul. 
lum  large,  first  joint  of  hind  tarsi  elouRate. -fAryjodiX/ir;,!. 
\  \,  llinil  coxal  plates  scarcely  dilateil  near  base. 

«.   llin.l  tarsi  %vith  first  j.iint  as  lonK  as  the  three  follonins,  anlen.,.. 
free;  tliora.\  truncate  at  base;  clypeus  not  narrowe<l.  -  .Isn/iiv. 

Flat-headed  Apple-tree  Borer  (Chrysobolhris  fcnwrata  Fab.).-  (Con 

suit  Bull.  4.17,  t".  S.  Dep.  .\gric.) 

This  liorer  attacks  shad, 
and  forest  trees  as  well  ;i- 
orchard  trees,  and  is  of  comnn  n 
occurrence.  It  attacks  un- 
healthy trees  by  preferentc 
(Fig.  197). 

Adult.— .\     dark     flatteni-! 

inetallic  brown  buprcstid  beci!c. 

^2  inch  long;  wing-covers  p;ir- 

allel,  thin,  tapering  to  a  p"i:ii 

Fig.  ,„7.-FIat-hea,ied  ap„le-iree  borer    behind,  Under  Surface  greeni-h- 

(t/irvsoftoi/iris/fmoraru):  o.  larva; /^.  beetle;     }j]y^|     under     surface     of    bodv 
J,  pupa.      (Aft,rCHi,U.de«.U.S.li.rr.„,,     ^^pp^.^j..,,^„„^^.       j„„,. 

£jgs —Yellowish,  ribbed,  ',-,o  inch  long;  deposited  in  crevice-  .: 
the  bark,  often  several  together. 

/.ari'ii.— Light  yellow,  i  inch  long  when  full  grown;  thorax  lir^.u; 
and  flattened;  abdomen  flattened  and  often  curved.  Head  small  ;k 
concealed  by  thorax;  tunnels  formed  immeiliately  under  the  b.rk 
sometimes  girdling  the  trees.  Matures  in  a  year  and  winters  as  a  nil 
grown  larva. 

yw/ia.— Yellowish;  duration  aliout  ,5  weeks,  in  spring. 

ParasiVej.— Certain  braconids,  :cnneumonids  and  chalcids. 


Cr.ASS,KICAnoN-   AXD   DESCRIPnOX   or   COMMON-   .NSKCTS       ,o, 

r„«W.-Ai.|,licati„„  of  alkalin,.  washes,  „f  soan  w-ishln,,  ■    i         , 
crude-  carbolic  aciil  i„   Mav  .,„,|    r,,,,,  ■      •  "'i-h'nK  scnla  and 

Wi^r"^"'  «"'='^''«"y  Borer  (.!,.//,„  ,„„■,„„;,  ,..,,, , 

...c  ._,-.,.. )„,nch  long.     June-Julv     Native  >  ■•^".  "".Icr 

A«J.-.— Laid  i„  July  on  %-oun«  canes 

xsxti'r™ -  -*  - '"  '•'-"■ """"" 

/'/-/"'.--Korme.l  in  May  t.ronn  lar^a  in  the  Inirrow. 

-al  at  tip;  hind  angles'of  ^h,lax  ca^^e  l^aSi,::"' kL^^*^"'^"' 
lioies  semicircular.  -"a>junc.     KmerKence- 

^m-  -Laid  in  crevices  of  the  hark.     Hatch  in  June 

-K:;.:;w:t^te;s^^^^^^^^ 

CWr ,/      R  '       ^    "*''•  '•"'""'"''  '"  "P  "f  abdomen, 

^.rwh™  the  t,,,  dies  usually  most  o?  the  tree  i,  a^  ,       '^   ''''''"'■"■ 

'•  ^tt^'T^^'  S::  """■;"":  ^-'-'-mctive 

^.^^.  and  the  ,rub.  1^ ^  b  "^  ^^^^  ;:  :,^  ^r "«  7  '^"^ 
"I'c-n  girdling  the  tree.  '^  Rrowing  layer, 


■»A,; 


SCARAB^IDiE  (SCARABiEIDS' 

'»     ■•  "'"  '-""'i-idlins  ■ind  Skin  Bnlhs. 


302 


KCONOMIC  ENTOMOLOUV 


L'.l. 


nht 


;  uppiT  ^urfiiic  of  licii 


AA.  Al)(li)minal  spiniilos  n.il  situated 
rari'ly  ililaUd.     Luif-iluifrrs. 
Common  Ei omimic  Gimrn  oj  /.nij-rhiilrn  faftcr  Ulatchlcy); 

A.  Ahdominal  s|)ira(ks  in  part  situati-d  iin  superior  p..-tion  of  ventral  siKment.. 
till'  rows  of  spiratk-s  fet'l)Iy  divt'r«inK. 
H.  Korm  sk^ndcr,  elonRatcd;  dull  yi-llow;  dytra  dinsdy  .ovtTvd   with 
scales. — Matrodattylits. 
HIi.  Form  robust,  heavy;  brownish;  six  \eiitral  seRments. 

C.  Small,    ventral    sejsmenis    free;    elytra    with    regular    indislind 
grooves  on  disk.  —Strii'l. 
C'C.  Medium  sized,  ventral  segments  connate;  elytrol  disk  withoui 
grooves.-   y'/iy//i)/i/iusa  = /.111 /irl«v/cr«j. 
A.\.  .Vbdominal  spiracles  (exceptinR  the  three  front  ones)  situated  on  dorsal 
portion  of  ventral  segments,  formint;  two  rows  which  diierge  strongly. 
H.  Tarsal  claws  unequal  in  si/.c. 

(;.  Klytra  with  membranous  margin;  antenna' g-jointed.—^inoiMii 
C'C.   r.lytra  without  membranous  margin;  antennie  lo-jointed. 
I).  i;iytra  with  black  spots.  -Pdidnota. 
1)1).  Klytra  without  spots.— C'r'lii//'ii. 
HII.    Tarsal  claws  equal  in  size. 

C.  I-ront  co.xie  transverse;  body  above  convex. 

I).  Head  and  thorax  unarmed  in  both  sexes;  mandibles  narroii 
brownish  yellow.  -Cydoirpfhilo. 
1)1).  Head  or  thorax  (or  both)  armed  in  bolh  sexes;  mandibh  • 
toothed  on   outer  side;   dypeus   bidentate;   dark   reddi-!: 
brown.  -  Ligyrus. 
CC.  Front  coxx  conical,  prominent;  body  not  convex;  antenna;  i.; 
jointed. 
I).  Side-pieces  of  mesothorax  visible  from  above;  sides  of  elj  Ir.i 
more  or  less  sinuate;  thora.x  triangular;  never  uniform  blai  1 
— Euphoria. 
1)1).  Side-pieces  of  mesothorax  not  visible  from  above;  sides  ■  l 
elytra  not  sinuate;  hind  coxa'  contiguous. 
E.  Hody  almost    glabrous;  size   large;  color    uniform. 

05WI0l/lT?M(I. 

Eli.  Hody  pubescent;  size  smaller;  color  variegated;  thiir  n 
rounded  at  base.— rriV/i/iis. 

White  Grubs  {Lachtwslmta  =  l'ltyllophaga,  spp.).— White  grubs  ;i  c 
tlie  larva^  of  May  or  June  beetles,  the  majority  belonging  to  the  gei  ;- 
Pliyllophaga  or  Lailmustcnia.  The  following  species:  L.  ftisca,  Kn- 
L.  anxia,  L.  caUcata  rugosa  Melsh,  L.jiUilis  (gibbosa),l..Jenida  (arciM 
Smith,  L.  implidlii  Horn,  L.  Iiirlkula,  L.  jrakrna  Harr.,  L.  Iri  ■> 
Fab.,  'and  L.  ilUai  l<.noch  are  perhaps  the  most  abundant  (Fi  s. 
igS'and  199). 


cLAss.ncAT„«  AXD  DnsCR.PT.ox  OP  rouMox  .xsrrrs 


larva.      (,l//,r /.■„,/,„,) 


,504 


ECONOMIC   KNTOMOI.00Y 


Adiills.     Rohusl,  pale  rcdilish,  or  ydldwish-bnjwii  tci  iiin-cius  lariu 
licorn  l)ceUes,  with  lonn  dense  hairs  on  the  slernum;  aliout  -'.i  inch  Ion. 
On  cmerKinK  fri>m  the  ground  they  lly  alwut  at  night  in  search  of  foo'i. 
pair  in  the  trees  and  retreat  again  to  the  earth  liy  day  and  remain  l; 
hiding.     Food  plants  various. 

Eggs. — Oblong-oval,  pearly  white,  translucent;  about  '»  inch  1o)il', 
deposited  singlv  from  i  to  8  inches  below  the  surface  of  the  soil  within 
oval  cavities  in  the  centre  of  balls  of  earth.  Hatch  in  about  2  week-. 
Lame. — Large,  soft,  white  grubs  with  brownish  heads;  hindir 
portion  of  body  thick  and  smooth;  ventral  surface  of  anal  segment  wiii 
a  triangular  i)atch  of  brownish  hooked  hairs  and  with  a  median  doulil. 
row  of  coarse  hairs;  anal  slit  in  the  form  of  an  obtuse  angle. 
Pupa. — Whitish,  bodies  in  oval  cells. 

Lifc-hisliiry.—Thii  eggs  are  laid  in  May  and  June;  the  grubs  li. 
throughout  the  ne.\l  two  seasons  an<l  in  June  or  July  of  the  third  \  1  r 
they  change  to  pupa\  Two  or  three  weeks  later  they  change  to  a^'i  ^ 
beetles  but  remain  in  their  pupal  cells  until  the  following  spring.  I: 
other  words,  larvie  hatched  in  June,  191,5  change  to  pupa>  in  July,  mi ; 
and  the  beetles  emerge  in  May  and  June.  iqi6.  During  the  winter  i!u 
grubs  descend  for  protection.  The  life-cycle  of  /,.  tristis  is  2  yc;!r- 
longer  for  all  forms  in  the  North  than  in  the  South.  Not  known  1 
breed  in  manure. 

t'ott/rn/.— Fall  plowing;  utilizing  hogs  and  poultry;  rotation  <■: 
crops;  collecting  the  grubs  and  beetles;  spraying  trees  upon  wliut 
beetles  feed  (see  Part  IV). 

Of  related  genera  Ligyrus  gihhosits,  L.  rcllcliis,  Cyclocei/lmla  imi«:^  :<■■ 
lata,  .llhrhina  nilida.  and  Euphoria  have  a  i-year  life-cycle,  wlm 
Colalpa  lanigcra  and  Polyphylla  require  4  or  5  \ears.  (ViM/n 
lanigera  is  in  some  districts  destructive  to  raspberry,  strawberry,  "r: 
and  grass. 

Natural  F.nemics.  Pyrgota  untlala,  Tiphia,  ,\silids,  carabids;  1  ■'■•••■■ 
and  blackbirds;  annelids;  skunks,  i'ordytcpi. 

Biological  facts  of  importance  have  been  obtained  in  recent  i;i" 
(see  Bull,  no,  186,  187,  111.  .\gr.  Exp.  Station,  and  Farmers'  Bull  u: 
U.  S.  Dept.  .\gric.)  reganling  the  habits  of  White  Grubs.  Thesi  nu; 
be  summarized  as  follows : 

L.  Irhlis  und  L    Uirilit  have  a  life-cycle  of  2  years,  bii    niJ' 
L  years. 


(.j)  Some  ^ppcies. 


■  f.i 


'■'--.Pn-..r,.,.  ..„  „,sc„p.„,„  ,„  ,,„„,„^  ,^^^^,.,^^ 


fo.S 


"^ir^-rr^^^^  — 

^"'""^  'n  IlK.  f;r„un,l.  ■     '■">"-'  '"""'"■'■-  "f  II"-  Iv.i.l.r  |,„|,,o  an.l 

f«)  As  Krulis  arc  small  llic  ilr,|  ,,,,r    ■,„  I  I 
-'  -"^...l«,l.s,.,vs  l.r«.  „„„„„;;■'"  ■""'  '""■  "■■■  -'""•'  >.-.  Pl""i.,.  „,  ,„ 

'    «imc«rul,sarcm,,s,al,u„,l.,,,i,,,h,.,,™l, ,„    ,     ,, 

,,  '    ,    '"■  ;"'■"  I'-lcs  prcVr  ,„  |a>-  ,|„.ir '  '     '"■^■^■ 

''"■'"•*!•  '      -"    '''"•■■'    ■""'    '"'<'.    151    n„.a,l,,„.    ,n,,,. 

'i'--  narrower  ,h.„  wi  ^     ;,^"'';;"7"   ""  '  ,"""^    """^--^ 
i«^!'rr.- -Resemble  whl^  N'Hlurnal;  July  Septemher, 

'-">•  scales ::  ^i:;r  r^x:'  '\  "-"■  r'"'^"  "-"■  -••• 

'■'^■■.  mature  in  fall.  '  '    '"^>"'«  »""'l  ■"'  ^'Pplc.  .  Iu•rr^ , 

l'lack;hibernales  '*■    '"    '""'>■    '''^"^^l<  =""1   h^urv;  le,s 

W:5:;;i:,r;::'';;^-  ''-;;".  ve...able  .aner. 
^I'-rt;  spiracles  prominent     ,  t  ""^"'   ■^•■""'"'l^-'^  and   le;;s 

-^'nen/;  anal  s  i  T~ '' ' 'i      ','f'"-  ""  ''^"'^  -'-'^ ''-  >l-uc?c 
«■-'  or  decaving  vSabl"'  "  '"""""""" ^  "^  ''-">■  n-  nuten 

"'•■ni^,  ro;es,  etc         st  oi  n..  ^"m     ^  '""'"""'  '"»'""-■  I"-'-, 

WttA.— AlonK-legKodvellowish-brounbee.I,.   1     ■     1  , 
™    .I'^l'  '-'-;   '^K^  spiny  and  Ion  ,        5'    ;!    :;';    "'«■  ^-,7" 

■""^ior,,--,„.eeUs.     Toxic  to  chickens  andSlJr    '"'"'  J"'>- 


JSBWi 


l,0(l 


I-riiN(iMII'   F.NTOMiiI.iiCY 


the  surface  of  the  Kriniiul;  tiatili  in  .'  ,)  week^. 

/.iirfiJ. -VeHowish-white  with  a  |>iile  liriiwn  heail;  ;' t  imh  loni; 
when  full  urown;  white-f{rul)  like;  mulures  in  autumn  ami  hihernalc 
in  the  ground,     l''eeils  on  the  roots  of  grasses  in  sanily  areas. 

/'h/iu.— Pupal  stage  entered  in  spring  ami  lasts  for  10  ,;o  day- 
i'_i  inch  long,  yellowish  brown. 

Control   -Siiray  trees  with  arsenate  of  lead  sweetened  with  molasse- 

CHRYSOMELIDiE  iLEAF  BEETLES) 


,  (.VniTii  (iifler  I.eomlc  ami  Horni 


.\.  Hi 


;iil  pri'dinfil;  tluir:i\  luirn 


IT  lluin 


■lylra;  nuiiidihU'^  >inilile,  puinlc.l. 


lOiortTinil. 

i).  'I'lliirax  i>liiiilri.  ..1,  iicl  r, .nitric 
1)H.  Th..ra\  n.n~lri.  tc.l.      L.ni.i. 
.\\,   lleail  in-rrtcl  in  llii-  tlinras  l.i  llu 
mandilpks  with  M-\Lral  ti-tili. 


Ilie  chir 


H.  I.a>t  ,i..r;.al  ; 
(.',  .\iilenr 


irlll  111  aliiliinirll  lint  i\|li 


!).   fniiil  i"\;i'  tt 
1)1).   I'riint  ii>\,e 
(tllininlpiili). 
una'  ratlicr  cii 


!.■  pli)ti>!<ir\a  (Ctuysomdini). 


tarsal     jni 


It   i>i-k,i«'.i. -/■■;./ 


fC.   .\nl 


at  U: 


1).   Ilinil  IIiIkIis  r-loniliT  an 
(.(lalcriR-ini). 


■;  [runt  r.ixa'  ainiVal, 

.1  (runt  iii\al  tavitifs  <i|>on  Ijchinrl 


!■:.  .\11  the  libii"  willioul  terminal  spurs. —Gui'iTncrHa. 
V.V..   .Mi.lille  ami  himl  tiliiie  witli  terminal  spurs.— W/nftrrii 
1)1).   Iliml  tliislis  thickened,   -(Halticini). 
v..   I'Viint  eoxal  cavities  iipen  hehiml. 


I-'.  Th.) 


ivith  a    leeUe  transverse  impres 


hasal  hall;  liin.t  libi:e  uitli  a  shurt  terminal  -I 


fi'.  Thorav  uitlnait  a  Iran-vcr-e  impression  near 


G.  First  join 


it  of   liind  tarsus  short  anil  r.i 


broad;  claws  al>pemliculate. — Di.<o/iy<lid 
(;(;.   first  joint  ol'  hind  t;irsus  long  and  sler 
claws  simple;  elytra  usually  will"  a  ye 


stripe  or  .spot.s 


-I'll-  :ioiretil. 


I.i;.   front  CDxal  cavities  closed  behind. 

V.  .\ntenn,-e  n-jointed;  claws  appcndiculate, 
G.  Thorax  with  a  distinct  transverse  impn 
near  base, 
H.  Klvtra  without  hairs.-  -Crcpidndc 


Mw  mm^ 


fl.AHSIFlCATIO.S- 


A.NU   DESCRIPTION   OF   COMMON-   INSECTS 


.i°7 

""•   ">"■'■    "ilh    f"»s    „t    Miir    hairs     - 
J'-pUrix. 

r.c.  Tu^      „i„  ,^^_^^^.^^^_^ 

mar    base;    .Ijiral    ,,u,„,ur«  amfus.,!.-- 
'■'■■  Anu.„„,e  ,o-joi„,e,l;  hind  tar^i  ;„,„,,,,  „„   ,^^ 

•"  -^'luash,  melon  an,l  cucumlM  r  n"'  "'""■'■'  '"-'''•  ''^'^'^uctive 

-.1  larval  stages,     ul    ,,^      "'',""'  ^  '"  ""'-^'  ^'"'"«' ''""'  '"  -''">t 


-   -•■>... ~bln„t.,i    .urun.lKT   1,001 

up,,,  rf.  okk;  ,,  ,ouli.turo  „f  sa„u.- 

-■l.l>- ma«,„„o,l.     (.l/,,rc/„V„.„j,„,; 

■  ill  111  I. 


:"'.t:;i'-,.^;^-^-:--:„,t^j;.: 


-"=^  "f  each  ^^^''^Sitlli-^'  t'"  ^  '''"^'^  ^'^'"^  ""-» 
HiLernates.  '  ''''"'^'   ""'''■•'•  '^"''f'-'"-  mostly   Wack 

-*s;^:*t;; -;:;;--;-«-« o.,,.., 

">  uures  in  about  a  month  '  *^  °"  "' '"  "'^  ^"t^.  »"'l 

""  I- :iS-:,f^tt  "  '""  '"""-'^  "  '■''''■     '■'"^  -'""^  hibernate 
"'■sh,  etc.,  but  appear  aga.n  in  April  or  May.     They  attack 


,,oS 


KCoNdMIC    F.NTOMoI.iir.Y 


(luurliils  wlii'D  si't  out  i>r  a|)in'ar  almvi'  uroiin.l  an.l  lalcr  (lc|i"sil  i't,T^  "' 
llR'sciil  (ir  u|)ciii  ihephiTils.  ik-t-llisdf  IIk'm-iuihI  linniil  appi^ar  in  July 
Conlrot.  Spray  llic  wirly  ami  laic  lnrlKs  will  arsi-naU'  <ii  Uail  :i- 
■.ummcr  liccUfS  do  mil  fal  mutli.  Keep  vines  well  ccivered  witli 
Hcirdeaux;  use  tra|)  squashes;  place  cheese-cloth  screens  over  phint>, 
ilust  plants  fre(|uenlly  with  lime,  ashes,  tohacco  dust,  etc.,  to  whit  h  ;i 
little  turpentine  or  crude  carliolic  acid  has  Ijeen  added. 

Twelve-spotted  Cucumber  Beetle  {Dinhroliitt  diimhiem-puiKlnt^i 
Oliv,).  This  beetle  is  a  pest  of  cucurbits  and  vegetable  crojis  in  lli. 
north  and  of  corn  in  the  south  where  it  is  known  as  the  Southern  Corn 
root  Worm,  Hudworm  or  Drill  Worm.  There  are  two  broods  in  tlir 
north  and  probably  more  in  the  south. 

Adiill.  One-fourth  inch  lon^.  bright  t;reeri  markeil  with  twcK. 
blaiksiiots;  practically  omnivorous;  hibernates;  .May  July;  October 
November  (Ky.). 

E^f,s.  Dull  yellow,  ocal,  i  .;ii  inch  long;  laid  sint;ly  just  beneath  tin 
surface  of  the  soil;  .April  June;  hatch  in  7    10  days. 

/.urM.-- Slender,  thread-like,  delicate  and  soft  bodied;  yellowisl 
white;   matures  in  about  a  month.     Injures  the  roots,  crown  an  1 
Rrowint;  bud  i>f  the  younn  stem.     Hreeils  chielly  in  grasses  and  corn  an' 
on  weeds. 

/■h/iii.  — Formed  in  the  soil;  duration  aljout  a  week. 
Western  Com-root  Worm  {D.  loiigicornis  Say)  is  a  corn  pest  in  li" 
northern  .Mississippi  valley.  The  eggs  of  this  species  are  oval  ai.i 
dirty  white;  they  are  laid  in  the  fall  just  beneath  the  surface  of  the  soil 
winter  over  and  hatch  the  followinK  s])ring  after  the  corn  begins  i. 
grow.  The  larva-  feed  on  the  roots  and  often  kill  the  plant;  they  re;i.  ''\ 
maturity  by  .\ugust  1st,  and  pupate.  The  greenish-yellow  adults  enui :. 
in  the  autumn,  and  may  be  found  feeding  upon  pollen  and  silk  ol  1  i' 
corn  plants;  also  on  clover,  beans,  •.ucumber,  thir-tle,  golden  r  ! 
sunflower,  etc. 

Colorado  Potato  Beetle  (I.cplinolarsn  deccm-Umala  Say).— The  n  -: 
serious  insect  pesl  of  potatoes.  .\  native  feeder  on  wild  Solanum-  in 
Colorado,  migrating  eastward,  reaching  the  .\tlanlic  in  1874.  Koi  ui 
nearly  everywhere  the  potato  is  grown  in  L'nited  States  and  Cana^  : 

Adull.  .\n  oval,  con\e.\,  robust  ochre-yellow  beetle  with  ten  b!  if 
longitudinal  lines  on  wing  covers  and  about  14  siwts  on  thora.x;  '  1  ' , 
inch  long;  hibernates. 


"r,i 


oviil  irll 


/•-',W.     Orange,  oval,  lairl  i,,  clnm.Tv  ,,f  ,, 

sjr^sr,-:- ---;::;» 

"-:S'*»";u»z,:™rvr:^ 

.i'lull>  aiipcariiiK  in  (ulv  an.l  ih,.  f-,ll  .„i  i,        .  '       '  ""^  ■■^"mmiT 

-•«-  an,,  ,, „s  :^  acun    !  va    ,;  :  ^n  "    " M  "r''""'"«  '" 

(■»«/„./.-   Sprav  with  ar.c.ni,-,!  'li'vWupnunt. 

/■■/,.«,/, ,        ,///     !  '"^''""•''  - '  ^'•"^  Kreen  „r  arsenate  „f  lea,! 

i;rnsl,cak.  "'"'•    ''"'y-birds;    the    crow   an,l 

Red   Turnip  Beetle  (l-,„omo,celh  ,„lo„i,,is  Fal,  )      \n   i„'    ■ 
I'-'  "f  turn.p,  cahl,aKe  an-1  radish  in   the  I V  i  i     n  ^"""" 

I"  ■ '  e.     July  an,l  August  ,o  Oc„„,er  an,,  X,,;. Vlle,  """  ""''"" 

^^^^A^..-  BrlKht  .,1.  ,ai„  l.neath  d,.„.  of  eanh,  where  they  pass  the 

,.i:""-^'"'--"^    sU.„-shape„;    ,„ac.;    ,,    inch   lo„«    when   full 

S;;:'',::;::::;::  ■'" '"^'' '»'"-^--'-e  ,.f  the  ,.oun,i. 

Eta   Leaf  Beetle    (Gakrua-IU,   UUeoU,    Mullerj..-  (Consult   F..!,' 
Insects   AffoctinK  Park   an,,   \Voo,llan,l   Trees-,     In.VT      ,  . 
K'.r,>pc  into  Lniie.i  Stales  al„.ut  ..S. ,  lntro,kue,l  from 

-vi  especially  in  the  H.ls^n  V  ,  'v^a;  n^T;  ""' '"  ^?"'  '"'^'^""' 
Th,.  ,,i„i..-  ...  :..        ,        .     \'""->.  Ms  not  >et  ajipearccl  in  Canada. 


-kdel. 


■regular  circular  holes  in  the  1, 


leave.- 


■nize  the  under  surfaces.     Tw,>  l,roo>,s. 
i./rtft.~One-fourlh  inch  Ion"- !ieT,l  il„r,v       i     ■ 


;  median  black  hne  of 


and  the  ^rulis 
IK  margin  reddish- 


.vmg-covers  separated  from  lateral  black 


.^•o 


i;c  iimiMK:   knthMiii  ikA' 


stripc>  l.v  KriTniHh-vi'll..w  "r  whilr  al  the  l,ii-.r;  and  .L.TiviaU'd  l>la.  k  >|u.l 
in  each  winn-roviT.  Kyi-s  and  nu-dian  s|)ot  „n  head  .  oal  Wa.k  ,  a  dorsal 
and  Iw.i  lateral  Mark  spots  <m  thorax.  Antenna-  n>Mvn  yellow  with 
brownish  markings;  le^s  yellowish  with  lihix  an.l  tarsi  marke.l  with 
l.rown  Vn<ler  snrface  ..f  head  and  prothorax  yellowish,  that  of  meta 
thorax  and  ahd.mien  1,1a.  k.  Hihernates  under  rul,hi-h  and  in  sheller- 
ICggi.  OranKe  vellow,  fusiform,  atta.hed  l.y  larger  end;  laid  ip 
irrenular  rows  in  clusters  on  under  surface  o(  Uaf  in  June;  se.ond  l.rood 

in  Julv;  hatch  in  s  ''  ''•■»>''■ 

lana  When  full  i;rown  I  j  inih  lonw,  somewhat  llaltene.l,  slniied 
(lorsally  and  laterally  with  yellow  stripes;  tuherdes  prominent;  under 
surface  yellowish.     Ulack  dominates  in  youm;  stages.     Duration  15 

20  davs. 

/'»/>,!.— Hri^ht  oranne  yellow,  ' .-,  inch  Iouk;  dorsil  .urface  very  con 
vex.     Duration  7   .'4  days  according  to  tem|ierature. 

C'»H/rrt/. -Spray   when   leaves   are    fully    unfolded,    and    i    wc.  k 
later  with  arsenate  of  lead  (.5  U).  to  40  or  50  nal.  water). 

Western  WUlow  Leaf  Beetle  {CnihrmeUa  deana  Say).  .\  seriou- 
pest  of  willows  and  poplars  in  some  of  the  prairie  (irovinees  and  stale- 
Breeds  chiefly  in  willows. 

.li/«//.— Small,  dark  yellowish  or  brownish,  rather  llat;  ■'ic,  mcl; 
long.     Hibernates.     May  June. 

Eggs.  -Laid  on  the  leaves  of  willow  and  po|ilar. 

/,an>a.-Both  larva  and  adult  feed  on  the  leaves. 

CoM/rn/.— Sprav  the  grulis  with  arsenical  and  lime.  When  adiili- 
occur  in  large  numbers  kee).  them  from  the  most  valuable  trees  with 
smudges  of  damp  manure,  etc.,  and  spray  with  lead  arsenate  (4  11).  i" 
50  gal.  of  water). 

The  following  four  Chrysomelids  also  are  injurious  to  willows  ail 
cottonwoods  in  the  northern  prairie  secticms: 

Cherry  Leaf  Beetle  {GakrmdUt  cavicollis  I.ec.)  did  consiilerable  r  ■ 
jury  in  1915  to  cherry  and  peach  trees  in  New  York,  Pcnnsylvam;! 
ami  West  Virginia.    The  adults  attack  the  leaves. 

Streaked  Cottonwood  Leaf  Beetle  (Una  scripta  lab.)  having  d  II 
reddish  or  greenish-yellow  elytra  with  elongate  black  spotS;  and  si.  . - 
of  thorax  vellow  and  disk  dark  metallic  green. 

Unspotted  Aspen  Leaf  Beetle  {Una  Ircmulct  l"al).)  with  dull  yeli  v 
elytra  without  spot-*,  an<l  thorax  green. 


■K^Tff? 


Interrupted  Cottonwood  Leaf  Beetle  , /./„„  ,„/ ^,,  ,„,,  ,  ,,„, |,„ 


iMriil-. 


Fru.    Tee  Leaf  Syneta  ^^>„/„  „//,,,,/„  ,,,, ,      ^  ^,„,,,|,  , 

'■'l"w„-wl„U.l,.all,...,  I,,  I,, „.,,,.,„,.; „..,i,„„i„i„n,.u,„.     u, 

lr.T-i",lu..|,r„„.  i„  liriti,h(uluml,M;,n.|(.r, „ 


I'M,     jiii       Til,;   ciM,,i.    r.i.ii    norm    i/,,//,,    :,„,,,/„,     „     ,„.  ,,       , 
.■  undcT  l,,l.l  ,,,  l,,rk  uTicl  .nu,  h  ,.,ilu™.l    .t     ,1  ,     '      '  '"'■"  "■""'■'' 

Grape  Root  Woma   ,7/,//,,  „7„/,/„   W,m„.     a   .uuivc   Anurican 
"i^ect,  and   widclv   ilistrihuU'd  (Ki..     -o,) 

I,  ,i;':';f ;, -^ "?"  'rr"':'*  '"^"^^'  • "" ''  '""^- '— '  -i- « imi>i> 

"    ,  bu.l>  >tout  and  1.KS  I..n,;  Jun.  July;  ca.ing  h,,!.,  i„  „„  ,,,,,. 

/^«..-\yhitish-ycllovv,  cyli„dri,al.  >  ,,  n,.  I.  !„„,;  laid  i„  „,ass.s  „f 
-     +0  liencalli  old  bark;  hatcli  in  .,   i  j  d;n  . 

/-<i™.  -Voung  grul,  feeds  „n  rouN  an.'l  Ur„„,c.  luarlv  f„l|  „ 


^'laDILiitQ^"- 


.»"J 


K(  ciMPMll     lAlilMnI.dC.V 


l,y  (all.     WiiiliTs  cl«-|ur  in  Ihf  s.iil,  l.ul  ri'suiiu's  iiTilinn  in  llu'  >|.rin^: 
ImiII  uniwn  iiruli  ',  inch  \iin\t,  whili^h. 

/'„/>„.  Kornu'cl  in  .m  .arlluM,  ..11  -•  (  inctu■^  li.-l<.w  Mirfa.i',  '  ,  in.b 
Ichk;  whilish;  lu'a.l,  th.irax.  and  li|.  .'f  alxlnmin  pinki.h  an.l  spiny. 
l)urali.>n  ali.)Ul  J  weeks  in  Jimo. 

Coiilr,,!.  Spray  wiili  ar^Mial.'  ..t  l.'ail  ami  m..lassfs  in  lal.'  J.in. 
anil  early  July,  -lir  llu-  mpiI  in  Jiuu'. 


.1.111,11.      .Ml  oul.irKva.      l.l//.r  <;ii».ii.i.'«.) 


Asparagus  Beetles.  Tlu  Uvo  species  of  .\s|.araKus  Beetles  liav. 
come  frnm  K urope.  Thev  injure  the  tender  shoots  in  the  early  season, 
rendering  them  unlit  lor  market,  anil  later  they  eat  the  leaves  of  llic 
tall  seeillin»;s. 

Steel-blue  Asparagus  Beetle   (Crioceris  asl>aii  »' 

A   small   lieelle    i,    inch   lonj;,   hlue-lilack .   thorax 
yellow  anil  black  with  oraime  margin.     Feeils  on  the  Inli;.  ,, 

/•;,!;«.!.-  Dark  brown,  oval;  '  m  inch  long;  laid  on  end  on  the  bu,!> 
ami  stems  of  leaves  in  a   row   in   early  spring;  hatch  in  3-8  da^- 

(Fig.  202). 

/.umi.  Hea.l  and  legs  black ;  body  dark  grey  or  olive;  I  ,.J  inch  Ion.', 
soft,  tleshv,  and  wrinkled;  matures  in  10  I4days.     Feedson  the  foliaL- 

Piitm.  -Vellowish  in  a  rounded  earth-covered  cocoon  in  the  groui  I 
just  beneath  the  surface;  bi'etle  emerges  in  ab.mt  a  week. 

I',iriisil,s.  elf.  -}fi'xillit  imuuliila.  lliplmiUimia  amirrgviis,  Pinli  :• 
sp.,  and  Tilnulidnis  aspurasi  Cwfd,  a  chalcid. 


msmrarm^ 


wwjrmin-ir" 


<I.\SS,FI,A110N     VM.    l..:s.R„.n„V    OK   .„M„„N    ,x^k.  l^        < 

Twelve-spotted  Asparagus  Beetle.  (>/,„,n,  ■.../.,„„/„/„.      u„li 
Uu.Ks  „run«i:-r..l  will,  ,,  |,la.  k  s,„„.,     1^,,,!,  „„  „„.  („,|.,^,^. 


l.aiil     sillily     ()ti     siilc 


mc)>lly    lu-ar     ilic    cn.K    ,,f    ,,|,| 
li.-.i.l  lir.,wrii>h  aiiil  l„i,K  v.-ll,iwi,|i. 


niot--   of   >iraw- 


■hiKils. 

I.iin.i.     ■rhri-c-u-rilli  iiuli  Imi 
I'n'iU  within  the  Krowinn  liirr\ . 
I'lipii.    -As  in  C.  ,ii[iar,ni. 

Control.  -Allmv  >hi.krns  ,!,.■  run  of  ,1k.  pahh;  kir,,  all  a-naraRus 
.  ul  .l„wn  .•xcq.t  ihe  markHaMe  sh,„„s  an,l  .  u.  ,!»■...  .v.tv  .lav,  ,r .«., 
.  Uv  M,me  sho..ts  ,..  ,r,.«:  as  traps  an,!  spray  th.s.  with  ar^tna...  ..i 
I  .i-l,  -lust  a,r-sla.kc.,l  l,me  -ncr  th.  plants  «hil..  thcv  are  w.t  with 
.l.w;  heat  .,r  l.rush  the  larva.  fr„m  ,1,..  plan,,  ,„  .he  hare  ,n,un,l 
where  many  will  ,lie. 

Strawberry    Root    Borer   i  / y/,„/,/„,n,,v  ,,„„.//„,   Kahj       \,i„lt 
N„all    ■  ,  ineh  l,.,„;  hku  k  ,„  re,l,lish.yell„w:  hia.  k  sp„ts  „n  winK-cvJrs. 
\UKUst.     Hihernales   un,ler  mulch.     One  hr,.,),l  a  year. 

/■.\%'.v.  ^Lai.i  in  spring  (.May  June-  „n  „r  near  I'hJ  surface  of  the 
.'r,iun,l. 

I.ono.     Full    Kr,)wn    In   Ji,l\    \uj.u>i;   fi.;-,! 
i'erry. 

/'»/><(.     Forme,!  in  a  >mal!  snio,>lli-line,|  earthen  cell 
Other  .Strawl,erry   Ko,.t   liorers  are  (,>„/>/,„;>,,  /,„A,,,,,„   m,|,     ,, 
■nelalhe  eo|,per-r,.lore,!  Chrysomeli,!,  an,!  ( W„.v/./,>  hrunuea  F'.!. 

C,-H/r„/.--A<!,.pt  short  rotati,.,.;  apply  lea.l  arsenate  (4  „  11,  in 
IJO  gal.  water)  t,i  the  leaves  when  heetles  appc.ar 

Bean  Leaf  Beetle  iC.roloma  lrif„r,„la  F,.rs,.i.  An  injurious  hean 
pest  m  the  Kastern  .Mi,l,!le  an,!  Southern  States.  The  heetleseat  large 
holes  in  the  growing  leaves,  an,!  the  grulis  fee,!  ,.n  the  n.ots  and  main 
-tern  just  helow  the  surface  of  the  groun,!.  One  hroo,!  in  the  Nortli  hut 
more  m  the  South. 

■  Ui,lt.~.\  small  yellowish-re,!  heetle  marke,!  with  l,Iack-  1,  inch 
!""g;  sluggish;  hihernates. 

/^.irp.  Orange-c„lore,l;  lai,!  in  du-ters  of  „  ,,  „,ar  the  luan 
I'l.mt  just  helow  the  surface;  hatch  in  5  S  ,!avs. 

Una.     Thrc.e-tenth  inch  long,  cyiin,lrical,  milk-white;  hea,l  .in,l 
m  il  segment  dark.     Full  grown  in  (>  7  weeks, 
I'upa.    White,  ,!uration  5  X  days. 
Control.— Li;m\  arsenate  spray. 


mr'^--yrTW 


314 


IXONOMIC    KNTOMOLOCY 


(Consult   Hulls.    19  anil   ,(,i. 


Flea  Beetles 

U.  S.  Dcpt.  Afir.,  Div. 
I)iv.    Knt.,  Can.) 


I'"nt.;  31 1    Maine;  Circ. 


Flea  Beetles  are  minute  l>ectles  belonging  to  several  genera  of  the 
Chrysomeli<la;  familv.  They  are  leaf-feeding  insects,  and  are  char- 
acterized by  the  large  femora  of  the  hind  legs,  which  enable  them 
to  leap  like  lleas. 

The  following  species  are  the  most  injurious  to  cultivate.l  plant: 
Potato  Flea  Beetle  (Epilrix  cucumcm 
Harris).  -The  adult  often  injures  the  leaver 
of  potato,  tomato,  cucumber,  etc.  (Fig.  2o^i. 
AdM.'-.S.  shining  black  minute  beetle, 
1(5  inch  long;  antenna-  and  legs  re<l(lisli 
yellow;  hind  femora  pilch  black;  thora\ 
sparsely  punctate;  covered  with  short  fuscoii- 
hairs;  emerges  in  .Xjiril  and  May;  again  from 
July- September. 

Errs.  Laid  on  roots  of  food  plant  in  June 
and  July. 

Larva.'- \  slender  whitish  grub  feedini; 
on  the  tubers  and  roots,  sometimes  causiiii; 
pimply  potatoes;  3  weeks. 

Pupa.— In  small  cells  about  the  roots. 
Life-history.-  -.\duU  beetles  hibernate  under   rubbish,   emerge   in 
spring  to  lay  eggs  and  to  attack  the  leaves.    Probably  two  or  more 

broods.  ■  1.   T) 

Control.— Keep  leaves  covered  with  Bordeaux;  dust  with  Ian- 
green  and  land  plaster  (1-20)  in  early  morning. 

The  Western  Potato  Flea  Beetle  (E.  suhcrimta)  is  quite  injuriou- 

Tumip  Flea  Beetle  (Phyllolreta  villata  Fab.).— Also  called  ihe 
"Turnip  Fly,"  frequently  injurious  to  the  seed-leaves  of  turnips  arel 
radish  in  June.     Two  or  three  broods  a  season  (Fig.  204). 

Irfii//.— .\n  active  shining  black  beetle,  '  in  inch  long;  each  wiikj- 
cover  with  a  wavy  yellow  stripe;  femora  black ;tibi;e  and  tarsi  brown i-h 
yellow;  fifth  joint  of  antenna'  broadened. 

Larva.- -.\  slender  while  grub,  's  inch  long,  feeding  on  the  root  ei 
cruciferous  plants. 


Fig.  203. — Potato  fle;i 
beetle;  line  at  side  imlicali'S 
natural  size.  (After  CftU- 
tenden.  Bui.  19.  N.  S.  Uiv. 
of  Enl..  U.  S.  Depl.  of 
Agric.) 


!!'. 

l:i: 


CLASS,F„AT„.N   AND   DKSCRn.,„,N-   .,K   ,„.MMoN    ,NSK(  TS      ,,,5 

Conlrol.-Dusl  the  plants  with  a  mixture  of  .  \h  Po  ■ 
lb.  land  plaster  on  first  appearance  of  'fl''  ''  '^'"'  *^"^"  '■""'  ^° 

l>ee?r.TTn'?h*io?"  wrt-er*'''*  "'^-^  ^-'')-^"  -a- 
Zr  '';  "^r"'"  ''^  '"'^^^-^^'"^•>  -"  ^^-^  adultT    eton  Se  1  a  ™ 

.oo^;^sif^:e?t::e^£:;r's-^:;;^"^^^^ 


Pl«.  204.-Turnip  flea  bcclk-. 
EnlarKed  12  times.  (,!/,„  k,,,^, 
f.  A-.  £)«/.(.  Agric.) 


Fl<;,    2os.-Horsc-radish   flea   beelle. 
tnlarKcd  9  times.    (.I/,..,  Chitlcaden.) 


toward  the  front;  lutuS  oi  Cax      th'a^  v""'r'"%""""'"^ 

'""sit* :,  r "  °^  ^•''-^  --'  fo-  trha- n:  ier  ^^^'"^"' 

Smartweed  Flea  Beetle  (.Sv,v/,.„«  /,„^,„„,-,„  ,.,,"?■ 
=-ls  on  leaves  of  sugar  beets,  young  apple  and  pear  iree^        ^^'^ 


5i6  EroNOMU:   ENTOMOLOGY 

.Wk;/.— Bluish-bUtk,  ' ,-;  inch  long.  Natural  hosts  are  smarlwcc 
and  dock. 

Eggs. — Laid  in  autumn. 

Pale-striped  Flea  Beetle  (Syslcna  hlnmla  Mcls.).-  This  Flea  hcTll. 
attacks  a  large  number  of  vegetable  crops  in  June-  July. 

Grapevine  Flea  Beetle  {Uallica  cluilybea  111.).-  (Consult  Bull.  157 
Cornell  .\g.  Exp.  Stn.,  i«qH.  )     The  early  adults  injure  the  buds  of  grapt 


Fk.    jo6— The    grapevine    flea    beetlu    {Hallka    chalyhea):    a.  ailvilt  ticelle; 
beetles  and  larvx  on  fnliaKe — natvir.al  size;  d.  beetle  feedint; 


larva  or  Rrub;  (.  ueeiita  u.i^^   .«..«," ""~  „ ,. 

bud;  f.  diseased  beetles.      (A/I.v  Marlall.  U.  S.  Bur.  hot.) 


and  Virginia  creeper  while  the  larva;  and  late  adults  riddle  the  lea\ v-, 
A  native  insect  (Fig.  206). 

.l(f»//.--A  polished  steel-blue,  or  sometimes  purplish,  flea  beetle,  ', 
inch  long;  antennae  and  legs  brownish  black  or  piceous;  thorax  distin. : !- 
wider  at  base.     Hibernates. 

TTggs.— Orange-colored,  long-oval;  laid  in  crevices  of  the  bark  i.  :ir 
base  of  buds,  or  on  the  leaves.    One-thirtieth  inch  long. 

/.<jrM.— Lightish-brown,  -'k,  inch  long;  head  and  thoracic  si  i  i 
black;  6-8  shining  black  dots  on  each  segment,  a  brown  hair  on  each     'l; 


CLASSIFrCATION-   AXO   DESCRrPTrox   or   COMMON-   ,s-s,.„       ,r7 
an  elonRak-  m'Mk  dot  ori  l);uk-  Iw^  l,l,..i.. 

/-"A'.     Dark  yellow,  in  u  s„,o„,h  oval  cull  i„  ,|,,  .-round 

»..'Si;riSs-=- --;-£;£». 

Control.  -Snrav  eark-  on  ,h  "'    '  '        ^'■'■'' "  '"" ""''  '"■"'"'• 

with  arsenate  Tw:^-^^^  T^'T  "  ""  ''"'"'^^  '"  •^>'^'' 

Hibe^le:^  -all  beetle,  -,:  inch  Ion,,  ,reen,  copper-colored  o,-  ,,U,e. 

/i«J.    -Laid  on  leaves  of  Evening  Primrose. 
_^^^  W^Leed  on  leaves  a,„.  pods  of  ,,ve„i„«  Prin^rose  and  allied 

/'»/!«■.— Formed  in  the  ground 

One  brood  in  the  North,  but  more  in  the  South, 

i^h  -r^rtfretarif  ^''■''"'"''  r""  •■^""•^  ---'- '--  "-- 

-Hi  has  Len  reported  a       ''''"■        '^" ' '"'" '"  """' '""'  "'  "'"""■ 
trihuted  beftl  in  Euronf  n  ';^^"'''*^<' '»-/'M  Linn.).- A  widely  dis- 

i>.  adiacen\  oTha^Zr^:::^;!";::  i^.rL:''  '"^"  '^ '''  ^'-^  '--■ 

Spmach  Flea  Beetle  (Dhonycha  xanlhomelccna  Dalm  )  -  Tni,,.' 
•"  ^usar  beets,  spinach  and  lamb's  ,,uarters  (Fi,    .0,) 

Put,a      7^1  .''""""  '"  -f"™  -J"l>-  »"-'  September  -October 

£aM     ^tareivi":""''*'^"^'-^^ 
m  ..nnrm„  u  <""/'""  *"«<;;-i'<H<;/<,  .Sa\-)  occurs  neriodicallv 


3i8 


KCONOMIC   ENTOMOIOCY 


Mangel  Flea  Beetle  {J'svlliodes  pundulata  Mtls.).  -I'ceils  on  ih. 
leaves  ol  mangels,  l.ects,  rhubarb,  hops,  radish,  etc.  Probably  Iwn 
broods  in  a  season. 

.lJ«/(.-Shiny  black  or  dark  brassy-green,  upper  surface  finel> 
punclulated  or  pitted  in  regular  rows;  ,1  ,'„  inch  long;  femora,  tarM 
basal  joints  of  antenna;  pale  obscure  yellowish;  hibernates. 

Eggs. — Minute,  oval,  yellow. 


Fig.  207.--Spinach  flea  beetle:  a.  a.lult  beetle;  b.  egg  mas,,;  M.  seulpture  .. 
egg  '?  full  grown  grub;  d.  pupa;  e.  newly  hatehed  grub,  /.  abdommal  scsmrnt  .. 
same  »  r  rf  5  times  natural  !i.e;  b.  e.  more  enlarged;  bb.  J.  more  enlarged.  (,1V- 
ChiUmden.  Ii,.l.  IQ.  N.  S.  Div.  of  Enl..  U.  S.  D,pt.  of.  Agnc.) 

/.area.— Slender,  white,  with  dusky  markings;  ?-{«  inch  long;  Um- 
in  the  ground  feeding  on  roots  of  sarious  plants. 

Pupa.'  -White. 

fuH/rti/. -Spray  hop  vines  with  whale-oil  soap  solution  (i  to  y: 
collect  by  means  of  tarred  shield  and  feather  duster. 
LUCANID^  (STAG  BEETLES) 

Stag  Beetle  (Lucanus  dama  Thunb.).  AduU.-.\  large  br...M. 
lamellicorn  beetle;  male  with  large  sickle-shaped  mandibles  an^!  i 
smooth  broad  head;  the  female  with  smaller  mandibles  and  a  narrower, 
rough  head.     July-August. 

Eggs.  'Large,  globular,  white;  laid  in  crevi.es  of  the  bark  near   lie 

roots. 


CLAS.SIFlrATIf).V   AM)   DKSCRIPTK.N-   OK   ,„MM.).V    IVSK.TS       .^ig 

Im.     Like  while  Rrul,s;  live  in  .lecavinw  «•.»„!. 
I'lipa.-ln  an  oval  ™c„„n  mu.le  of  frawmenls  of  wo,.,l. 

BRUCHIDiE  (PEA  AND  BEAN  WEEVILS) 

black  beetle  l^  ,,,ch  long,  with  characteristic  hiack  and  white 
nmrkm«,s;  sules  of  thorax  notche.l;  ahdomen 
projects  hcyon.l  the  wing-covers.  Two  hIack 
spots  on  uncovered  portion  of  ahdomen;  an- 
tenna.- ii-jointed;  hind  femora  thickened  and 
prolegs  with  two  spines.  A  native  of  the  old 
world  (Fig.  20S). 

£m-— Yellow,  I .,»  inch  long,  spindle-sha|>cd. 

/.un'ii.^White  lleshy  wrinkled  gruh,  al.out 
'.,  mch  long  when  fully  grown;  ,  riairs  of 
minute  legs. 

Pu^a.— White,  becoming  hrown  after  thresh- 
ing or  fumigating;  thora.v;  with  notched  sides- 
lormed  in  the  pea. 

Ufc-lthlory.~Mu\t  winters  over  and  eggs 
are  laid  on  the  forming  pods.     The  larva  bores 
through  the  wall  of  the  jio,!  and  enters  the  seed, 
where  it   feeds  and  grows.     The  pupal   stage 
la^ts  about  a  week.     Mature  adults  develop  in    , 
.\ugust,  the  majorily  remaining  in  the  mature    ' 
-fi-d    all    winter.     .Several    grubs  mav   inhabit    ,' 
a  single  seed. 

r«»/r„/. -Fumigate  peas  with  carbon  bisulphi.le;  ,lrench  see.l  with 
U-msene;  store  the  peas  over  for  a  .sea.son  in  tight  sacks  before  planting; 
Mise  the  temperature  to  i4s''F.  to  kdl  the  weevils. 

Bean  Weevil  («.„„„„  „i,,,,„,  Say).    ..|</„/,_a  small  brown  beetle, 
nnrk  H      .1       "^'  ^""K-™"'^-^   shorter  than   the  bodv,  and 

marked  with  ten  impressed  and  dotted  longitudinal  lines  which  are 
'-ken  up  into  pale  yellow  <lashes  and  dark  brown  spots''  (Fletcher)- 

TlZ^tT^  *"'  ""•'  '"'"•  "'"  "f '•l^"™-".  antenna- and  legs' 
.1  reddish  tmge;  antenn.-e  enlarging  toward   the  tip.     Probably  a 
.1,1! ive  of  Central  or  South  America. 


-i-vil: 
f  i.iii 


Ju».  — P.-a 
.  L!ie  Krut);  h. 
under  surfuLc; 
■-'  pupa.  uppLT  sur- 
d.  tilt;  .-idtilt  wfi-vil. 


320 


E(( INOMIC    F.NTOMOI.OGV 


/■;,i,X(.  Cyliiidriiul  tival  ^-ruy  ohjecls,  >  .-„,  imli  Kiiik;  hiid  «n  or  in  iti. 
VdunK  ))(>ils  .>r  stDri'cl  liiMii^;  liiitdi  in  5  -'O  cl:iys. 

/..imi.  A  sMKill  v.hili>h  lUsliy  wrinlilt-.l  Kruh;  nKitiircs  in  11-4 
(lavs. 

/•h/iii.  -White  and  clclicalc;  lmuIosccI  in  an  "val  pupal  ihaml).- 
williin  the  Ijean;  iluration  ;   iS  days. 

IJjc-lmhrw  Tlie  larva  enters  the  seed,  svliere  it  feeds  and  grow 
until  autumn  when  it  chanRes  to  a  pupa,  and  a  little  latei  to  the  hcetU 
Propagation  may  take  place  for  several  generations  in  the  dry  bean- 

Om/ro/. -Fumigate  with  carbon  bisulphide  or  su|)erheat  as  for  p.  1 
weevil. 

CERAMBYCIDiE  (LONG-HORN  BEETLES  i 


;  kihriim  united  with  ilypius  Im.iy  l.n.a.:  aiul  a.-pn--. 


A.    I'hiirax  niarniiK-il; 
— rr/Dnimr. 

n.  .\nlinn:i;  il-j.iinlfil;  body  elongate,  parallel. -(W//.>m'»w. 
liH.  .Anlennx-  i.'-iO-ji)inleil;  liody  stout,  hn.ail. -''ri"«"). 
\  \    Thorax  not  marginc.l;  labrum  free;  body  oblons  ami  cylindrical. 

n.   I'ront  tibiae  obli,,uely  j-rooved  on  inner  side;  last  j.mit  of  palpi  poin!^ 
at  l'n).—l.<if>iiin<f. 

C.   i;lylra  spined;  size  small. -/'-'fWnTOS. 
CC.  Klytra  not  .spinose;  large  size. 

I).  Scape  of  antenna;  with  an  apical  scar;  body  elongate. 
.\ti>iitilidnnnus. 
1)1).  Sia[K'  of  antenn:c  without  apical  scar. 

!■;.  Tarsal  claws  divaricate  and  aimpU.—SuperJa. 
I-'.IO.  'rars.il  claws  divaricate  and  cleft. 

!■■.  i;yes  not  divided;  thorax  cylindrlcul.— t/in.... 
IT',  ifyes  divided;  tliorax  wiili  blunt  tubercle  on  c. 
side  and  marked  with  f.mr  black  spots.— rWM,,' 
nil.   I'roni   tibia-  nol   gnioved;  last  joint  of  palpi   not   pointed  at  ti| 
( '>Tiinili\rittii\ 
C.   Base  of  antenna-  partly  cnvelope<l  by  the  eyes;  front  cox.t  n 
conical;    eyes    linely    granulated;    scutillum    rounded    bel>  11 
tibial  spurs  large. 

1).  Head  small;  process  between  hind  co.va-  rounded. 
1;.  Thora\    transversely    excavated    at    sides    and 
three  yellow  cross  bands.- C"'    nc. 
Kl;.  Thorax  not   e.xr.-ivated  at     .il      and   without   \C 
cross  hands.   --/'/m'MiKidi.v. 
1)1).  Hea<l  large;  process  between  hinil  toxffi  acute.— C/y/nt. 
(.■f.   Hase  of  antenna-  not  enveloped  by  the  eyes,  tiont  coxa;  conic 
Di'xmoftrus. 


CLASS,F.CAT,0^,   AND   DESCRIPTION   OF   COMMON  INSECTS      3., 

a.,  pea.  i    o.,„.,,         ,  [rrKtSVoZr  ^^  ^J  ""'"^^ 

i.sh.brown  and  wUmI  £     din,."  H  /  """"  ^"'^«  "^'"  >-"«- 
thorax  and  win,-coveT°   Z  "J  ";'  fn    """"  ?'"'"'"'  "■™"«'> 
and  July,  usually  i„  dayltim".       "^^    "^''"  '""'"^'  '"  ^'^>'  J""^ 
•^«f'-— Kmbedded  sinslv  in  inri<;inn«  ;„  .1,    1     1 


!■'(;.  sog.-Round.headed  apple-tree  borer-  «    *    1=  , 

s«Hsr  isxrr  -tr-rrr  "r  *■ 


.^22 


KCOMIMIC     KNTOMDI.nr.V 


wasli  in  earlv  Juru-  In  trunks;  apply  proleclors  to  trunk;  ^pray  with 
urM-nital  to  kill  adult.  Wooclpt-iki-rs  (li'>lr.iy  larKc  numlii-rs  of  tliu 
larva-. 

Sapinlit  triilailiiUi  Oliv.  i^  llu-  wcll-knnwn  I'lm-linrcr.  Ihu  Kriili 
Hirdles  the  Irtu  hy  liurrowinn  under  the  liark. 

Raspbeny  Cane-borer  (Obi-reti  himuiulalu  Ohv.i.  .Ic/h/(.  A 
sicndur  black  ceramhycid  lii'ctle,  < -^  '"^^^^  Ion)?;  |iroth(irax  yellow,  with 
two  or  three  hlack  spots;  antennx  lonj;,  liody  cylindrical;  June.  A 
native  American  insect. 

Eggs.  LarKe,  elliptical,  yellow.  KuK  placed  in  pith  of  tip  of  cane 
in  a  slit  helween  two  rin^-like  cuts  alioul  an  inch  apart.  Hatches  in 
a  few  (la)s. 

I.arvti.  A  dull  yellow  ^ruli  with  a  small  dark-brown  head;  i  inch 
lonj?;  holly  cylindrical  and  segments  connected.  Hurrows  downward 
in  the  pith,  often  opening  at  surface  of  stem.  Hibernates  near  basi 
of  stem  as  a  larva. 

I'lipii.  -Formed  in  burrow  in  spring.     I'erhaps  this  insect  require- 

two  years   lo  complete   its  stages.     Wilting  occurs  in  July-Augu>t 

Conlrol. —Cul  off  and  destroy  the  wilted  canes  as  soon  as  observed 

GiantRootBorer(/v;«H«s/u//c(i///sl)rury).      Irfii;/.    Alargepiichy 

black,  long-horned  beetle :  thorax  with  three  teel  h  on  margin ;  wing-cover- 

thicklv  punctate. 

Larva.  Two  to  three  inches  long;  yellowish-white;  a  small,  horn.\ , 
reddish-brown  head  with  hard  dark  jaws;  three  years;  matures  ii 
June- July,    boring    into    roots    of    black    berry,    grape,    apple,   an 

cherrv. 

Locust  Borer  iCyllnie  rohinia-  Forst.).  Heartwood  of  infected  tre> 
shows  longitudinal  galleries  often  so  numerous  as  to  give  honex 
combed  ajjpearance  to  the  wood. 

.1  (/»//.  -A  black  long-horned  beetle,  with  three  straight  yello.. 
bands  across  thorax  and  five  broken  or  irregular  yellow  bands  acrci-- 
wing-covers;  :'4  inch  long;  found  on  golden  rod  in  August-Octobi- 

£j,gs,— Snow-white;  deposited  in  the  fall  in  crevices  in  the  baik 
of  black  locust  trees;  hatch  in  8   lo  days. 

/„„,a.__Makes  winding  tunnels  deep  into  the  wood;  matures  in  k— 
than  a  year;  -'^  inch  long,  dull  white,  somewhat  flattened  and  clu  ■■ 
shaped.     Winters  as  a  \oung  lar\ a  in  the  soft  inner  bark. 

P»/>d.— Formed   in  July -August  and  stage  lasts  4   or  5   weei- 


t  P.r..   „„._Th.  hickory  borcT  ,Cy„.„.  p.^a)  „„  ,,,„,,  „,  ,,,„„^  ,.  ^,_^^. 

*  ^V/,,  Drury  b.,res  in  hickory  an,l  eln,.     A.lul,   is  Lv..,v 
;aa^«..hn,any,,a,eye,,o.,i„esa.o.sn.n,„  J' :;:;:::: 

Sugar   Maple    Borer    (Plaelomlm    ./,<,,■„,,-    s.,v>_, 
"iniy  trees  arc  attacked.  "    '    "    '     ■M'pati'iiily 

■l.W/.--Nearly  an  inch  long;  black  marked  wi.h  yellow.     .-\n,..n„.. 


.^24 


F.CdXOMIC   ENTIIMOLDCY 


and  eyes  retl.lish  black;  legs  yellow;  under  side  of  l>o<ly  ri.<l.lish-yello 
variegiiud  with  brown.     Thorax  black  with  two  ydlow  spots  on  I'x  : 
si(U-  wing-covcrs  blaik  with  yellow  tips,  a  yellow  sp„t  on  each  shouhl. 
a  vi-llow  curved  band,  a  zinzan  yellow  banil  forminn  the  letter  W 
a   median  yellow  ban<l  arching  backward,  and  a  black  curved  ba'  ; 
and  spot  on  the  yellow  tip.    June  July. 

A'^gs.— Deposited  in  summer  in  slits  in  the  bark  of  larger  limbs. 

/'<in'<r.  -  Whitish,  llattened  legless  grubs  with  brownish  mom  h 
parts  excavating  shallow  burrows,  often  .several  feet  long,  in  ini ., 
bark  ami  sapwood,  and  often  girdling  ihe  tree.  When  full  gr...-, 
about  2  inches  long. 

Pupa  —Formed  in  the  end  of  the  burrow. 

Conlrol.—Exnmine  trees  tor  "sawdust"   and  probe   the  burr,  v 

to  kill  the  grubs. 

Oak  Twig  Primer  (Elaphidion  vilhsum  l-ab.).  Adull—.\  slen.  ,  r 
dark  brown  beetle,  ^'«  inch  long,  sparsely  covered  with  whitish  h,.  r 
ti|)s  of  wing-covers  with  two  teeth.    July.  ,    ,     ,     ,        , 

£g«i.— Laid  on  smaller  twigs,  between  the  twig  and  the  leaf  sli.k 
Larva  —At  first  it  makes  burrows  in  the  wood  under  the  bark;  l.,ur 
channels  at  centre  of  twig,  and  finally  a  deep  circular  groove  wl..!: 
causes  twig  to  break  off.     It  usually  changes  to  a  pupa  in  the  scn.  r>.i 
twig,  but  sometimes  part  of  the  larval  and  the  pupal  stage  is  pa  ho 

outside  of  the  twig.  ,       ,      , ,  ,  ,i 

Co»i/ro;.— Fallen  twigs  containing  the  grubs  should  be  promi.i,} 

gathered  and  burned. 

Pine  Wood  Borers  (Monohammus  spp.).— Several  species  of  M  «  • 
hammus  are  well  known  as  pine  and  spruce  wood  borers.  The>  .m 
large  insects  with  long  legs  and  long  antenna;.  The  following  s,.  .  :•■ 
are  common:  M.  sn.lellalm  Say,  a  bronzy-black  form  M.  co,,:r.- 
Kby  a  brown  form  and  M.  lUiihlor  Fab.,  rare  in  the  North.  1..:- 
are  preserved  from  their  ravages  by  putting  them  in  water  o^  :,. 
covering  the  log  piles  with  a  thick  layer  of  spruce  or  balsam  b.r;..;;- 

MELOID^  (BLISTER  BEETLES) 


Blister  Beetles.— (Consult  Bull.  43,  I>iv.  Ent.  U.  S.  Dep. .' 
iqo!-  Bull.  10,  111.  Agric.  Exp.  Stn.,  1900;  42d  Kep.  Onl.  Ent 
Blister    Beetles  are  characterized  by  a  long  cylindrical  soft 


CLASSIKUAri.,.N   AND   UESCKIPlmN   OF   roMMo.v    ,NSHTS       ,,r- 
.rva  on  ha,ch.n«  from  the  e«,s  is  l„„«,.,,,.,,  Iar„e-h       ^U      a.  i 

:;:^::r:in:-t-::r':2i^r:^,:-:r'- 
-;^o.  or  economic  i.po...„  „.  c  in  c:::^:  s:  ;;ir:: 

^---  PCS.  of  garden  ve^CaMes  an,l  flowers;  occurs  from  Juno  ,o 

^.  Grey  Blister  Beetle  r/;/>/„„^.  .,W™  f,,^,,.),-  Tniformlv  .rev 
;.  .nd^.^^a^pest  of  i.eans.  potatoes,  vetch  ai,  alfllL;::  ^  ^i; 

3.  Striped  BUster  Beetle  (EMcaiila  viliala  Fit.  ^     n^    ,i,-  i  •    ■ 
...  w  J  four  ..,ac.  s.ipes  ol  ,L.;  tf.:  t^S:-"    i^  :?' 

:::Si;=;^:-;;:^x^--i„e.,.i.H.fe. 

..  Spotted  Bhster  Beetle  (i;pi,a,Ua  »u,nUa,a  Sav).-l\Vi.h  a  II.  V 
«ly  which,  excepting  small  areas  on  the  wing-co^e;,,  is    o  erCl        h 

^■i^o.:^;^"'-'-^'''--'''"-. '-"-'- ^i.^^^in";^ 

■nch  long,  hea.l,  Ihorax  an,l  body  n.e.allic  golden  green;  wing- 


M<> 


KioNiiMic  »:Nri)M()i.o<;v 


rovers  varialile  in  c.lor  -purple,  Krccn  or  coi>pery.     Often  Hestru 
live  in  Ihe  West  U>  leKuminnus  crops.     June  August. 
Ctiiilrol.     Spniv  willi  arseniiiil  solution. 

CUCUJIDiE 

Saw-toothed    Grain-beetle    iSihaniis    surinamensis   Linn  ).     \ 
widely  (lislril)Uteil  l)cclle,  (eeilin«  on  siored  Krain  ami  their  produi  i 
and  on  starchy  kooiIs  l'Ki»!.  -Mil. 

.[dull.  -.\  minute  llalleiu-d  ch<»<>lale-lirown  lieelle;  marv  • 
of  thorax  with  six  tooth-like  projections;  i,,,  inch  Ion)?;  two  Kroov.. 
in  thorax;  hcail  ami  thorax  finely  puiulatc;  winK-covcrs  punctur,! 
and  lined.     There  may  l)c  four  Renerations  in  a  season. 

/.ariw.— Flattened,      with      transverse,      rectangular,      ycllovvi  i 
chitinized  spots  aliove;  (>  legs;  active. 

W 


-Th, 


a 

iMi.tlR'.l    urain-btialc    i Sihanm    siirinamtnsi^l:    ,i.    a.l" 
.ill  inlarKu.l;  d.   antenna  of  bfclli-.      lAfter  CliilletdrH. 


/'H/)u.  White,  occasionally  enclose<l  in  a  delicate  cocoon  v, 
of  particles  of  food. 

OSTOMATID*  -  TROGOSITID* 

The  CadeUe  (Tnubrmles  manrilaima  Linn. i.  Feeds  on  si 
(irain  and  also  on  other  injurious  grain  insects. 

AdiUl.  -\n  elongate  oblong  depressed  beetle,  nearly  1 
elytra  longiludinally  ridged;  head  aii.l  thorax  finely  punctate;  :; 
long;  found  in  granaries. 


jSI-^" 


«'ASS,K„vn„v    VM.   ,.KS.K„.„„v„K.„M„,,    „,,,,.,        ,,^ 

I  iiP-i.     While.  f„rnu-.l  in  a  luiinnv  in  w,„„l, 
PTINID^e  ,DEATH.WATCH  ANr  o  STORE  BEETLES, 

•  70,  I  ■  ■>.   I)q).  .\(;r.l     .|,/,,//.     ,\   ,vliri.|ri,  il   i,ii„i,i   1      .1       , 

'W.KS  of  apple,  ^rape,  pear  etc  '    ''"'"*''  """ 

^^^^.v.  -Ui,l  in  Atay  in  ,lea,l s  „f  .,„i,a.,  ,„„  ,,ca,l  >h.„„s  „f 

,^  A,,™.   -„evel,,.s  .luri„«  summer,  >ran.f„rn,in«  ,„  pupa  an,l  l,ee.le 

^^l^J7::'TnT"T  '"'""'  '"•'""«'"«  •"  "^-  f=-ilv  are: 

I-eas;  also  l.„ok,s  and  manu.erip.sA       cVc^;!  ,''"'"/"'' 
^^rrirornr  Fab.)  which  infest.s  „W,a  e„    „  everv  ^'•""<'*"«'' 

LYCTIDiB  , POWDER  POST  BEETLES, 
".theinfesu.„n,atena,n,ayhe:e;u::;l,„p„:„:!:"'  ""'^  '"^  ''""- 

-f-nir;!'\;;:rr'v'f"7'^'^'"  =*"" '"-  ->•  -"'--^i-' 

^'leu  pans,  painl   rest  of  infested   surfarn  unit,   !,„.„  ■   • 

>-eral  applications  a,  lon^ as  l,orin«  dust  a„  '  """' 

TENEBRIONID.E    DARKLING  BEETLES, 

'"-le,  :'.   mch   lon.  somewhat   „a,te„ed;   head  and    thorax   .i",^ 


!5rr:r 


3»8 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


punctured;  wing-covers  ridged  lengthwise;  April-June.    One  genera- 
tion each  year;  nocturnal.  .....  i 

£m— White,  bean-shaped,  yio  inch  long;  deposited  in  the  meal. 

iarta.-Cylindrical,  waxy  and  slender;  i  inch  long,  resembling 
wireworms;  yellowish,  darker  at  each  end.    Mature  m  3    months. 

/•uia.— Duration  about  2  weeks. 

The  Dark  Meal-wonn  (Tenehrio  obscurus  Fab.)  is  dull  pitchy 
black  and  has  similar  habits  to  the  preceding.  ^ 

Co»/r<,/— Subject  infested  rooms  to  a  temperature  ol  120-125  l"- 
for  6  hours;  fumigate  with  hydrocyanic  acid  gas  or  carbon  bisulphide. 
Confused  Hour  Beetle  (Tribolium  confusum  Duval).  Adult— .\ 
small,  shining,  reddish-brown  beetle,  W  inch  long;  flattened,  oval; 
head  and  thorax  finely  punctate;  wing-covers  ridged  lengthwise 
and  sparsely  punctate. 

E!!S  —Minute,  white,  hatching  in  6  days. 

LarM.-Cylindrical,  wiry,  yellowish-white,  H  inch  long;  mature 

in  24  days. 

Pupa.— White,  matures  in  6  days. 

CURCULIONIDiE  (WEEVILS) 
Common  Economic  Genera: 

broad. — Ithycerus.  j      ,    . 

BB.  Antenna  elbowed,  rostrum  with  distinct  scrobes,  gular  peduncle  lonp. 
front  coxae  contiguous.  ^ 

C.  Mandibles  usuaUy  emarginate,  s-toothed  at  Up.-Phylonom.u!. 
CC.  Mandibles  bi-emarginate,  3-toothed  at  tip. 

D   Lateral  angles  of  first  ventral  segment  uncovered.-iiiw 
DD  Lateral  angles  of  first  ventral  segment  not  visible.-l'.jsoir 
AA   Claws  appendiculate,  toothed  or  cleft  (except  in  Tyloderma). 

B   Ventral  sutures  straight,  hind  angles  of  prothorax   rectangular    .  r 
■  rounded,    prosternum   short,    broadly    emarginate;    eyes    roundel, 
distant.— /4B(fcmomi«. 
BB.  Ventral  sutures  more  or  less  curved. 

C   Beak  received  in  or  upon  the  breast  in  a  pectoral  groove  confin,  1 
■  to  prosternum;  beak  long;  tarsi  dilated;  front  coxa;  contiguous. 

CC    Pectoral   groove    extending    into    the    mcsosternum,    shar; 
limited  behind;  front  coxa:  not  contiguous;  metathoracic  cpim.  1 
distinct,  mesosternum  feebly  emarginate.- ryWtrma. 


CLASSIFICATION  AND   DESCRIPTION   OF   COMMON  INSECTS      329 

CCC.  Characters  similar  to  CC,  but  raesosternum  is  deeply  cmarginate 
Claws  simple  and  divergent;  ventral  scgmenls  2r4,  equal:  sutures 
straight.— C;-vWor/ivni:*i«.  '"  '>"'  I'-   ■  ■"-!', 


'in    ^Tuyny    nciiji 


Poplar  and  WiUow  Borer  (Cryptorhynchus  /apa/Ai  Linn.).— (Consult 
Cornell  Bull.  388.)  An  introduced  beetle  from  Europe,  infestinR 
poplars,  willows  and  alders  from  N.  Dakota  to  Maine  and  Quebec 
Adult.-~A  sooty-brown  snout-beetle,  }i  inch  long,  spotted  with 
grey;  beak  curved  and  as  long  as  head  and  thorax;  body  thick  and 
punctured  on  the  surface;  ends  of  wing-covers,  sides  of  prothorax  and 
two  oblique  bands  on  wing-cover  light  grey.  After  emerging  the  adult 
feeds  by  puncturing  the  bark  of  young  tender  shoots.  Mating  and  egg- 
laying  occur  10-14  days  after  emergence.    July-October. 

Eggs.— Crea.m  colored,  oval;  laid  in  holes  made  in  bark  of  branches 
2-4  years  old.    Hatch  in  18-25  days,  in  August-November. 

Zarta.— Burrows  in  the  cambium  until  nearly  full  grown,  then  in  the 
wood;  a  soft  yellowish  fleshy  cylindrical  footless  grub  with  a  pale 
brown  head  and  darker  mouth-parts;  }i  inch  long.  Mature  in  June. 
Pupa.—When  ready  for  pupation  the  larva  enters  older  wood  and 
makes  a  nupal  chamber  (i  to  several  inches  long)  which  is  filled  with 
fras.  Pupa  whitish-yellow,  with  brown  spiracles;  small  spines  scattered 
over  dorsal  surface  and  a  pair  of  strong  incurving  brown  spines  at  tip 
of  abdomen.    Duration  10-18  days. 

Ci?»/ro;.— Spray  trees  with  arsenate  of  lead  every  fortnight  between 
July  15th  and  September  1st;  apply  carbolineum  to  nursery  stock  in 
early  spring;  cut  out  grubs  from  moderately  infested  trees;  cut  down 
and  burn  badly  infested  trees  during  winter  or  before  July  ist. 

Plum  CuicuUo  [Conotrachdus  nenuphar  Herbst.).— This  snout- 
beetle  IS  a  widely  distributed  native  insect  and  is  a  serious  pest  of 
plums,  pears,  apples  and  peaches,  cherries  and  apricots  on  account  of 
Its  punctures  and  the  dropping  of  infested  fruit  (Fig.  212). 

Adult.-A  stout  snout-beetle,  }i  inch  long,  brownish,  and  marked 
with  grey  and  black;  four  black-ridged  tubercles  on  the  wing-cover- 
hiliernates  and  emerges  just  before  the  fruit  buds  open.  Feeds 
1"  some  extent  on  the  buds,  but  mostly  on  the  young  fruit  as  soon 
a^  It  IS  set.  Female  begins  to  lay  eggs  in  the  young  fruit  as  soon  as  it  is 
f.'rmed  Lives  about  2  months,  laying  100-300  eggs.  Makes  two 
kinds  of  punctures  in  the  fruit:  egg-punctures  and  feeding-punctures 


i.i° 


KCONOMIC    ENTOMOLOGY 


Eggs. — Oval,  white;  laid  in  cavities  made  by  the  snout  of  the  beetif, 
protected  in  the'tiole  by  a  crescent-  'lap.d  slit.  Hatch  in  4-6  days 
Deposition  occurs  mostly  in  June  b,  continues  through  July  and 
August. 

Lana. — Whitish  footless  grub,  mature  in  about  15  days;  it  thei, 
bores  out  of  the  fruit  and  enters  the  ground  where  it  forms  an  earthen 
cell  and  remains  for  2  weeks  before  pupation.  Infested  fruii 
drops  prematurely  (except  cherries). 

Pupa. — White;  formed  in  a  small  cell  i  2  inches  below  the  surface 
duration  about  10  days;  first  adults  emerge  about  10  weeks  after  th. 
apple  blossoms. 


Fig.   212.  —  Plum   curculu 


a,  larva;   b.  adult;   c,  pupa.     iCkiUtnden,  Cir.   73.   lir 
of  Eat.,  U.S.  D.  /I.) 


Life-kislory. — Insect  hibernates  as  a  beetle  under  rubbish,  etc  , 
and  emerges  early  to  feed  on  buds,  etc.;  eggs  deposited  in  young  fruii; 
larvae  tunnel  in  the  fruit  for  about  20  days,  then  enter  the  ground  t" 
pupate;  pupa  stage  lasts  about  10  days;  adults  emerge  to  punctun 
the  ripening  fruit,  and  hibernation  begins  about  first  frosts.  Larvfe  onl\ 
in  fruit  that  has  fallen.  Punctures  produce  gnarling  of  fruit.  Tin 
beetles  that  emerge  during  the  summer  deposit  no  eggs. 

Co»/ro/.— Spray  thoroughly  with  arsenate  of  lead  d  to  40  ga! 
as  leaf  buds  are  opening,  and  again  before  and  alter  the  blossoming  j  1 - 
riod  in  the  case  of  the  apple.     In  the  case  of  plum  and  cherry  t'u 
applications  should  be  made  after  the  blossoms  fall.     Practice  clcn 
cultivation  and  remove  rubbish. 

Apple  Curculio  (Anlhonomus  quadrigibbus  Say). — (Consult  Bill. 
9S,  111.  Agr.  Expt.  Stn.;  Cir.  120,  Bureau  of  Ent.,  U.  S.  Dept.  A;-   ' 


CLASSIFICATION  AND   DESCRIPTION   OF   COMMON   INSECTS       ii^ 

C««/r«/.-Spray  with  lead  arsenate  (,}  lb.   ,o  40  oal  )   just  after 

■£««!— Yellow,  oval  and  pitted. 

s,rin''"!i'~f  ^'"u"'  '""""'  «™''  ^"''  *  brown  head,  and  a  whitish 
stnpe  edged  wth  black-red  along  the  middle  of  the  back  tapers  o 
each  end;  hes  curled  in  the  ground.     Hibernates  '    ^       '" 

sm,Vhr7^°™°"  '.'  "'■"'  '"''  '^'  P"P^  has  "a  vellowish-green  head 
small  black  eyes,  and  a  dark  green  abdomen."  ' 

J-'f^-^i^'ory-One  brood  a  year,  and  winters  as  a  partially  grown 

P,  n!l  /  T'"^  "/''"■""'  "^  S^"^"-'  =>"''  '-^^^hes  maturity  fn  lune 
Pupal  stage  beneath  the  surface  does  not  last  long,  and  adu^t  beetles 
merge  m  June  and  July.  Eggs  laid  in  Septembe  and  Oc  L  Id 
the  grubs  are  partially  grown  when  winter  comes  ' 

C<.«/r<,/.--Plow  under  infested  fields  after  second  season  so  as  to 
destroy  early  stages  of  insect. 

The  Lesser  Clover  Leaf  Weeva  (Phyl„„„mus  mgriroslris  Fab  )  - 
More  injurious  in  Canada  than  the  preceding  ^^• 

.l</«//.-Brown  on  emergence,  later  becoming  green;  snout  black- 

iarra.-Greenish  straw-color;  head  light  brown;  pale  dorsal  strioe 


iS^ 


ECONdMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


It 


Pupa.— In  an  oval  open  mesh  cocoon  usually  in  flower  head;  about 
7  (lays. 

/,iye-Ais(ory.— Hibernating  ailults  come  forth  as  soon  as  clover 
appears  in  spring.  Epg  laying  commences  immediately  and  extends 
over  several  weeks.  One  generation,  but  all  stages  found  during  the 
summer. 

Alfalfa  Leaf  Weevil  {Phytommus  poslicits  Gyll.).— (Consult  Farmers' 
Bull.  741,  U.  S.  Dep.  Ag.)  A  Kuropean  beetle,  introduced  about 
1904  into  the  West,  puncturing  the  .,tems  and  eating  the  leaves  of 
alfalfa.  The  larva:  also  feed  on  the  tender  growths,  causing  the  tops 
to  appear  white. 

/Irfii//.  — Adark  brown  snout-beetle,  ?i  6  inch  '<>"«:  I'ody  covered  with 
black  and  grey  hairs;  hibernates  in  crowns  of  alfalfa  or  under  grass, 
rubbish,  etc.;  oviposits  in  April  and  June. 

£g^j__Small,  oval,  shiny,  yellowish;  laid  in  punctures  in  stems  of 
alfalfa;  April-July,  hatch  in  10  days. 

Larva.— \  green,  worm-like  grub,  H  inch  long,  tapering  toward  both 
ends;  head  black;  a  light  stripe  down  the  back.     May-July. 

Pw/ia.— Cocoons  globular  and  composed  of  network  of  white  threads : 
spun  in  dead  leaves  or  rubbish  on  the  ground;  duration  1-2  weeks. 

Co«(ro/.— Disk  alfalfa  fields  in  early  spring  and  cut  about  middle 
of  May  when  most  of  eggs  have  been  laid;  use  a  bush-drag  to  kill  the 
weevil;  collect  the  weevils;  destroy  weeds  and  rubbish;  spray  in  April 
with  arsenite  of  zinc  solution  (4  lb.  to  100  gal.);  pasture  or  graze  in- 
fested fields  after  eggs  are  laid. 

A  Clover  Leaf  Weevil  {Tychius  picirostris  Fab.)  is  injurious  to  some 
extent  to  clover  heads  on  the  island  of  Montreal.  The  adult  is  a  black 
curculio  Jfo  inch  long,  and  is  an  introduction  from  Europe  where  il 
attacks  the  llower  heads  of  red  clover,  plantain  and  Genista. 

Strawbeny  Weevil  (.Inthonomus  signatus  Say).— (Consult  Cir. 
21,  U.  S.  Dep.  Ag.,  Div.  Ent.)  AdiUt.  A  small  weevil,  Ho  '"''' 
long,  from  black  to  dull  red,  marked  with  a  dark  spot  on  each  wing- 
cover.  Snout  half  as  long  as  body,  slender  and  curved.  Hibernatt- 
July-May  (Figs.  213  and  214). 

Eggs.—'Lii.\(\  in  buds  in  spring;  hatch  in  6-7  days. 

iarM.— Feeds  on  pollen  and  harder  parts  of  buds.  Matures  ii 
.^-4  weeks. 

i'Hpa.— Formed  in  a  cell  in  the  bud;  duration  5-8  days.     Injur 


CLASSIFICATION  AND    DESCRIPTION   OF   COMMON   INSECTS      3,,,, 
isjone  al.,0  when  the  egg  is  laic.;  .hen  the  te.a.e  cuts  the  stem  of  the 


::4 


7'^i^  ¥-W 


'7^ . : 


Fic.  213.— 
strawberry  weevil 
(Anthonomiis  sig- 
nalus).  Enlarged. 
(A/Ur  Riley  and 
Chitltnden.) 


h    .,f .?;  V~^'"-'    «''"'1J<:">     weevil:  „, 
outlme  of  e„K;  d.  larva;  ,,  head    of  larva/ 

lures'  *;;';;  "??■"' '"  ■^'"'"■=''«  »"■'  >'-"- 

lureb.     (Ajur  Chillrnden.) 


Control.— -Plant  mostly  pistfhate  vir;„t;„.      i     .       i 
varietiesastrap-crops;  Jer  Jslwirr;;:'  "'"'  ""'^'  ^'^""'"""^ 

Cotton  BoU-WeevU  {Anlho. 
nomus  grandis  Bob.).— (Consult 
UuUetin  51,  and  Farmers' Bull. 
,H4,  Bur.  Ent.,  U.  S.  Dept.  of 
Agriculture.)     A  serious  pest  of 
cotton  in  the  Southern  States. 
Adull.~A    small    brownish 
weevil,  Ij  inch  long,  with  two 
teeth  at  tip  of  femora  of  forelegs; 
female    lays    about   140  eggs. 
Hibernates    in    sheltered    situ- 
ations (Fig.  215). 

•Em-— Small,    oval,   white; 
hatch  in  about  3  days. 

Larva.— A   white,   footless 
1,'rub  with  brown  head;  matures  in  7  to  12  davs  (Fig    2,6) 

i'«^..-Soft,   white;   stage  lasts  3-5  days:    Average  duration  of 


Fig  ais.— Cotton  holl-weevil:  o.  beetle 
from  above;  4,  same,  from  side.  About  s 
t.mes  natural  s,.e.  (..!/,„  „•.  D.  HunlJ. 
t,  .  .5.  nur.  r..nt.) 


334 


ECONOMIC    ENTOMOLOGY 


Fig  .  2  I  6.~C()ttfm  hnll-wfcvil: 
larva  at  left,  pupa  at  ritiht.  About 
S  times  natural  size.      {After  Hunter.) 


generation    about   4j  days  and   there  are   prohalily  not   more  than 
four  or  five  generation^  in  a  season. 

Lije-hislory. — "The  egg  is  ileposited  liy  the  female  weevil  in  a 
cavity  formed  by  eating  into  a  cotton  square  or  boll.  The  egg  hatches 
in  a  few  days  and  the  footless  grub  begins  to  feed,  making  a  larger 
place  for  itself  as  it  grtiws.  During  the  course  of  its  growth  the  larva 
sheds  its  skin  at  least  three  times,  the 
third  moult  being  at  the  formation 
of  the  pupa,  which  after  a  few  days 
sheds  its  skin,  whereupon  the  trans- 
formation becomes  completed.  These 
immature  stages  require  on  the  aver- 
age between  2  and  3  weeks.  A  fur- 
ther period  of  feeding  equal  to  about 
one-third  of  the  preceding  develop- 
mental period  is  required  to  perfect 
sexual  maturity  so  that  reproduction  may  begin"  (Hunter  and 
Pierce). 

Strawberry  Ciown  Borer    (Tyloderma  fragaria  Riley).    Adult. — 
A'small  dark  ^^out-beetle,  '5  inch  long;  head  and  thora.x  black;  each 
wing-cover  with  3  black  spots.     Hibernates. 
Eggs. — Probably  laid  in  the  crown. 

Larva. — Small  white  grub  mining  out  interior  of  the  crown;  '4 
inch  long;  legless;  head  yellowish-brown.     Matures  in  August. 

Pupa. — Formed  in  the  larval  cavity.  Adults  emerge  in  late 
summer  and  fall. 

Potato  Stalk  Borer  (Trkhobaris  trinolala  Say). — Burrows  in  the 
stalks    of    iiotatoes. 

Adull. — A  snout-beetle,  '4  inch  long,  dull  black  to  light  grey;  three 
black  spots  at  union  of  prothorax  and  wing-covers;  snout  curved  and  as 
long  as  prothorax.  Front  of  prothorax  orange-yellow.  Hibernate^ 
in  burrows  in  the  old  stalk. 

Eggs. — Small,  oval,  pearly  white;  laid  singly  in  punctures  in 
stalks. 

Lana. — Yellowish-white;  head  light  brown;  legless;  ^^  inch  long 
Burrows  in  the  stalks. 

Pupa. — At  first  ycUowish-whitc,  later  dull  brown;  }i  inch  long,  or, 
closed  in  oval  greenish  cocoon  of  fras;  duration  about  a  month. 


Cr.A,SS.F,rAT.ON-   AND   DESCKIPTiON   OF   C.MMON    ISSK.TS 


J.?5 


"111  slalks  and  rulilusl, 


as  sDoti  as  rnip  is 


<■  imlrol. —Uurn  all  lliu 
liarvcsted, 

chieST.t'T"""''""'*  ^""'   '^''•""'"'"  *''"'-  ra.,.,  occurs 

Adult.~\  slender,   Ijlackisli-bronze  weevil    I      ;.  i,   i 
August.     Feeds  on  the  leaves  ""'  ^'''^^'''  "'i   '"'h  long.     April- 

^J,,s.~Sr.oo,K    shining,    yello.ish-white:  I  aid    in    holes    in   the 

.he^Cr''  "'"'""'  '^''"^'  ^^"'"^  '^^"'■'  '^  '-h  I-K;  burrows  under 
Pupa.—l'otmed  in  the  spring 

r   ^Tr^SfM'""'""'':  ''"^'"""  Sa.v..-(Consu)t  Bull.  „„ 

^.male.     Hatch  in  6  da^;  "^  ■^''""'  '5° '''"'  '^>-  ^'■'^'' 

irX^htr:  [r:;:™- !"-"'-";  -^^•^  ^^-^  ii.Ht  .rown 


head;    > 


4    inch   long;   body   sparsel>    covered 


wilh 


short    (ine   hairs; 


mature  in  10-12  days 

«.h  a  delicate  membrane.     Duration  all!  T,Z  '"""  ""'  '""^" 

"..  parasites  ., „«,;,„.y,,,  ,„,  ,/,,f:C„      '  ' '^'«"^"'^"'--     Also 
:.....  Cb^  '^'Zkf"  ^^^"'^^'  ™  '"^  '-appearanceof  the  beetles. 


3.?6 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


OTlORHYNCHIDiE  (SCARRED  SNODT-BEETLES) 

Strawbeny  Root  Weevil  (Oliorhynchus  mains  t,mn.).—Adull.    A 
small  brownish-black  snout-beclle;  ,'4  '"ch  long.    June  and  August 
September  (Fig.  217).  .        ■,      u      1 

/?g|j.— Female  lays  about  50  eggs  in  4  to  15  days  m  the  soil.     Hat. i 
in  21  (lays.     End  of  June  to  end  of  August. 


Pir,    217— Strawberry   root   weevil    I.OIiorhyfichu!  mutus)    and   its  grub.     (,1  1  r 
Trthent,  Bui.  8.  Div.  Ent.,  Dipt.  Agric,  Can.) 

Larva.— A  small  white  grub  H  inch  long;  feeds  on  roots  of  straw 
berry,  clover,  timothy,  rhubarb,  rumex ;  lasts  about  7  months.    Winttr^ 

partly  grown.  .       ,        ,  .        j 

PMfo.— Four  to  eight  inches  below  surface;  lasts  from  21  to  24  day? 

May-June. 

Control.— RoMion  of  crops  as  two- and  three-year  plantations  sutler 
most;   thorough   cultivation;   growing   of   suitable   varieties;   use  .1 

chickens.  ,_  .    ,       ,         ,    , 

The  Black  Vine  Weevil  ortheCyclamenBorer  (Ottorhynchus  sulcdm 
Fab.).— Occurs  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  in  Northern  U.  S.  :»^l 
Canada,  and  is  injurious  to  roots  and  crown  of  strawberry,  als.  t.i 
Gloxinia,  Cyclamen,  Primula,  Maiden-hair  fern  n  greenhouE^s. 

Adult.— A  black  beetle,  %  inch  long,  with  patches  of  yellowic-h  h.ur- 
on  the  wing-covers.    Wing-covers  joined  together  and  wings  ab>  nt 


CLASSIFICATION  AND  DESCRIPTION   OF   COMMON"    INSECTS 


337 


It  appears  in  April  ami  Mav  an.l  attacks  the  foliaL-,.  „f  „.  ■ 
norturnal.  •>'  "'  ^''"'"us  plants; 

/,.mw.-  U-glfSs,  white  to  flesh  t..l<)re<l,  usually  i„rv,.,l-  K      i  i 
l)0(  y  th  ckcst  at  th^  n,:  l.ll„.  2     •     l  ,        """^"^  iur\eil,  hea<l  lirciwn, 

venules  ..po.. ...  'c  ^^i^^  r:;:^st^^.;!r 

r-eacn  Leaf  Weevil  (.  I  namels  eranulatus  Savl  —ti,:  ■,  •     ■ 

>..'  inch  long,  dark  brown   oval   roburTni  7'"'' " "''""' 

CALANDRIDiE  (GRAIN  WEEVaS) 
Granaiy  WeevU   (C«/a«</ra  ^r«„«„-«  Linn)-4dW/     a   .n     . 
weevtl,  .„  ,neh  long,  convex,  brown;   thorax  puncltet  win'g  " 


ff^JJ^t  ^ t;  S::^:'  '"''-""''  '"  ^  ™.  -h  requir. 


3,58 


ECOSIIMU     F.NTOMUI.UdY 


|.;^g,,,_Miiiuli\  while,  (le|>c)sileil  in  cavity  "f  kurnil. 
tund— Small,  mhusl,  whitish,  U'rIiss;  oni-  lurva  l»  a   kernel  iil 
wheat,  but  several  in  torn. 

/"M^a.— White,  clear  ami  transparent. 

CuM/r,)/.— Superheat   for   6  hours   at    uo°-iJ5°F.;  fumigate  with 
hydrocyanic  aciil  gas  or  carbon  bisulphide. 

The  Rice  Weevil  {.Calandra  oryzir 
is  also  of  economic  importance,  espv 
cially  in  the  South  (FiR.  21S). 

Cora  Bill-bugs  {Sphawphorus  spp. 
— Adults.  Snout-beetles,  dull  black 
surface  marked  with  small  pits  an 
narrow  gr<H)ves;  irregularij'  oval  an 
rounded;  '4-:'t  inch  long;  hibernal' 
under  rubbish;  single  brooded  (Fig.  2111 

Eggs- — Lai<l  in  -'^'■'y  ""'1  J""*-'  ' 
roots  and  stems  of  grasses. 

/.(iriu.— Thick-bodied,  oval,  foolh 
grub,  with  a  hard  brown  head;  feedii;.' 
in  corn  stem  or  in  root  bulbs  of  grasM 
June-August. 

.v.  maidis—  Uoes    injury    to    ecru 
both   as   grub   and    adult.     The  gr  ' 
burrows  in  lower  part  of  stalk,  and  lu 
adult     occupies     the    burrow.     Otln 
species  make  holes  and  slits  in  the  leaves  of  corn. 

SCOLYTIDiE  OR  IPIDiE    BARK-BEETLES) 

Three  common  Fruit  Bark-beetles  are  Eaopiogaskr  rui^uh>'i^ 
PhlhoropUoeus  limimris  and  AiUsandrus  pyri.  which  may  be  i- 
linguished  by  the  following  cl\aractcrs: 

A.  Venter  of  abdomen  with  caudal  part  bent  abruptly  upwji'' 
.\ntennal  club  flat  and  marked  by  angulated  sutures.-  /w-   .^ 
togaster  rugulosus  (Fruit-tree  Bark-beetle). 
A.\.  Venter  of  abdomen  normal,  regularly  curved. 

B.  Antennal  club  lamellate,  of  three  separate,  laterallj-  ■"■ 
duced  segments;  head  visible  from  3.ha\e. —PhlhoropM  1 « 
liminaris  (Peach-tree  Bark-beetle). 


Flu.  Jiy.— Tlie  maize  bill-buy 
iSphenophorus  maijis).  Four  llnu's 
enlarKed. 


<>.ASS,K„   x,„.N    ,,s,>    „KS<R„.„„>;   „r    ,  „„M„X    .ssK.IS       ,,  ,„ 

I..-M..I  ,n  pn.,h.,ra.x  wh„s..  a„„.ri„r  marKi,,  is  ,u-arlv 
h.^,...,„al  an,l  i,.visil,l.  fn„„  al„.v...  ,,„,.„„/„.  ^.^ 
(Sh„i-l,„lc  HurcTK     (Omsull  Farm.rs-  Hull    -„  .  , 

<lucecl  from  Kurnpe;  .Kiurs  In  mnsi  Mau>  cast  of  th..  H,„i.;  i , 

small  LtTtlc,  also  calli.,1  ih.  Shoi-hol  ■  HoV  ''■     "'" 


Pig,   J20.— The    fruit    tree    bark    heetle    IF, 


•     All     cnlarKo.l    aho 


atlult    ' 


£««J.--Deposited  in  little  pockets  in  the  broo,|  gallcrv  or  chan>i,..r 
l.'tween  the  l.ark  -,nH  .apwoo.l;  hatch  in  ,  to  4  <lavs  (Fil'.;., 

^.n^::^=::;;:rSont^:-^;rr:n^^^ 

.0  da>s.     Adults  make  the.r  way  out  through  little  round  holes  in  the 

.•ififrh?\l^''f   'y'""'  ''^   •"'  ""'^^    '"•"  «-"ations   in  a 
Ha»on  m  the   North   and   more  in  the  South.     Second  hroo.l  hrva- 

i  ..rasitized  by  C  hiropachys  colon  Westw. ,  a  cha  Ici.i 

C««/r»/.-Remove  and  destroy  dead  or  <lyin«  trees  before  Mav  or 


,U0 


KrciSdMIC   ESTOMOIOCY 


Peach-tree     Bark-beetle     (J'hlhornpliliKiis    limimnis    Harris). 
(Ciinsull    I'arnu'rs'    Hull.    ^Ul,,   V.  S.   I)f|il.  .\(,'.l     This  ii;ilivi'  lion 
(Ills    its  tunnels  lii'lwivn  llic  liark  anil  Ihi'  whihI  nf  \km\\  and  ihirrv 
I'wu  liriioils  a  yiar.     Cnniniiin  in  wilil  dicrry  in  siimi'  Imaliliis. 

.\iliill.  Iiri>wnlsli-I>lu(  k,  '  i'd  ini  i 
lonK:  lu'ail  lar^i'  ami  vi.^ihlv  from  nli<n< 
anti'nnal  tluli  lanit'llalf.  uf  thriT  scpara'' 
lateral])  iirnduti-fl  st'iiments.  Hreeils  i 
weak  anil  living;  linilis,  liul  in  fall  liuh 


il  % 

Flti.  221. — Oallorics  nf  the 
fniil  tree  bark  bcctli.'  un  tAJK 
uiidiT  b.irk;  a,  a.  main  Kalli-'ries; 
6.  b.  siiie  or  larval  Kallerios; 
c.  c.  imp.ll  cells.  Natural  size. 
(«a/2i'ii<r«.) 


Fir..  22J.  -Shot-li'ilf  \n)toz  t^Anisandrit 
pyri).  {.\fti-r  .Su'iiiiir,  liul.  14.  I'lH..  litii 
Can.) 


link's  in  hcallliy  linilis  frnm  whieh  nitich  sap  e.xudes  fiillowing  sea>" 
Hibernates. 

/'M*- — Small,  while;  80  to  160;  laid  in  niches  along  sides  of  i-' 
tunnel  or  brood  chamber  in  spring.     Hatch  in  17  20  days. 

Larvit. — White;  head  yclowish,  mouth-parts  dark;  mature  in  25 
days.     Form  galleries  off  the  egg-tunnel. 

I'lipa. — Formed  in  ei.'arged  end  of  larval  galleries;  adults  api  v. 
through  holes  cut  in  the  bari:  above  the  pupal  cells;  duration  4-6  d.  y 

Shot-hole  Borer  (Anisaiiilrus  pyri  Peck). — This  borer  cuts  roi  11 
black  tunnels  deep  into  the  wood;  in  small  branches  or  stems  one  '  •< 
sion  of  the  tunnels  partially  girc  les  the  wood  (Fig.  ^22). 

AJiUt. — Cylindrical,  black,  Js  inch  long;  antennal  club  glol    1 


tI..\S.SIFI(,\r|.i\   AN 


1)   UKSCHIPTIiiV   or 


un.l 


CDiiMii.v  ixs>:< 


as  to  l)(. 


truncate  al  t 


,(4 1 


ni-arlv 


ip;  proniiium 
"■r'i.al.     Malt 


itronxly  Ihiu  .1, 


>wnwaril  in  fr,,n( 


-  cun„us.  hum,K.,|  l,a.  k,     J,!" '""''"'  """""  """'  ''■"'"'^''  "'"'  « *"' 
^•'«'.-    '-ai'llrcfinKMllerirsin  June. 


•IJ-I     -I,.,rv,, 
l"viT  r.,„t  l,.,r,.r 


SKn.winKon  walls  of  lunml; 


'■'Ii 'clale  in 
i>:li  I'lJ  ranee 


/.un-ff.— Feed  on  hm 
reason. 

/>«/,„      K,.rme<i   in   tunnels  and  adults  emerr. 
'"'le  cut  by  mother  l,eetle.  ' 

Clover  Root  Borer  (//*./,„,„  „a,,,„,„  „,^.,^ 
.j/«^     A  small  dark  l.r..«.n  cylindrical  h<^.J':,,': 

£m.-llinute,  white,  elliptical  and  shining 
/.</.-A,V«.y.~There  is  but  one  brood  each  veir 

C.«/r„/.-ri,nv  up  imcted  closer  lieMs  after  the  h.v  i 

br.ak  up  dover  sod  after  ta'.ing  one  crop.  "•   '      

Fo^stBark-beetles  UMnUoCon,.  spp.  chie.,y).-(ConsuU  bulletins 


''UP.T  c.f  th,. 
t_l'>V(.T  ror.t  l,.,r,T. 
linLiriiocl.    (.1//,., 


*  taken  otT; 


M2 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


by  Hopkins  and  Swaine.)  Reference  can  be  made  here  to  only  a  few 
of  the  economic  wood-boring  beetles  that  do  an  immense  amount  of 
injury  to  the  forests  of  the  United  States  and  Canada: 

1.  Drndracliiniu  biirralis  Hopk.,  Attacks  spruce  of  the  western  forests  in  Alberta 
iind  British  Columbia. 

2.  D.  brmitimts  Lee,  Western  yellow  pine. 

3.  D.  ing.lmanni  Hopk.,  Kngelmann's  spruce  of  the  west. 

4.  D,  montkolii.  Hopk.,  Western  pines  {Figs.  226  and  227). 

5.  D.  murrayana  Hopk  ,  The  loilRe-pole  pine  of  the  West;  not  injurious. 

6.  D.  obesiis  Lcc,  The  Sitka  spruce. 


Fit;.  226.  -The  wes- 
tern jiine  Ijorer  (Uendrac- 
tonus  monticolfx.  {After 
Swaine.  BtiL  14,  F.nt.  Bur. 
Can.) 


Fig.    227. — Larva      of     Dendroctonus     mcnlicolo 
i.\fter  Swaine.   hul.   14.   F.nt.  Bur.  Can.) 


'i- 


D.  piii-aperda  Hopk.,  Kastern  spruces. 

n.  pscitdolsiif<t  Hopk.,  The  DouRlas  fir  and  western  larch. 

D.  simplex  Lee.  Larch  (Eastern). 

D.  valens  Lee,  Pinus  and  Picea. 

Dryoeales  confasiis  Sw  ,  .\Ipine  lir  of  British  Columbia  and  .\lberta. 

l'iih%raphiis  riijlpeniti.i  Ky  ,  Spruces  IhrouRhout  Canada. 

Pilyokteines  .sparsus  Lee,  Balsam  fir  in  the  east. 

The  bark-beetles  are  small  (1-9  mm.  long),  brownish  or  black,  a 
usually  cylindrical   beetles.     One  group,   the  Ambrosia  bark-bee' 
make  their  tunnels  in  the  wood  whose  walls  are  stained  black  by 
growth   of   the   fungus   Ambrosia   which   nourish   them.     The   ot  1 
group   -the   true   bark-beetles     make    their    tunnels   in   the  bark 
between  the  bark  and  the  wood. 


simple  transverse,  irregular  Xn!',       ''"'^ '"■■'>' ""=  ^™P'^  lonRiludinal, 

cave,  pith  or  ambro:r;\lX.:T  ^  ^'"^••Z"^''^'''  -'-'<"• 
a  small  cavity,  the  nuptial  chaml,e™  h'  ?'''Tt  ""''"'''  '"'"' 
The  eggs  are  laid  in  niches     on'th;  ILtnT  ""'''""  '"'''^• 

larva;  make  slender  mines  learifnV  ,  '  ^'W-lunnels,  and  the 

ends  o.  these  mines  r  th:tn;:^;e:Tu  ^U:  ^s  '^Tll  i''  ]'' 
.n  emergence,  bore  round  holes  through    h     .ark  "'""  '^'^"'^^' 

With  most  of  the  destructive  l,ark  h.    i        u        • 
or  a  partial  second  one,  each     a^on      Th    "'  ""'  "^  ''"'  ™^'  ''"""'• 
and  larvx.  in  the  dying  tees  entered  bv  th'  '""  '""'r"'"  »'  "''""^ 
same  season.  '"' """<^'"^>' ""•' Parcnt  adults  early  in  the 

While  most  of  the  bark-beetles  breed  in  H.  • 
some  species   attack  sound   tree       TbrlaH.    "     ^  T^  '^'"'  '"''■ 
"primary"  and  the  former  "secondarv'     ''"'"  ''^'^'  therefore,  called 
ever,  fall  into  both  class  asThev"      T""""'     ■'^""'"^  ^Pecies,  how- 
and  dead  and  dving  trees  '"  ""=''''  '"'"'  »""'' 

..ev^i:::^:;ti:bS;:'  xi^::'.^;-;-'^  -  ----  ^^e 

as  cold  and  wet  seasons-  (A)  certain  h/r  "  '^""''"'""^  such 

(0  certain  predaceous  -.1    "".^S^r  17^ ^"^''^^^ 
sitic  fungi.  I'etKcrs,  and  {ej  certain  j.ara- 

in  sS::;;hr::r^!:r;s^::;  ^tr'*^-^--''- ■-- 

especially  in  districts  »vveni  bv  fi  ''  mentioned  above, 

operations   where  mu^r^lh":;  "T'Tt '"  ""'-^^^  '""^'"'"'^ 
l>urned  in  winter  or  the  trees'iniu  ed  1    '  /  "•   '^'  ^'^^''   '' 

winter  after  the  f,re.  and  "!  Mr:!i':^   '"^'  "^^"'  ''-'■"^  'he  first 

spring  opens. 


=.  o.  .ne  oeettes  will  be  destroyed,  if  the  slabs  are  burned 
The  cutting  and  barking  of  infested  trees,  wi.h  Zu^lt 


■inter  or  c 


bark  during  w 

lire.     Sometimes  cut 

lo  destroy  the  beetit 


-arly  spring,  ma>-  be  adopted  as 
ing  and  charring  the  bark 


irning  of  the 


a  control  meas- 
>*-ill  be  found  sufficient 


HvMi;\(iprKR.\  (.A.N-is,  Bkks 


W'.vsps,  Fr 
Principal    Groups    and    Families 

li.  Ab,l„mcn  sessile  or  joined  broadly  ,„  ih„„,. 


M.  ) 


<  ^ 


k  \    h 


344  ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 

C,  Tibia  of  forelegs  with  two  apical  spurs;   female   with  saw-Iikc 
ovipositor. — Tenihredinida  (Saw-flies)  (Fig.  228),  p.  345. 
CC.  Tibia  of  forelegs  with  one  apical  spur;  female  with  ovipo  -itor 
fitted  for  boring. — Sirkidie  (Horntailsl,  p.  350. 
BB.  Abdomen  joined  to  thorax  by  slender  petiole  or  stalk. 

C.  Fore  wings  with  few  or  no  cross  veins,  hence  with  no  closed  cells, 
D.  Ovipositor  issuing  before  the  apex  of  the  abdomen;  anten- 


Fic.   228. — Venation  of  a  tenthredinid 
(Janus).     (After  Comslock.) 


Fit;.  229.- 


-Venation  of  the  hnniiylirf 
[After  Comslock.) 


nx  elbowed  and  with  one  or  more  ring-like  segments  nv\> 
to  \ast.—Chaicidid(S  (Chalcis  Flies),  p.  353. 
l)i>.  Ovipositor  Issuing  from  the  apex  of  the  abaomen;  antenn:i 
straight,  or  if  elbowed  without  ring-like  segments. — Proii 
otrypidcF,  p.  351. 
CC.  Fore  wngs  with  one  or  more  closed  cells. 


Fig.  230. — Venation  of  an  ichncu- 
monid.      {.After  (omstntk.) 


231,— Vonatinn  of  a  bra^ 
{Afler  CnmsUick.) 


1) 


Fore  win^s  wiihout  a  stigma;  antennit;  with  not  more  tli  1 
16  segments  and  straight.— Cyn;>-'rf(F  (Oall  Mies),  p.  351 
IJU.  Fore  wings  with  a  stigma;  antenns  with   more  than 
segments  and  straight. 
E.  Fore  -vin^  with  vt-in  l>el'V(en  Media  r  and  ist  Medi;i 
wanting. ~-ZJrdCf>nf(/(r    (Braconid    I'll.-;')  (Fig.  2,u\ 
3S3- 
EK.   Fur.-  winK  wilh  \('in  between  Media  i  and  1st  Medi.. 
present.  -/f/(MrHm<j«frf(f  (IchneunKin  Flic^   (Vig.  :, 

A.\.  Tn  .hantt-r  simple;  female  usually  uith  a  sting. 


I 


riv;«-/   4,  .jfe- 


CLASsmcATxoN  AND  nKscKzrrioN  or  common  ,n-skcts    ,45 

B.  Fore  mngs  without  closed  submarginal  cells. 

■•:^Sfs:-rt:::---;:«^^;co.e. 

''■''■■  !iZ  ,""'"*''  "'"  '"'''"'  ''■"'-'">»•'•-:  hind  .angle,  „l 
I  ronol.m  rom„,.-  fr™  a„,l  hdnw  (he  lcgu"r  \h 
!"«„  a„pc.„dcd   or  pedunculate,  oval  or  bnn,l  ' ," 

the  old  families  in.o  Z  le"  wUh  new  .7  "      ""'r  ^^^  "^  '"='">'  "^ 

TENTHREDJNID*    (SAW-FLIES) 

Currant  Stem  Girdler(y.„„, /„/,,,,  K,-„„.„,__ 

:i:ni^^ *n,'r^  '"^"z-"'"  -^"-^  :^^ 
.»t^iXa::,z;.S^rj:r-^^''^' 

!  mnels  ,n  the  pith.     Winter,  in  a  .,!ke„  ,oc,k,„  '  '''""^' 

i«^a.-l'(,rmed  in  April;  white.     Wilti>,i,  „f ,  „„      .         •     „ 


,?46 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


Imported  Currant  Worm  iPteronus  ribesii  Scop.). — Adults.  Four- 
winged  saw-flies,  )^  inch  long;  female  with  light  yellow  abdomen  marked 
with  black;  male  smaller  and  darker;  May  and  July. 

Eggs. — Laid  in  rows  on  leaves  along  the  mid-ribs;  hatch  in  4  t" 
10  days. 

Larva. — .At  first  the  caterpillar  i.s  whitish  and  with  white  head 
after  first  moult  the  body  is  green  with  black  spots  on  side  of  body 
When  full  grown,  'ji  inch  long,  they  lose  their  black  spots  an<l  desceml 
to  ground  to  pupate.     Two  or  three  weeks. 

Pupa. — Formed  in  an  oval  brownish  silken  cocoon  on  the  surface  (ji 
the  ground.     Pupa  of  second  brood  winters  over. 

Life-hislory. — Two  broods  a  year;  adults  emerge  in  spring  i\nr 
again  in  July.     Broods  overlap. 

Control. — Dust  or  spray  with  hellebore  or  with  an  arsenical  poison 

Larch  Saw-fly  (Lygceonematus  eriikuinii  Hartig.). — (Consult  Bull 
10,  Div.  Ent.  Dep.  Ag.  Can.)  A  serious  pest  of  larch  introduced  fron 
Europe. 

.Adult. ~\  large  thick  black  saw-fly,  with  second,  fifth  and  part  ■  ' 
sixth  abdominal  segments  bright  red.     .April  May. 

Eggs.  Laid  in  slits  in  terminal  shoots  June-July,  wiiite,  cylii 
drical,  tapering  at  each  end;  }  20  inch  long;  hatching  in  8-10  day<. 

Larva. —  Feeding  on  leaves  in  June-July;  mature  in  20  day>  whc 
they  descend   to  ground   and  spin  cocoons;    hibernate      Full   grou 
larva  with  jet-black  head  and  glaucous  green   body      .About  eu' 
segment,  except  second,  double  parallel  row>  of  minute  dark  d«>f-;  ti\ 
moults. 

Pu/XB.—  hi   dark    brown,   oval.    eloni;ated   cocoon--.   ?,■    inch    \n\ 
beneath  the  surface 

Parasites. — Pteromahis  tiematiridus  Pack.,  a  chalcid,  au'!  Mr.  A*" 
teii/lirrdiiiidis,  an  ichneum^nid 

Birch   Saw-fly    (flylotoma    peduralis   Leach). — IJefoliates    bircf 
in   Quebec  and   Prince   Edward    Uland,    while  Fir  San-  fly  {l.nph.i 
abietis  Harr.)  and  .thbolt's  Pine  .Vn-u'-/''  '  (/..  abbotii  Leach)  do  liam 
to  firs  and  pines  respectively. 

Raspberry  Web  Worm   \Pamphiliuy    ild.hiri    MacG.)  -Injur, 
in  New  Brunswick. 

\duU.     Thrce-cighr   in(  h  long;  head  atn!  thor;ix  black  witli  vvl 
markings.     .Abd'-men  of  male  bhick  with  a  broa<!   nudian   transvt 


CLASS.KKAr,„N   AN-,.   .KSC«,PnoX   o.   COMMON   .XSPCTS       ,4; 
/-arm.-  Smooth,  hrmht  erecn    "  ;  inrh  1  f     j. 

■9>6.,  The  green  worm-like  larva  of  this  aw  flv  f,  ^  "^  '^'''■• 
apples  10  hiNernate.  It,  natural  f,  J  1  .  "  ''"  ''"""*"  ■"'" 
plants.     Four  broods  a  vea  "'"''  "'  ''"'^  '"'^  ^'^i»'«l 

legs  bluish-black-  tarsi  veil.nvi  h        ?  ^    '  "''"«"  """''>■  ''""™. 

Kreenish-while.     Matures  in    r„lv   i  ^    I"'"'''*?"'    ''^R'* 

sil^^n  cocoon  a,  ba!:::;;:.  ^^r^^S^ !"™^  '  '""«^'  ^^ 
^"/-a.     '•"rme.l  in  spring  in  cocoon 

fe.    .le   with    ,1    W    ;        ■"'■"'•'       '''""■     -^  ^-^-".V.  U  inch  long 

/■•WS.     Pear-,bat)er(,  veliov..  h    ^h,,„    1       ■     ,    , 
"PP-  cuticle  ..f  lea/;  ha.  h  ,n  -  I  T^'^"  '"'"  ''"'■  '"^"'^^  """" 

S^-lk-lTT      -•^''- ■  ""•'  '■'^""''  ^  '"*  'lavs. 
H>.i   t^.!!"^.,  ^1:7^"-  2"-";  Nonon,.-. -(Consult 

■<-;nigh,s„o,.,n^..,.,,_,  'Xuu:^t.r'  "■'" ' 

t-m-     Inserted  ben,.,(,  epidermis  ,rf  i«.f,  ^f,h  i,V  weeks 


34S 


KCON'OMIC   KNTOMOLOOY 


the  hack;  ciiilcd  when  at  rest;  8  pairs  of  prolegs;  full  grinvn  in  a  rriDnth; 
entering  soil  and  fcrminK  a  cocoon.     Hibernates. 

Pupa. — l-'ormecl  in  May. 

Rose  Saw-fly  Slug  {Endclontyia  roste  Harr.). — This  insect  is  often 
injurious  to  the  leaves  of  roses.  The  slug-like  larvie  eat  the  upper 
surface  of  the  leaves.  The  pupic  are  found  in  the  ground.  There 
are  two  broods  each  year;  June  and  August. 

Cheny  Saw-fly  Leaf  Miner  (Profenusa  coUarts  MacG.). — (Consult 
Hull.  411,  N.  Y..\g.  K.vp.  St.)  This  insect  has  been  injurious  to  cherries 
in  New  York  State  for  several  years.  It  profiuces  blister-like  areas 
on  leaves.  The  adult  is  a  small  saw-lly  '7  inch  long,  appearing  in 
May,  and  the  larva  passes  part  of  its  existence  in  the  leaf  as  a  miner 
and  in  the  ground  in  an  earthen  cell.  ru|)alion  occurs  in  late  .\[)ril 
or  early  May. 

Plum  Web-spinning  Saw-fly  (.Wurolomn  iiKoiispinni  Norton  1. 
I'"orms  ugly  nests  in  the  leaves  of  plum  and  c  herry. 

Ailiilt. — A  saw-lly,  I  2  inch  long;  wings  hyaline  wilh  a  f;.int  fu>cous 
band  behind  stigma;  body,  co.\;e  and  tarsi  black,  legs  reddish.     Ma\' 
June  as  leaves  expand. 

E^gs. — Smooth,  elongate,  yellow;  deposited  in  two  or  three  row- 
along  mid-rib  of  under  surface  of  leaf.     Hatch  in  about  8  days. 

Lana. — Three-fourth  inch  long,  grey  above  and  yellow  or  pinkisli 
below;  hea<l  yellow;  thoracic  shield  and  anal  segment  black;  full  grown 
in  a  month;  feeds  on  leaves  under  webs.  I'asses  the  winter  in  an 
earthen  cell  0  inches  below  the  surface  of  the  ground. 

Pupil. — In  early  sjiring  pupa  forms  near  the  surface. 

Pear  Slug  {liriocampoidcs  limacina  Retzius,  Caliroa  rrriisi  l.inn.). 
(Consult  Circ.  26,  IJiv.  Ent.,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  .Agriculture.)     The  slug-liki 
larvoe  of  this  European  insect  are  often  found  feeding  on  the  surface- 
of  the  leaves  of  pear,  plum  an<l  cherry. 

Adult. — A  glossy  black  saw-lly,  }  r,  inch  li>ng;  wings  with  a  smoky 
band  across  the  middle.  May  and  June,  and  August.  Two  genera- 
tions in  the  North  but  one  along  the  Lower  St.  Lawrence. 

Enf^.t. — Deposited  beneath  ihc  upper  surface  of  leaf  in  a  cut  ma<li 
by  ovipositor;  hatch  in  2  weeks. 

/.tint:. — .\t  first  white  with  yellowish-brown  heail;  later,  darker 
with  brownish-black  head:  body  covered  with  slime  like  a  slug;  anterio' 
))ortion  of  body  enlarged;   7  pairs  of  prolegs.     EuU  grown  in  aboir 


CLASSIFICATION-   AND   DESCRIPTION   „f 


CIIMMON    INSrCTS       ,^4,, 


<l"  n,.l  pupal,  until  sprinx.  ""'>n,,,U,    l,ul    M,nu-    larva. 

I'irasite.-  Pcnlarlhron  miniUum 

C»«/r»/.-Rc.a<lily  cnlr,,!!..!  In-  ar.cnirils  „r   ,„l ., 
"""^  "r  In-  ,lry  hdlebore  or  air-slake '111^.  "''""--^'|.  -lu- 


.?50 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


|)r()l>al)ly  with  spftit-s  of  Afirufiyron  m  ils  host  plants.  A  serious 
|)cst  in  the  West  on  wheat  and  rye  (Figs,  j  j2  ami  2,j,()- 

Adiill. — A  shiny  black  4-winKe(l  lly,  'i  inch  long;  abdomen  with 
three  prominent  yellow  rings;  legs  yellow.  Kemale  with  a  short 
stout  horn-like  ovipositor.  It  rests  head  downward  on  the  stems  of 
grasses,  with  its  wings  very  close  together  over  the  body.  June  lo- 
July  lo. 

Eggs. — Minute,  white,  cylindrical. 

Larva. — Dull  yellowish-white,  ,'^-'  ^  inch  long;  first  two  segments 
swollen;  end  of  abdomen  with  a  short  blunt  projection.  Always 
occurs  within  the  stem.     Bores  downward  in  the  stem,  reaching  base 


Fit;.  3.13- 


-Full  Krown  larva  of  the  weslern  wheat-stem  saw-fly  (Cephus  occidfnlalis 
(Afirr  CriddU.  Bui.  II.  t-.nl.  Br.  Can.) 


about  August  ist  and  cutting  the  stems  through  level  with  ground; 
remains  all  winter  in  stub  until  following  May. 

Pupa. — Formed  in  May  in  stub  inhabite<l  by  larva. 

Control. —  I.  Plough  infested  stubble  5  inches  deep  in  fall,  with 
attention  at  least  10  worst  infested  fields. 

2.  All  infested  grasses,  such  as  wesiem  rye  grass,  timothy  and  thi 
prairie  grasses  next  to  growing  crops  should  be  cut  between  July  lotli 
and  August  ist. 

SlKICID.*    (H0RN-T.\ILS) 

Pigeon  Tremex  (Tremex  columba  Linn.). — Injures  elm  and  maple 

.Idult. — F'emale  a  large  4-winged  fly,  2  inches  long,  with  a  prominen' 
yellow  horn  at  end  of  abdomen;  head  and  thorax  reddish-black,  ali 
domen  cylindrical,  dark  brown,  with  seven  yellowish  band-like  mark 
ings;  male  smaller,  without  horn.     June-August  (Fig.  2,^4). 

Eggs. — Oblong  oval,  jointed  at  ends,  '20  inch  long. 

ian'a.^Largc,  soft,  yellowish,  cylindrical,  with  six  true  legs  an 
a  horny  point  at  end  of  abdomen;  boring  into  wood.     Parasitized  h 


CIASSIFICATIO.V   AND   DESCRIPTION   OF   C.MMON   INSKC.S 


Thtilessa  luiialor. 


351 


with  a  long  ddicalc 


a  sli'iidcr,  Ijrown  and 


Pupa. — Formwl  in  bu 


oviposilnr. 


rrow  within  a  < 


yiHow,  wasp-liko  I,  hn-nimoi. 
i>i»"n  made  of  silk  ami  chips. 


C'vNipiD.t:  (Gall-fliks) 
The  injury  done  l,y  Cynipids  to  economic  plant,  is  not  serio,,- 

the  stimulus  of  the  larva-.  The  galls 
are  closed  and  are  very  varied  in 
shape. 

The  Mossy  Rose-gaU  on  Sweet- 

brier,    produced    by   Rhodites    rosw 

Linn.,  is  many-celled  and  consists  of 

a  number  of  hard  kernels  embracing 

the  stem,  covered  with  reddish-green 

mossy  fdaments. 

The  Pithy  Blackbeny-gaU,  pro- 
duced   by    Diastrophus  turgidus  on 

blackberry  canes  consists  of  an  elon- 
gated, many-celled,  ridged,  woodv', 
reddish-brown  gall. 

Kthy  Blackbeny-gaU  Fly  {Dias- 
trophus turgidus    Bass.).     Adult      lilack     i  '      ,n  1,    i 
antenn.  red;    four   wings,   transparent    !-■"    '"'    '""'^^    '"''   ^"" 
tarly  summer. 

/.an'a.-White,   i,„  inch  long,  mouth-parts  and  spr 
hibernates  in  cells  of  gall.  ^ 

Pk/iu.— Formed  in  spring. 

C™w.-Cut  out  and  burn  infested  canes  during  the  w,iiu 

Several  species  infest  oaks,  viz.,  AmphMips  spp    //„/„;;     ,„ 
■U.'lr.cus  spp.,  and  Cynips  spp.,  each  producing  l^.^.":^!!:^, 

PROCTOTKYPID*  (PROCTOTRYPIDS) 

theImalToT^"'  "'  ""'  ^^'""^'  "'  '^'^"  ""=  S"'"f>  ProCotr.pMea  are 
Ihe  smallest  of  insect  parasites.     They  are  usually  black  and  withom 


Fli..   •'.M—PiKfon  lremex(  rrfwfi 
.olumb,,,.    ,1,    a,l„,t;     „_   ,^^^^ 

parasuu    Urva  of  rWwsa  attached  1. 
.Natural  sue.      (After  Riley.) 

I  • 

and    almost    without    veins, 
'■•■ddish, 


3S» 


ECONOMIC    ENTOMOI.OOV 


I 


metallic  lustre.  Si)nieliincs  they  incur  as  secondary  parasites  (in 
primiiry  parasites.  The  larva:  live  within  mher  inseits,  often 
within  insect  en^s  and  sometimes  within  larv;c  or  pupa'.  The  larva 
of  I'olyf^notlts  develop  within  the  dij;esti\'e  tract  of  i.(all  midges,  and 
I'rirhacis  in  the  nervous  system  of  the  same  midue.  /  elenomiis  is  a 
common  form  infesting  the  eggs  of  many  butti  rllies  and  moths.  Ano- 
t>edim  is  parasitic  im  the  clover  seed  midge  and  the  wheat  midge,  ami 
I'lalygasler  on  the  Hessian-fly.  The  eggs  of  rroctotr>i  ids  are  ivat<-. 
with  a  peduncle  at  the  end." 

The  ncuration  of  the  wings  shows  great  diversity.  As  a  rule  llu 
hind  wings  are  veinless.  In  some  suli-families  the  veining  of  the  fori 
wings  resembles  that  of  the  Hrai  oniils  and  the  Chrysidids  and  Scoliid- 
and  in  others  the  Chalcids.  (Consult  .Ashmead's  Monograph  of  the  N 
A.  Proclotrypidae  and  Brues'  ScrphuUlea  mllymrnoplera  of  Connectkul 

i'.UIIl.V    PtLKCINID.E 

Pdecinus  obturator  Drury  is  a  long  black  hymenoptcr  .(femaii 
3-2}  f,  inches  long),  parasitic  on  white  grubs  (Lachnoslerna).  It  i 
sometimes  grouped  with  the  I'roctrypids  under  tin.  Serphoidea. 

ICIINEUMONID^    (ICIINEl'MON    FlIES) 

These  insects  form  an  important  group  of  parasites  upon  injuriou- 
forms.  The  females  lay  their  eggs  either  within  or  upon  the  ho  i 
larva,  and  the  maggots  feed  within  the  host  until  maturity,  feeding  upi  "i 
its  blood  by  osmosis  through  the  skin;  in  some  cases,  by  attackii.' 
muscle  tissues  and  the  fat  body,  and  getting  air,  probably  by  attail 
mcnt  to  the  trachea.  Cocoons  are  often  spun  on  the  back  of  the  \\a^' . 
from  which  emerge  the  adults.  Some  commfm  genera  are  Ophi<  'i 
(light  brown  with  compressed  abd  'men),  parasitic  on  Polyphenui^ 
larva,  Thalessa  (with  a  long  flexible  ovipositor)  on  Pigeon  Tremi  . 
Pimpld  conquisitor  on  the  pupie  of  tent-caterpillars,  the  cotton-wor  0 
and  the  Brown-tail,  P.  inquisitor  on  tussock  caterpillars  (see  Howaf  - 
fnsect  Book),  and  Tragus  parasitic  on  chrysalids  of  Papilio. 

Bkacunid.*  (Bkaconid  Flies)  (Figs.  235  and  236) 

Braconids  are,  as  a  rule,  smaller  than  the  Ichneumons,  but  like  1  ■'■ 
latter  are  valuable  parasites.     Apkidius  and  Lysiphlebus  parasil   1 


ClASSiriC.MION   ANt) 


""•:m«h.ti,.n  ,,k  ,,,„„„^  ,^^^,_,^,^ 


'"■■    2.1  V— A  toi 


mate  «■„,„,  r,.«,s,,*„„,.„,  ,,.„„,    ,^^^^.^^_       _^^^^  __^  ^^^ 
•Viitur,.]  siic.      iMur  iuh.m.', 


ApatlteUs  co^nr^natus. 


i''<i-  ajd.— BassK 


The  Kreat 
njurious 


^    eanvitiiU'i.     A    l.r-i..,.„;  i 


CirAi.<imi).f:  (CiiAi.irn  I-mi:si 


tie  Kreat  n,aj„rily  „f  Cl,alci..lli.s  arc  lanellci,!  •, 


'■jaasmry. 


MICROCOPY    RESOIUTION    TEST    ChART 

ANSI  ond  ISO  TEST  CHART  No,  2, 


1.0  !-!ia  iiiiM 
^  1^  IIIIM 
u_    I  "^  llllffi 

1.8 


lli:?^   mil  '-4     il  1.6 


^     -APPLIED  INA^IGE 


354 


E((J\OMIC    E.NTOMDLOOY 


and  Ijorlius.  They  arc  recognized  l)y  the  Ijranched  single  vein  of  the 
fore  wings.  Their  larvx  attack  many  species  of  caterpillars.  Among 
the  mure  common  forms  are  I'leromuliis  piiparum  on  the  pufia-  of  the 
White  Cahhage  Bultertly;  A/i/irliiius  on  scale  insects;  Monodontomerus 
arms  on  the  Brown-tail  and  Gyjisy  Moths;  Tri(hof,ramma  on  many 
caterpillars,  and  Vithipisllm  nentaliciJa  (in  the  Larch  Saw-flv.  Telra- 
sticlius,  Dibrachys,  Corcophagus,  Sculdlisk:,  Prospallella,  Eupelmus  and 
Aphyciis  are  other  valuable  economic  forms. 

The  four  following  species  are  injurious: 

Wheat  Joint  Wonn  (fsosoma  trilhi  V  tch.).— (Consult  Farmers' 
Hull.  1,2  and  1006.  U.  .S.  Dept.  of  .\gric.)  Adul.  A  minute  Mack 
4-winged  ant-like  fly;  1 5  inch  long.  May.  Injurious  in  the  East 
on  account  of  the  larva  living  in  the  stems  of  wheat,  sucking  the 
juices  and  causing  a  swelling  in  the  stem.  Infested  plants  contain 
one  or  more  hard  woody  cells  in  the  stem  just  above  the  second  or  third 
joint  from  the  ground,  in  which  live  the  larvx-  or  grubs.  On  nearing 
maturity  the  stems  fall  or  break  at  the  places  of  injury. 

/W-— -''fnall,  white,  round-oval.  Inserted  in  daytime,  singly  at  a 
place,  in  the  stem  by  the  sharp  ovipositor,  but  of  en  as  many  as  15 
into  one  stem.  Each  female  may  lay  as  many  as  70  or  mo  e  eggs. 
Hatch  in  about  14  days. 

Larva.— X  yellowish-white  maggot,  ' ;,  inch  long,  tips  of  jaws  brown, 
,5  to  4  moults;. full  grown  in  .,  weeks;  hibernates  in  wheat  straw; 
forms  cell  in  stem.     Most  of  the  larva!  change  to  pupa;  late  in  Autumn. 

P«/>(i.  -Yellow  to  black;  1,5  inch  long. 

Parasites.  -Ditriponolus  aureoviridis,  Honioporus  chakidepha^us. 
f.Hryloma  boUeri  parra,  Eupelmus  epicasla  Walk.,  all  chalcids. 

Control—  Rotation  of  crops;  burning  and  deep  plowing  under  of 
stubble  when  practicable,  or  harvesting  of  stubble  in  spring,  collecting 
with  horse-rake  and  burning;  preparation  of  good  seed-bed. 

Wheat  Straw  Worm  (Isosoma  grande  Riley).— A  pest  west  of  thi 
Mississippi;  adults  emerge  in  April  May  from  stubble  and  lay  eggs, 
and  the  larva;  eat  the  forming  heads  of  wheat.  Adults  appear  again 
in  June  and  lay  eggs  above  the  upper  joints.  Larva;  pupate  In 
October  and  winter  is  passed  in  the  stubble. 

Species  of  Isosoma  (Females)  (after  Howard) 

\.   Mesonotum  smooth,  poiislu'd,  shining.  -^Tdtd/f. 
.■\.\.  Mesonotum  rufuione;  abdomen  laager  than  thora.t. 


inch   lon>;. 


li-S^    l>rownish-vi-ll„vv;    winirs   rl,-,r    i    "r  ' 

'•'>-^  her  egKs  in  M.,j.  ,,„,,  jj,      -  ul  , ;  ""'■T  '^"'''  ''"''  'he  adult 

^M'Pearin  JuIya„d4ust;i.uT;,,Je:i,  2  '  "'""-^  "'  ""'^  '-'""' 

^I'nng.     There  is  much  overla,,,  ilT  "'■'•■  ""'  ""  'h*-'  f"ll"win„ 

'-  "ifficul.  .,  determine.     iTr;t iT  ""  ""=  """'^"^  "'  '-"" 
i-  year,  .uth  a  p^siWhty  „f  ^.u,!  "'""^'  '^^  "^^^  generations 


if,.'!'  '^''  ~'''"l<"'lhr„„ 
"•""»..  a  chakij  para- 
"■■"f"ii!lnul,n.,,h. 


y,(> 


KCnxDMic  ext()MOL()(;y 


Grolp   Vespoidea   (Wasps) 

The  true  wasps  are  divided  into  Uic  Solitary  Wasps  {Eiimcmil<r< 
and  tliu  .Social  Wasps  (Vcspida).  The  former  have  similar  haliits  to  the 
l)if!Ker  Wasjjs  (see  below),  forming  burrows  in  the  earth,  in  wood  or  on 
twigs  of  shrubs.  In  the  latter  class  two  genera  are  common,  I'oUsI,. 
with  a  .s|)indle-shaped  abdomen,  and  black  ringed  with  yellow,  and 
Vespa,  the  common  hornet  or  yellow-jacket.  The  paper  nests  attache  I 
to  buildings,  trees  or  in  the  earth  arc  constructed  from  bits  of  wood  made 
into  a  pulp,  and  are  provisioned  with  spiders  or  insects.  The  nest  ol 
Polhlcs  consists  of  a  single  comb,  attached  by  a  short  stem,  but  that 
of  Vcspa  consists  of  several  laj-ers  of  combs  with  a  papery  covering. 

The  White-faced  Hornet  is  well  known  as  the  maker  and  owner  o. 
the  large  i)aper  nest.  It  jjrovidcs  its  young  with  no.xious  larva,-,  and  un 
doubtedly  does  much  to  control  insect  life.  Occasionally,  however,  ii 
may  injure  grapes  or  peaches  by  eating  holes  in  them.  The  life-histor> 
is  quite  similar  to  that  of  the  Bumble  Bee — males,  females  and  worker- 
(undeveloped  females)  making  up  the  colony.  Only  the  females  sur- 
vive the  autumn  and  hibernate. 


Group  Spiiecoiuea   (Digger  W.\sps) 

The  Digger  Wasps  contain  a  large  number  of  families.  (See  Com 
stock's  Manual  of  Insects  and  Ilymenoplera  of  Connecticut.)  They  ar. 
solitary  and  store  their  nests  with  paralyzed  insects  or  spiders.  Th^ 
nests  vary  in  structure;  some  arc  made  of  mud  attached  to  ceilings  ■ 
buildings,  some  made  in  the  pith  of  elder,  sumach,  etc.,  and  others  v. 
sandy  banks.  The  more  common  genera  are  Tiplihi,  Pehpnii 
Sphecius,  Stigmus  and  Trypoxylon. 

Group   Apoidea   (Bees) 

The  bees  are  grouped  into  two  families,  the  AndrenideE  (Shoi" 
tongued  bees)  and  the  Apidce  (Long-tongued  bees).     In  provisionii  ■-• 
their  nests  with  honey  or  pollen,  or  both,  which  they  collect  from  flowei-. 
bees  are  of  great  economic  importance  in  the  cross-fertilization  of  ma-  y 
flowers.     (See  Part  I.) 

Most  of  the  Andrenida  are  miners  and  make  their  nests  in  i   r 
ground.     They  are  solitary,  each  female  making  her  own  nest,  1    i 


CLASSIFICATION-   AND   DESCKir 


TIO.V  OF  Common   insects 


frcfjuently  the  nests  are  close  (oRethe: 


\ndrcn 


'r.     Some  of  the  mi 


lore  common 


Rencra  ; 

To  the    lyb/J^  belons  Ihe  Leaf-cutt'er'l,ees  (MeRachih\  Carpenter 

ri :  r.?'"'  •'■^■'"'"^"''  ^"^■^'-'-"■^  <''"■"'-'«'. numu « 

oi  but  "  '■  I  ""•  *"  " -"'^^  ^-'--™'-  I'""-  "f  '--cs  cut  from 
msc  bu  hes  an.l  various  ,,lants.  These  cells  are  place.l  in  burrows 
made  either  in  the  ground  or  in  soft  wood 

sand  etth       ?°";'  ''T^'  "'  '"^'"     '''''  "'"^  ^"^^  """1--'  "' 

<    ether      rs'      1^1  "f  '""''"  "^  ''"'^  "'  ^™"'''  ^''  «'"'''  '"-'"'v 

"Humble  b^frr?   "'   'r-^'"'   ""'■    ''^■""«»'''   ^"''   Sladen's 
Humble  bee    for  details  regarding  the  habits  of  bees  ) 

formU^    r"*f-     t^""-''^"    ■^'"'"-   ^  ^™''^"""   f«""   »»'i<a.v 

A.  Solitary  bees. 

n.  Queen  ,lics  after  CKK-layinR  an.l  providing  food  for  larvae 
L.  .\esls  quite  a|iart.~/'™,,„/,/j,  Ceralim. 

aT  '"  ™'°"'''»'  '""  f^alcs  work  independently.-.  I  „^„.„„ 
A  nthrophora,  Osmia. 
CCC.  Females  hihcrnate  in  companies,— r       ,p,i 
CCCC.  T«o  or  more  females  use  a  common  ,.  :.  „r  /efuge  -U„ll,H,, 
I  arjurgits.  '     ' 

'"'■  ofT/i-r:""  '"  "'  "■'  '"^  ^■"'  ''■"''''  °^"  '"^  nest.-Species 
A.\.  Social  Bees. 

B.  Fertilized  female  hihernates  alone.-B„„H,  Rm 
Permanent  soc.ctie.s  with  perfect  combs.-//c.nf3,  Hm. 

ble  8*^3  ZfT-l'"'""!""  ^PP-^- -^I^^™  *"  -^—-c  standpoint  Bum- 
over       Th  "    """".'''"?"'  ^^  '-'^^"'^  '■"  P«"inati"n  of  red  and  other 
^  IdeserT  t  ''^"-™"'"'"K  'l"^'^"  starts  her  nest  in  the  spring  usually 

and  nectar  and  on  them  in  u  wa.  cell  lavs  her  first  eggs      Next  she 
constructs   a   "honey-pot"   for   holding   the  honev  colt  led  at      le 
ntrance  to  the  nest.     The  larv.-e  feed  on  the  pollen,  an     wh™ 

which  they  spend  their  pupal  period  of  about  ii  days.    The  first 


3S8 


KCONOMIC   ENTOMni.OOV 


brood  arc  small  workers  who  relieve  the  queen  of  further  work 
except  that  of  eKR-layinR.  Later  broods  are  large  workers  and  thi 
last  brood  consists  of  males  and  females.  In  the  autumn  all  succuml- 
except  the  young  queens. 

The  males  and  females  of  Bombus  arc  reared  after  the  workers  near 
the  close  of  the  summer,  and  mating  occurs  then.  The  number  oi 
workers  is  relatively  small,  ,?oo  in  some  of  the  unilerground-dwellini.' 
species  to  60  in  some  of  the  surface-dwelling  species. 

The  more  common  species  are  B.  borealis,  B.  tcrricola,  B.  Icniariiis. 
B.  pennsyhanicus,  B.  vaf^ans,  and  B.  fervidus. 

Honey  Bee  (Apis  mellifera  Linn.). — There  are  three  kinds  of  in 
Hividuals — quern,  drones  and  neutral  -dvrkers.  The  queen  is  the  mothti 
of  the  colony  and  lays  the  eggs;  the  drones  are  males  and  relativeh 
few.  A  colony  at  the  beginning  of  the  season  contains  p,ooo  lo 
40,000  workers. 

//o«f v.— Obtained  from  nectaries  of  flowers  by  workers  and  carrier 
in  the  honey  sac  in  the  abdomen.  Nectar  is  stored  in  cells  and  thi 
surplus  water  is  evaporated  by  currents  of  air  to  10  to  12  per  ceiii 
Finished  product  is  stored  in  wax  cells  about  the  brood  chambers. 

Wax. — Made  from  honey  and  sugar.  Gorged  workers  hang  ii 
dense  masses  and  plates  of  wax  appear  beneath  the  abdomen  in  aboir 
24  hours.  The  wax  is  then  transferred  to  the  mouth  and  there  masti- 
cated with  a  fluid  excreted  by  the  cephalic  glai.ds.  Twenty  pound- 
of  honey  are  required  to  make  i  pound  of  wax. 

Propolis. — Obtained  from  buds  and  used  to  strengthen  the  cell- 

Brood. — Egg  hatches  in  3  days.  The  grubs  are  nursed  by  worker- 
on  fluids  from  the  mouth;  later  they  are  fed  on  pollen,  honey  and  water 
after  5  days  the  grub  spins  its  cocoon,  and  13  days  later  the  wingc  ! 
bee  emerges. 

Duration  of  Stages. — 


Etig 


Pupa 


Total 


Queen j  days        |     5V2  days    |       7  days  isH  day 

lirone .^  days         j         6  days     I     15  days  24  da\ 

Worker ^  days        ,        5  days         13  days  2 1  da\ 

The  queen  grub  is  fed  on  royal  jelly — the  nutritious  fluid  excrete 
by  the  nurses. 


C..ASS,r„..VT,OX   AND   DKS.  k,pt,„x   oP   .■n„M„x    ,nsk.  rs 


,i5') 


workers  then  rear  new  ,,uc.cns  ami, h-oM  ''  ''r"^""''"'-     Th'' 

-H  workers  ......    ,.l,,,;:;:::^:^:;;;—^-;-era,.^^ 

nomerion  ,s  known  as  s:.„rm,„.     Frenueni  1.1  K-  '  '        '"'  '"''''■ 

or  thrice  ,lurin«  a  favora.Me  Ls.,n    ' Th  '  .1  ^^  ""^■. "™^'"  '"'■'^ 

mates  bnt  once,  in,,  tZy^X:!^'''"''"'-  '"^^ ''^"'"'> 
the  th„usan,Is  of  e««s  .,i^,  ,:,,  cc  wS  T  '^^r^'^""^  '"  '-'"-■ 
lay  so„e,  relative,,  U:.  ^nfeiti,!..,  e;:':;^ch  I.n:,^!::;   "'^'■ 


Color  of 
abdomen 


tion 


Quality 

as  a 
producer 


t'api.iuHs 

of  tOlIllj 

honry 


H  (-marks 


''"™'' «l->-k         Cross  IW        White  iKir, 

nnjic  I  first  raie  inlroilunil  into 
_  America. 

"""" V-^llow        Gentle        Best     '    Fairlv         M     , 

stripes  "'■'         •^'°*'  P"P"l"r  race. 

^  ^  white 

Carniolan.         Crey  Cent,;      Go;;,!^  White  Son,,.        , 

•iniie  Some     advocates     in     the 
Cnited  States 

Caucasian....,  ^^       ,^^,  ,„„,  ^  ,,,^;-  ^ce..   .tro,.... 

_  _  *'0od  for  amateurs 

""""i -    «'-"         «-'^       Cood       WhU,,^  Hecent 

"'""'" "^"°"       ''^"-     '-°->       -ater.  Xo.  ptacticalK- ahardoned 

_^ in  Lnited  States. 


GROUP  FORMICOIDEA   lANTS) 


Family  Fokmkid.j; 
(Consult  Howard's  /mccis,   tthetler-s    («/,    ,nH   u       ■ 

.    "netlirs  .In/     and  fom,co,d,:a  in   llymcnopiera  of 


.V'° 


i;((lS(JMIC   KN1'(1MI)I.()GY 


ti' 


1-1  fi 


Till'  mails  and  fi'mak's  male  in  ihv  air,  after  which  the  males  <lie  anil 
Ihe  females  tear  off  their  wiri^s.  They  then  huilil  small  cells  anil  com- 
menie  et;K-liiy'"K-  Ihese  eKKs  anil  their  larvie  are  first  tenilcil  by  the 
i|Ueen  li'it  later  l>y  the  wiirkers,  'I'he  larva'  arc  white  and  legless,  and 
at  mad  iiy  spin  et!),'-sha|)ed  iiimuns.  Hi)w  i|ucens  arc  develi)|>ed  is 
nut  k  A-n,  Imt  they  and  the  workers  may  live  for  many  years.  The 
fund  of  ants  is  quite  varied,  l)ut  is  usually  of  animal  oriKin,  espciially 
nedar  and  dead  insects.  On  the  whole  ants  arc  beneficial. 
As  to  general  habits  ants  may  be  cla.ssified  into; 

1.  IlHHling  anis  which  prey  upon  insects,  other  ants,  etc. 

2.  Shn'C-makini;  ants  which  capture  other  species  and  make  slaves 
of  them. 

,V  Honey  ants  which  collect  honey  and  store  it  in  certain  members 
of  the  colony — mostly  western  forms. 

4.  I.eaJ-cullinf,  anIs  which  bite  off  bits  of  leaves,  take  them  to  their 
nests,  and  Kniw  (unRi  upon  them — mostly  tropical  forms. 

5.  Harvesting  anIs  which  collect  and  store  seeds  for  food  supply  in 
underground  granaries — mostly  southern  forms. 

The  colonies  or  nests  occur  either  in  the  ground  or  in  decaying 
wood,  and  consist  of  irregular  cavities  that  intercommunicate.  Often 
above  the  nests  are  dome-shaped  hills  in  which  the  eggs  are  hatched, 
and  the  legless  larviE  and  jiupic  nurtured. 

Ants  belonging  to  the  sub-family  Camponotina  are  stingless,  and 
here  belong  the  genera  Lasiiis,  Camponotus  and  Formica.  Those  belong- 
ing to  the  sub-family  Myrmicina  are  stinging  ants,  including  the  genera 
Solenopsis,  Teiramorium,  Monomorium,  Cremastogaster,  and  Myrmica. 

House  and  lawn  ants  may  be  classified,  iccording  to  origin,  into: 

1.  Tropical  old-world  ants,  represented  by  the  little  red  ant  or 
Pharaoh's  ant  {Monomorium  pharaonis  Linn.),  the  crazy  ant  {Pre 
nolepis  longicornis  Latr.),  a  related  species  Prenolepis  vividula  N\i 
and  Plagiolcpis  longipcs  Jerden. 

2.  Introduced  tropical  new-world  ants,  represented  by  the  Argentin- 
ant  (Iridomyrmex  humilis  Mayr.),  and  Premlepis  fulva  var.  pubeti 
Kovcl. 

,i.  Native  Temperate  N.  .\.  ants,  represented  by  the  thief  ail 
(Solenopsis  molrsia  Say),  the  carpenter  ant  {Componotus  herctitaneu  . 
var.  pcnnsylvanicus  DeG.),  the  little  black  ant  {Monomorium  minimu  ■: 
Bckley),  the  .Imerican  lawn  or  corn  ant  (Lasius  niger  var.  american:  < 


u(  march  bduw.     All  cnlarKed.   th/ leucre  1  il  '  f'  '""'•  "■■"""  "'  *"'■''-■■"  i"  ""'^ 
sea'..     (.!/,„  .u„,;„„,  u.  S  DepiXgrU,         '""'"'"'""''  ""  ''"™  '"  Iho  same 

.•lrf«/fa.— Worker  neuters,  winged  males  a.,.1  f  ,,,..1  i 

less  females  constitute  an  ant  colony.  """'  ""''   ^•'"«- 


362 


ECOMlMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


Eggs.—LaU\  in  immense  numbers  by  the  solitary  queen  mother 
minute,  oval,  whitish;  careii  for  by  the  workers. 

I.arvce.  -Fed  by  workers 

Pupa.  -While,  cared  for  by  workers;  eRg-like  but  much  largii 
than  the  true  eggs. 


i  1 


Flc;.   2,}Q, — Thf  little  red,  or  ,  haraoh's  ant   (Monomorium  pkaraonis):  a.  queen    r 
female;  h,  wi>rl<er.     Both  drawings  enlarged  to  thu  same  scale.      (Afltr  Marlall. 

Control. —Destroy  nests  with  hot  water  or  carbon  bisulphide;  du-l 
with  sodium  fluoride;  trap  ants  in  sponges  soaked  in  sweetened  wal  r 
or  in  a  syrup  poisoned  with  arsenate  of  soda.  Formula:  sugar,  i  H  ; 
arsenate  of  soda,  125  grains;  water,  :  qt.;  boiled  and  strained. 

Lawn  or  Com  Ant  (Lasius  niger  var.  americanus  Em.). — This  ai  1. 
which  is  very  abundant  in  the  corn-growing  districts  of  the  Centi  il 


In  llu.  .„n,r„l  „f  ,hi.  ,,,,,i,l.  ,|„.r..f„r..,  ,1,.  I,..,  nu.|l„.,l  is  ,„  „l„w 


ari(ll<)|,r:ulisi.  IT,  |.  r„t;iii( 


lay  siTVf  as  liTipcrary  fooil-planis. 


NKAR  KK,.AT,VKS  ''{^^^^^^^^l^^i^RlniS  Tc,  ,.,,,x,s 


Class  Cri 


sj.ui:a 


Sow  Bugs,  PiU  Bugs  or  Wood  Licp     >;,>„  i 

.arrels;  under  hoards.  s.„nes  and  ruMnsh;  in  Kr«-„- 
t-uses  and  rockeries.     They  usually  feed  a.  ni«h" 

and  to  the  roots  of  strawherries. 

The  eggs  are  lai  I  in  early  summer.  The  in- 
cubat,„n  period  v.  ies  with  the  different  species- 
'"  ■'"«'"/'"""«  -'■'/,?-,.  Latr.  ahout  70  davs.  The 
young  are  carried  in  a  pouch  forn.ed  of  mo.lif.ed 
plates  on  the  ah.lomen  of  ,h.  female.  Other 
»pec,es  are  />„,„///„  fe„-,  Latr.,  .,.  „„,,,>«,„ 
nd  On,uus  asellus  Linn.  They  have  seven  pair 
"f  legs,  and  antenn.-e  which  are  7-jointed  (Fig.  .40) 

.r^:    "p  rh   "::"  I-atoes  covered  with  a  thin  coatin,  of  Paris 

.nolasse,s-or  ngeMe"  ink^  ^'""''  "-' '-"-''-is-green- 

nge  ju.ce,  .spnnklmg  or  spraymg  with  kerosene  emulsion; 


Fk;.     24 
ff//io/<»-Mi.  a  toinni 

'■'"is  I 


/'or- 


i(>* 


EConomh:  KNTOMOI.OGV 


sprinkling  Purls  Krceii  on  the  floor  of  Krci'iihouscs  anil  lovcrinj;  it  willi 
(lamp  twards;  trapping  Ijy  mvans  of  invcrlei!  flower  [X)ts  containing 
ilamp  hay  or  moss;  tlushinK  irevices,  edges  of  greenhouse  licda,  benthe- 
and  ground  beneath  with  hot  water  or  steam;  fumigation  with  NaC'N 
or  KCN  {}'i-yi  oz.  of  cyaniile  to  every  too  cubic  feet  of  space). 

Class  Ara(  iinida 

ORDER  ACARINA  (MITKS  AND  TICKS) 

Abdomen  unsegmcnted,  sometimes  with  annulations;  without  i 
deep  constriction  between  cephalothorax  and  abdomen;  legs  usually 
well  develoiwd;  body  more  or  less  depressed. 

Chief  Fimlllea  >nd  Genera 

Eriophyida  -  KlonK-itcd  annutatcd  forms.    Enophyes — on  plants. 

Argitsida  «  /irgm,  Ornilhodoras — on  birds  anri  mammalfl. 

Ixod'utct  "  I Kodcs,  Dermacentor,  Rhipkcntor,  .Uargarapus,  Buophitus,  Ambtyomii: : 

--on  mammals. 
Dfrmitnyssida  —  Liponyssus^  Dcrmanyssus — chiefly  on  birds. 
Ciamasida  ■  Lalaps — on  Arthropods  and  mammals. 

Tarsontmida  =  Pedicutoides,  Tarsoncmus — on  man  and  Krain  and  other  plants. 
Tyroglyphida  -  Tyroglyphus,  Rhizoglyphus — on  d-icd  fruits  ami  bulbs,  and  man 
Sarcoptida  ^  Psoroptes,  Sarcoples,  Chorioptes — producing   itch  on  mammals  ani 

birds. 
Tetranychida  "  Tetranychus,  Bryobia — on  plants. 
Tromhidiida  ~  Trombidium.    Harvest  mites. 

(Consult  Handbook  of  Medical  Entomology,hy  Riley  and  Johannsen,  pp.  251; 


Family  Dermanyssid^e  (Poultry  Mites) 

(Consult  Bulls.  SS3  and  801,  Dur.  Ent.,  U.  S.  Dep.  Agric.) 
.\  most  common  form  is  the  Chicken  Mite  (Dermanyssiis  gallii  • 
DeG.),  a  flattened,  elliptical  mite,  with  8  legs,  J^q  iiK^h  'ong,  distinct'} 
reddish  aftei  feeding. 

The  eggs  are  oval,  smooth  and  pearly  white,  and  laii'  in  cracks  ai  i 
crevices  of  the  wood  or  straw  of  the  nests  and  roosts.  They  hat  li 
in  48  hours  at  summer  temperature  and  young  mites  become  mati  t 
in  less  thai,  10  days.  They  are  most  active  at  night.  The  you  .; 
larva  on  hatching  is  white  and  has  3  pairs  of  legs.    In  about  34  hoi  ^s 


CLASSIFICATION    AM)   DKSCRlPi  1,,^-   ,,, 


<iiMM,,\    INSKirs        ,f,, 


it  moults  an,l  thi,  nymph  (f.r.l  stage)  with  4   h'«s  moul  s  in  alH.ut 
.l-m,    t  ;.  1  ,"  "'"'   '"""«'"■   "^   "'"-   "hriv..    1...S,    in 

"-HT  in,l  wall,,  (J)  spray  or  pjun^  lh.se  „ilh  a  ,-  ,Kr  ret.l   , res..l  t r,„l. 

or  with  kerosene  emu  sun.     Two  or  ilir....    ,      1;     .• 

at  intervals  of  a  few  .lavs.       '""'""■"'-  'I"  '"'""^  ^re  ne.  essary 

be  2w   to"Xi;"  "'"'T^'r'  '  ""  ""'•"  ^"''""'^  »-•'  ^"""1-1 
'c  acKiKl   to  each  gallon  of  whitewash,     li   is  often  -olvintn 

to  scatter  a  mixture  of  three  par.      f  .Irv  shk  .,1    1'  ^''^•'"'"K'""-* 

Dhiir  ii.ti,  .1,     I  '<.<.|Mi.    ■' "r>  J'lakeil  lime  and  one  iiart  su- 

pnur  wjth  the  doors  and  windows  closed. 


Family  .\R(,.\siD.f: 

ears^'o'TTnf'^'^'"'-^'^:""""''""  '"'^"'"'■^■-     ""d  attache,!  to  ,he 
ears  of  <|„mcstic  animals  and  jack   rabbits      occurs  in  ,h,.  I     \T 

some.     Treated  by  an  m,ection  of  a  mi.xture  of  two  parts  pine  tir  and 

izts'zvt:/  '"" ''-  -■  ^^•""-"  ^■-'"""  •  '"'in 

Family  Sarcoptid.e  (Scab  and  Itch  Mites) 

The  Poultry  Itch  Mite  (Sarcoptes  mu,a„s  Robin)  produce,  "scalv 
leg     of  fowls,  turkeys,  etc.     It  may  also  attack  the'combTn.i  1^  k' 

and  t^Ts  T  '"""^r^-    ^''^-  ""■•^■^ '"'-  ""'•-  "•«-•  -ales  of  Lto; 
and  leg  and  burrow  deeper  an.l  deeper  into  the  tissue,  setting  up  an 

irTthlToeT'''  '^  ''~'-  '"'"  -"'^""-  -"^■•"^  '-e^rsrof 

-  appiy4  sulphur  oini^  ^SiSr ,;::::  :z:^ 

Itch  M,te  of  Man  (Sarcopies  scabiei  Latr.)  -This  nest  hTT' 
under  the  skin  where  eggs  are  laid.  In  a,»ut  a  wee  the'eLs  "h 
^nd  the  young  nutes  become  mature  in  about  4  weeks.     The  leS 


366 


ECONOMIC   KNTOMOI.OGY 


anil  Ijlistcrs  formed  arc  very  irrilalinf;,  and  llic  disease  may  sjiread 
rapidly. 

Sheep  Scab  Mite  (Psoro/y/cs  commuuis  var.  ovis  l-'urst).  — This  mile 
burrows  under  the  skin  of  sheep  forminj,'  larfjc  areas  of  crust  called 
scabs.  From  these  areas,  conmionl.\  contined  to  the  neck,  back  and 
rump,  the  wool  falls  away.  The  disease  is  contagious.  Kach  female 
lays  15-24  eggs  which  hatch  in  2  ,5  days;  the  young  miles  mature  in 
15  days,     diet-  Farmers'  iiull.  7n,  l\  S.  Dept.  .\gr.J 


!H 


K.AMtLY  IxoniD.s:  (Ticks) 

Cattle  Tick  (Margaropus  annulalm  Say).— In  th  •  Southern  Slates 
this  tick  causes  large  lo.sse    as   the  agent  responsible  for  the  Texas 


Fig.  241. — Rocky  mountain  spoUcil  fever  lick  i DcrmacfitUym-nitslits)  \  r.  unenf:orj;ei] 
female;  2.  unen^urged  male.      {War  Book,  V.  S.  Drpl.  Auru.) 

Cattle  Fever.  Il  is  a  dark  8-legged  creature.  The  engorged  female 
drops  from  cattle  to  the  ground  and  lays  its  eggs.  The  young  licks 
(seed  licks)  on  hatching  crawl  up  nearby  herbage  and  drop  on  Ihi 
backs  of  caltle  as  they  brush  by.  .Attached  lo  the  skin  they  feed 
until  they  become  mature. 

Rocky  Mountain  Spotted  Fever  Tick  yDnmamitor  leiiiislus  Banks' 
— This  tick,  vyith  others,  is  able  to  transmit  the  so-called  ''Spotter 
Fever"  of  man  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  states.  It  is  jio.ssible  that  th. 
ground  squirrel  of  the  region  serves  as  a  reservoir  of  the    virus.     Thi 


I 


^    IS  ui  luiie  eionomjc  miporlancc. 
Family  Tktranvc,,,,,^  (R^n  Sp,„„:rs) 

pes.  on  -es^.iX,;;^:^^::^;t^H^^'^^"■^'•'  ,^™'^™'" 

vegetable  ganlen;  and  on  manv  .,„   i  ^"■'"''""'";   cucumbers  in  the 

in  Western  Colorado  ofr^rrra'rrr"',-;  "'"  •■'  '"'"'"'  "^- 
in  the  Southern  States  on  coUon  ^"''"""'  ""  '"'"^- '""' 

.-e  amher  palpi  ,1  i^^^r  .^X^  ^  "T^,  ''' 
color  of  n,a  e  rust,  salmon,  body  .l,,  inch'Cg      '     '    ■'"  ™"  '""«^ 

ren,fS;;^S^<^'r::'r '"^;:"7-^  --'-  --  '^Id  .,  each 
.emperature-3   ,;da,.     Laid    in     "™''\"™  "-'™'  ^"Hes  with  the 

2-4  days.  ^         *^'^"''  •""'•  ''^^'^^■'-  '"  color;  duration 

.lurfr;.^^::t;f"^'-^'^^"^^'-""'>-  ^--^  -^^^  --^  .on^ate; 

kerosene  emulsion;  dust  with  fin.l,  , ,      ""'''''"'''s^'""!  sulphide, 

■>^<^cicati.of  wX^iJSrm:::^  r;  ;::t;^  -'-  -""- 
^.•«s°^"r;::^tr:^:rit?rr-'--';T- 

-'her  orchard  and  forest  trees  In  nunr,  ?'        '''"■'^'  '"'"'^  "'"' 

-  become  yellowish  IrT^^'^TZ:^ l^T'  T""^  "■^'" 

■  ne  Hmter  is  passed   in   the  egg 


,^68 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


stage,  and  the  small  round  red  eggs  can  be  readily  recognized  in  the 
crotches  of  fruit  trees.  There  are  several  generations  in  a  season.  In 
autumn  it  sometimes  invades  houses. 


Illk  f 

m 


Family  ERiDPiivin.?;  (Blister  Mites) 
(Consult  Bull  283,  N.  Y.  Ag.  E.\p.  St.) 

Pear-leaf  Blister  Mites  [Erhphyes  pyri  Pgst.).— This  introduced 
mite  is  responsible  for  the  reddish  or  yellowish  blisters  on  the  leaves 


Fig.  242. — Pear-leaf  blister  mite  {Eriophyes  pyri).     (After  Nalepa  and  Parrott  ) 

of  pear  and  apple.  These  blisters  turn  brown  later  in  the  season, 
and  badly  infested  leaves  drop.  Nursery  stock  is  often  badly  injure!. 
The  mites  live  in  colonies  beneath  the  epidermis,  forming  blist.  r- 
'ike  galls.  Within  these  galls  the  minute  oval  white  translucent  ef;-- 
are  laid  and  hatched,  and  the  young  mites  grow  to  maturity.  Th  v 
then  leave  by  a  minute  opening  on  the  lower  surface  and  go  to  n  » 


CLASSIFICATION  AND   DESCRIPTION  OP   COMMON  INS.CTS       ,6, 
leaves  where  new  blisters  are  started      T>,„     ■  .      • 
beneath  the  l.ud  scales.     11  e  a  luTmi.  '       7",       T  '^"""'  "^  '"'' 
)U^  inch  long  (Fig.  ,,,).  '  ""''  '^  "'""■•  '•'™«^">'.  4-lcm-l, 

tWra/.— S,)ray  with  lime  sulphur,  wash  l.,.f„r,.  I,..,f  i  „  , 

Banks  on  peach.  '        '        '  '*>*""/"'>  <»rH»/«, 

F.VVII1.Y  •rARso.NKMin.i.: 

Cyclamen  Mite  {ratsonemus  palliJusl-Vhi,  mite  is  r.-n,  r,    ,  f 
many  scattered  sections  as  destrucfiv     ,  '""  "'"^ '•"  "■Porle.l  from 
the  tiowers  and  flower  buds    and  all'  ''''""""'■     "  "^■■^'^"•" 

stages  may  be  found  there.  .-Attacked 
flowers  become  distorted,  streaked  and 
flaccid  and  die  prematurely.  In  many 
cases  they  die  before  opening.  Infested 
leaves  curl. 

The  adult  mite  is  pale  brown  'fj.- 
inch  long;  the  eggs  are  oval  and  trans- 
lucent. 

Co«/ro;.— Spray  plants  with  nicotin 
and    soap    solution    when    the   younge 
plants  are  transferred  from  Hats  to  pots 
and  every  lo  days  thereafter. 


Class  Dipi.opoda 


^4.!.— A   common   millipid. 
(A/ler  Fobom.) 


Millipeds.-Millipeds  are  often  termed  "  thousand-leirs  "  'V-,!! 
worms,"  or  "false  wirewnrm^  "     Ti,  .•  ''""  "^R^'       galley- 

„;i„  ""»'-  wireworms.       They  sometmies  occur  in  rich  I'-ird..,, 

abou'VfeLrfor'Ihe  v"'^'^  '"f"^  '"'  '"  "^^^  ^''""^'  =""'  ''  -quires 

night  feeders      Tl'  T     *      ™'  '"   '•^■''''   '"^^""'>'-     I'''"'  are 

ugntieeders.     The    most   common    injurious   forms    bclonir   tn    tt, 

^am.hes  Julid^  and  P„lyJesn,iJ..    jj„s  <.«.*.„  "s  da  k I  wn   .r 

^.lack^above  with  sides  spotted  with  yellow,  and  is  from/to  IT^^Cs 


37° 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


m    i 


long.  Julus  virgatus  injures  lettuce  and  J.  ccerideocinctus  the  fruit 
and  roots  of  strawberries.  The  young  millipeds  have  only  three  pairs 
of  legs.  Spiroboliis  is  from  3  to  5  inches  long.  Polydesmus  canadensis 
is  a  deep  brown  flattened  form. 

Oxidus  gracilis  is  a  common  pest  of  greenhouses,  sometimes  occurr- 
ing in  millions  in  an  abundant  supply  of  decaying  vegetable  matter. 
It  attacks  sprouting  seeds,  and  burrows  into  the  decaying  spots  of  roots. 
In  color  it  is  chestnut-brown  marked  in  parts  with  lemon  yellow.  Gos- 
sard  says  that  the  whitish  eggs  are  laid  in  April  and  May  in  the  soil 
in  masses  of  from  100  to  300  or  more  and  hatch  in  about  20  days.  So 
far  as  known  there  is  but  one  generation  a  year. 

Control. — (i)  Trap  with  slices  of  beet  or  potato;  (2)  mix  thoroughly 
with  the  soil  tobacco  dust,  gas  lime  (3  tons  to  acre  in  fall),  or  soot;  (3) 
give  the  soil  a  thorough  drenching  with  kerosene  emulsion  or  two  or 
three  light  dressings  of  nitrate  of  .soda  (100  lb.  to  acre). 

BRANCH  MOLLUSCA 

Class  Gastropoha 

Garden  Slugs  (Limax  spp.). — Garden  slugs  are  mollusks  and  not 
arthropods,  but  may  be  treated  here.  They  are  frequently  injurious 
in  moist  situations  to  garden  and  greenhouse  produce.  They  dishkt 
sand,  sawdust  and  ashes  as  these  dry  up  the  secretion  of  mucus.  The\ 
spend  the  winter  in  the  ground  encased  in  their  own  slime.  Somr 
species,  however,  winter  in  greenhouses  and  remain  active  through- 
out the  year.  They  are  active  at  night,  and  feed  upon  green  succuleni 
leaves,  mushrooms  and  ripe  fruit. 

There  are  three  common  injurious  species:  L.  maximtis,  L,  agrestic 
and  L.  flavus.  Slugs  differ  from  snails  in  the  apparent  absence  of  .1 
shell,  but  in  reality  the  shell  is  reduced  to  a  thin  horny  plate  embedded 
in  the  mantle. 

The  eggs  are  large,  round,  transparent,  yellowish,  occurrin-,' 
in  gelatinous  clusters  under  boards  or  refuse.  They  hatch  in  sprin.' 
and  the  slugs  become  half  grown  by  fall.  The  adults  may  live  several 
years.  Blackbirds,  toads,  moles,  centipeds,  and  poultry  destrov 
siv  s  and  snails. 

Control. — (a)  Trapping  by  placing  out  shingles  or  boards  is  qui^e 
effective.     Examine  the  traps  every  morning  and  crush  the  slugs  cc  - 


CLASSIFICATION  AND  DESCRIPTION  OF  COMMON  INSECTS  37, 
lected  under  them,  (b,  Lin.ing  the  soil  is  also  useful  (c)  If  slue, 
have     ,     .ed  on  the  plants  dust  them  with  a  mixture  of  lime    pi  t   and 

,t  I       ?  ""'  "''""'  '^'■'  "''"'^■^-     (<"  l-'«^  'he  hran-arsenic- 

weather.     (/)  I  se  poultry.     (See  Farmer's  Bull.  959,  U.  S.  Dept.  .\g.) 

Nematodes  or  EEtwoR.iis 

Conunon  Kelwom  (Helerodcra  radickola  Greef;.-EeIworms 
.  IthouKh  not  closely  related  structurally  to  insects  may  be  cons^d  "d 
h  re  ,„  eonnecon  with  them.  They  are  common  pests  f  roots  anj 
und  rground  parts  of  plants,  producing  root-knots,  galls  or  rough 
warty  surfaces.  Tomatoes  indoors  and  potatoes  ou  doors  are  often 
.njured    especially  when  grown  on  sandy' soil.     The  males  arrr^ro- 

The^'femar"  ^"",T"""^  ""'"'^'"^  '"''•  "^^  '"e  name  el  worml 
'bou  r;;!"  «"f  "■"«•-;'>•  white  and  pear-shaped  or  roun.led. 
aoout  halt  the  size  of  a  pm  head. 

i,/<.-to„,y.-The   eggs   are   oval-shaped   and   are   produced   by 
the  females  m  great  numbers  in  the  knots  or  galls.     Thev  hatch  in 

^hf  rotTor:'  r  ^"T  ^^'""™^  ^^^^  "^-  quartersISeed^: 
the  roots  of  plants  producmg  the  characteristic  deformities  Thev 
may  pass  the  winter  in  their  host;  or  it  may  be  on  other  plants  The 
.voung  forms  may  even  encyst  themselves  in  the  soil 

attacks   (Gdbert,   Farmers'   Bulletin  6.5):     Soy  bean,   beet    carrot 

oulsh  ?t  "'''  "'■"""  ''"'"'  ^"^"""-'  ''^»"«.  peach,  pouto,' 
squash  tobacco  tomato,  watermelon;  less  severely;  alfalfa,  a  paragus 
Lima  bean,  cal.bage,  sweet  clover,  cotton,  o.iion,  garden  pea  radlh 
spmach,  strawberry,  vetch.     The  following  plants  are  largerimmune: 

CW™;"'  fTT,  "'f'-^-"'  "''^'"'  ^"•'  ™*  P-^  (some  varietie"  : 
C««/r«/.-Infested  soil  in  greenhouses  may  be  sterilized  by  steam 
arbohc  acid  (,:.o)  or  formalin;   mix  the  soil  intimately  with  gat 
bme;  rotation  of  crops;  sum^ner  fallow;  plant  clean  nurservLck 


If  1 


PART  IV 
THE  CONTROL  OF  mjURIOUS  INSECTS 

The  effective  control  of  injurious  insects  demands  a  knowled^r 
o  he  habus  of  the  insects  themselves  so  that  they  m  y  be  aUacked 
at  the  most  vulnerable  point.  As  insects  differ  greatly  in  thetr  habits 
and  hfe.h,story,  methods  of  control  must  also  dfffer  greatly  Tot  onK 
w..h  regard  to  individual  insects  but  also  with  regardio  e  ^^  ht 
reattacked.  For  example,  it  is  obvious  that  insects  that  IW^Ziwt 
the  ground  and  mjure  roots  must  be  controlled  in  a  different  lylnZ 
msects  that  feed  on  foliage.     Moreover,  insects  that  attack  the  c      a 

hatlu     :  Ir,  ''^'"'^'  '"""'">■  ""^  '^^="-' '"  '"^  ^'"e  way  as  in  ecu 
tha  attack  the  fru.t  anri  leaves  of  gar.len  or  orchard  crops 

It  has  been  said  that  the  aim  of  the  economic  entomologist  shouhl 
be  the  control  o   mjur  ous  insects  at  a  prof,.     It  may  not  be  po,   b  e 

for  esthr         '™ '"  "'  '''''''  '"' '"'"'''  ■""«' '-  "" '™'led  some   m 
o   esthe„c  reasons,  not  entirely  for  the  losses  they  cause.     Moreover 

InTulT    ,T""^':  '"  '■'""  ""^^  ""'"y  ^"-^"^d  ""■"-    "Lets 

out  ,„  he  h       /l"""'^  '"'""  "  ''°^^  ""'  P^y  '»  ''^-'  "■e".  may  turn 
out  to  be  harmful  m  some  indirect  way.  ■ 

The  term  "at  a  profit"  used  above  is  rather  indefinite  It  is 
sometimes  imposs.ble  to  say  whether  the  control  of  injuriou  'in  c 
.s  profitable  or  not  for  there  are  many  factors  to  be  consider  d  A  con 
trol,  seemmgly  unprofitable  from  the  money  standpoint  for  a  parUcX 
year,  may  be  profitable  from  the  standpoint  of  the  health  of  the  "e 
and  0  future  production  of  fruit.  Moreover,  orchardists  recogn  z  th 
cumulative  effect  of  continuous  spraying.  ^cognize  the 


Factors  of  Insect  Control 


grou'ptdSotrr'"^  ''"  "^  ™"'™'  "  "-'"-  -— y  -^e 
I.  Climalic.~rbe   range   and    number   of   insects    are    strontdv 
ii.-.....ced  by  temperature,  rainfall,  winds,  etc.  (see  Part  I).     ' 
373 


UVfC 

If  jt 

'111 

K 

m 


374 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


2.  Food  Supply.— \n  important  regulator  of  insect  life  (sec  Part  I). 

3.  faraij/M.— Protozoa,  bacteria,  fungi  and  insects. 

4.  Predatory  /l»;ma/j.— Birds,  insects,  snakes,  toads,  annelids,  etc. 

5.  Cultural  or  Preventive  Methods  (see  below). 

6.  Artificial  or  Remedial  Methods  (see  below). 

The  first  four  factors  are,  however,  almost  wholly  beyond  man's 
control. 

Methods  of  Controi, 

The  main  practical  methods  of  control  of  injurious  insects  may, 
therefore,  be  grouped  into  two  general  classes;  (a)  Cultural  or  Preventivi 
Methods— those  practices  of  culture  or  of  handling  the  crop  thai 
prevent,  or  interfere  with,  the  development  of  injurious  insects;  and 
(A)  Artifi<:ial  or  Remedial  Methods— thme  which  deal  with  injurious 
insects  when  they  appear  by  the  use  of  poisonous  or  contact  substances, 
or  other  artificial  means. 


A.  CULTURAL  OR  PREVENTIVE  METHODS 

For  most  farm  crops  Cultural  Methods  are  the  only  practicalili 
methods.  They  are  essentially  Preventives.  The  most  important 
cultural  methods  are  the  following: 

I.  Rotation  of  Crops.— The  growing  of  crops  year  after  year  on 
the  same  land  permits  many  insects  which  feed  on  the  roots  to  develop 
and  multiply.  On  the  other  hand,  a  good  crop  rotation  makes  il 
impossible,  or  very  difficult,  for  an  insect  to  pass  through  its  life  stagc^ 
without  being  seriously  disturbed  and  its  food  supply  destroyed. 

(0)  Some  rotations  are  preferable  to  others  when  wireworms  and 
white  grubs  are  abundant.  For  example,  where  corn  is  the  chiei 
crop  a  rotation  of  clover,  corn,  oats  is  better  than  forage  grasses- 
corn,  oats.  Professor  Forbes,  of  Illinois,  advises  plowing  the  gras- 
in  early  tall,  and  sowing  clover  either  with  barley,  wheat,  or  ryi 
The  clover  is  allowed  to  stand  2  years  and  is  followed  by  cornd 
roots.  As  certain  crops  such  as  clover,  barley,  wheat  and  rye  are  not  s 
liable  to  attack  as  corn,  potatoes,  mangels  and  oats  they  are  betti - 
adapted  to  follow  sod. 

(i)  Moreover,  if  sod  infested  with  white  grubs  is  broken  up  earh 
sown  to  turnips  or  rape,  and  pastured  with  hogs  in  late  summer  an 


THE   CONTROL   OF    INJURIOUS   INSECTS 


375 

the  crotandt7::,.Tj''^r"'-^  ^^^  '~t  of  .he  s..i,, 
product's  and  the  Taste  Ic  X"h  ""1"'  T"''""  '"  '"^  ^^'-^ 
injurious  insects.  It  LtThe^Xt  -^  or^  7  t/air ,  ™"^ 
under  certain  conditions,  which  practice  is  If '.if.  ^  '''"^ 
of  dealing  with  wireworms  w  ite'^^ub  cu.wo™  H  '  T"""'' 
It  means  high  fertility  of  soil   1/      !'  '"•.""™'  «"')  Rrasshoppers. 

Timely   plowing,    planting,    and    harvesting   are    often    .ft.  ,■ 
agamst  some  of  the  worst  insects  nl  ,h.  t  ^  effective 

wee^dSrttj  M^^s^ira :!"  ^'^.^-'^  r-  -" 

places.    Such  insects  are  Hessian  V"Taxse""chT     "^""'^ 
W  worm,  tarnished  plant  bug,  squash  br^'al.t  er    7c'  '""^ 

wee^r-::^^-:L5:ri;^;----r^^^ 

and^^the  grass  is  fed  or  moJn  ^w  cutw^t^ iL^-L^;^;™- 
the  growth  of  plants  that  are  attaS.lIt  ^S  ~  i:  '-'- 


M<> 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOOV 


as  the  Hessian-fly,  the  |iea-weevil,  the  codlir,  .ii..;K.  the  San  Jos^ 
scale,  the  plum  curculio,  the  apple  maggot,  grasshoppers  and  many 
others  (Fig.  244). 

4.  Xalural  linemks  oj  Imeds.—{a)  Farmers  and  fruit-growers 
can  do  much  to  encourage  the  presence  of  insectivorous  birds  among 
the  crops.  These  birds  are  most  important  in  keeping  injurious 
insects  under  control. 


Pro.  344.— The  San  Jos^  scale.     (.Afltr  Alwood.) 

(fi)  Frequently,  too,  hogs  and  poultry  can  be  utilized  to  advantag. 
in  destroying  white  grubs,  cutworms,  grasshoppers,  asparagus  beetle^ 
etc.,  in  infested  fields. 

((■)  Lady-bird  beetles,  ground  beetles,  and  other  predaceous  insect 
should  be  protected  as  far  as  possible  (see  Section  relating  to  th' 
Utilization  of  Parasites,  p.  401). 

5.  Restriction  and  Exclusion  of  Foreign  Insects. — It  has  been  fr< 
quently  pointed  out  in  the  preceding  pages  that  many  of  the  mo^ 


THE   CONTROL   OF  INJURIOUS  INSECTS  377 

destructive  insects  are  imported  forms.  Until  recent  years  no  effort 
had  been  made  to  exclude  foreiRn  insects,  but  now  a  r^i,l  inspection 
o    plants  whict,  may  harbor  dangerous  pests  occurs  .tL^uZ 

cS;  acfdX  """ "    ""  '""^■"'^'' '" '"""'""'""  *"••  •»■''"'- 

That  such  restriction  and  exclusion  are  very  im,K,rtant  is  evident 
m  vew  of  recent  experiences  with  the   brown-tail  moth,  the   white 

haTd"^!  r!  '•  ";,*':'"'"^''"-"  ''"i'-fly.  and  others.  On  the  other 
hand  U  IS  ,-,  .^ble  to  import  foreign  species  that  prey  u,M,n  other 
forcgn  mse.  .s  already  here  as  was  done  in  the  case  of  the  gypsy  moth 
and  the  cottony  cushion  scale. 

B.  ARTIFICIAl  OR  REMEDIAL  METHODS 

Artmcial  methods  may  be  conveniently  classified  as  follows- 

1.  The  application  of  poisons  against  biting  insects 

2.  The  application  of  contact  substances  against  sucking  insect 

3.  1  ne  use  of  poLsonous  gases. 

4.  The  application  of  repellent  substances. 

5.  The  use  of  protectors. 

6.  The  use  of  traps  and  trip  crops. 
7-  The  use  of  ditches. 

8.  The  use  of  hopperdozers,  etc. 

9.  Collecting,  digging  out,  jarring,  etc. 

10.  High  and  low  temperatures. 

I.  The  Application  of  Poisons  for  Biting  Insects 
(Consult  Farmers'  Bull.  908,  U.  S.  Dep.  Ag.) 
The  three  essentials  of  a  good  insecticide  are: 
(0)  Effectiveness  against  insects. 

(i)  Cheapness,  both  with  regard  to  material  and  application 
(c)  Harmlessness  with  regard  to  insect  hosts. 
With  regard  to  Effectiveness,  an  insecticide  must  be  applied- 
(a)  In  the  proper  manner. 
(*)  At  the  proper  time. 

When  the  application  of  the  insecticide  is  mo  '  e  form  of  a 

spray  some  form  of  pump  is  necessary.    In  smaU     u.i    and  gardens 


M» 


KCONOMIC   KNTOHOLOOV 


cheap  hand-pumiw  arc  usually  sufficient;  but  for  orchards  pressure- 
pumps,  operated  cither  l>y  hand  or  by  |>ower,  are  essential.  With  or- 
chards over  5  or  lo  acres  or  with  high  trees  power-pumps  or  sprays. 
■  apable  of  givinK  a  high  pressure  of  150  to  200  lbs.  arc  now  f{enerall> 
used.  An  im|M>rtant  feature  of  all  spray  pumps  is  the  uj^tVo/OT' for  ki:epinK 
the  chemicals  In  the  tank  well  stirred.  Moreover,  it  is  very  essential 
that  the  spraying  be  done  IhnrouffUy  and  at  the  proper  time. 

I' heroughnfis  of  spraying,,  while  largely  a  matter  of  [lersonai  atten- 
tiii      is  r.ocured  with  greater  convenience  with  a  pump  of  high  pressun 
anil      ith  suitable  nozzles,  exUmion  rods  and  hose, 
so  that  every  part  of   the  plant,  the  tips  of  the 
twigs  as  well  as  the  larger  branches,  is  drenched. 

The  proper  lime  of  application  is  determined 
by  the  habits  of  the  insect,  and  herein  lies  the  value 
of  a  knowledge  of  the  life-history  of  the  insect. 


Fit;.  245. —  Knapsack    sprayer. 


Pig.  346. — Bucket 
force  pump. 


SPRAYIHC  EQUIPMENT 

Outfits  for  spraying  may  be  classified  as  follows: 

1.  Atomizer  sprayer,  useful  for  treating  individual  plants. 

2.  Bucket  with  force  pump,  convenient  for  smal'  areas  (Fig.  246 
.5.  Knapsack  or  compressed  air  sprayer,  operated  either  by  hand  n 

by  compressed  air,  useful  in  greenhouses,  stables,  poultry  houses,  «■ 
(Fig.  245). 


TIIK   CONTROL   OK    INJIKIofS    INSKCTS  ,79 

4.  Ilaml;atl  sp,ay,r,  a  small  Larrd  mcunifl  on  .1  han.l  carl  and 
"I-eratcl  l.y  a  han.l-pum,,.     Iscful  in  Kanlcns 

,n,-ll  '*""'' ''"••^■•■'-  "'"'  f""^'  l>"mp  „,«.ral..,l  In   l,,.n.|.     Iscful  ,n 
small  orthar.ls  and  garden*. 

'..   Tank  spr,n,r,  «i,|,  prrsMir.  |,um|,  ...Hralnl  ..illuT  l.v  hand  cm- 
prc-sscl  a,r,  ,ra..,„n  «.ar;n«.  «as„li,u.  n,o,„r.  „r  liquid  .arl,.,n  d^xi.^-. 


Flc.  >47.-An  u,,.l„.datc  spraying  outfi,  m  an  appl.  „rc  h-,r,l   u.i„„  ,h    •■ 

In  or.  har.1  sprayinR  every  oullit  sh,.uld  I.e  j.rovided  with  a  ,*,„.  / 
so  .hat  the  .ips  of  the  .ranches  .ay  be  trea'ted  prorL:.;  (^■•;r::;r: 

Other  accessories  are  strong  h„s,;  al,le  to  withal  .n,l  = 
about  300  lbs.  per  s„uare  inch,  halflinch  hose  M^^  l^:,;!";;,"' 
and  exlatnon  rods  with  drip  guards  and  aU-offs.  ^  ' 


38o 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


The  essentials  of  a  good  nozzle  are: 

I.  Simple  in  construdion,  adjustable,  liglU  ani  free  from  projectiiif. 


pans. 


2.  Xot  liable  to  dribble  on  account  of  wearing  of  packing  or  springs 

3.  Easy  to  clean. 

4.  Not  liable  to  clog. 

5.  Giving  a  unijorm  spray  when  pressure  is  constant. 


--  .,,'^p^^.  ■ .-  ",-, 

.   It 

V  ,  -  « . 

■  "■     / 

* 

Fig.  248. — Spraying  large  orchard  and  shade  trees  by  means  of  a  tank  platform  ai 
two  lines  of  hose. 


NOZZLES 

Three  types  of  nozzles  are  used  in  spraying  operations — the  Bm 
deaux,  Vermorel  and  Disk. 

The  Bordeau.x  nozzle  has  its  opening  adjustable  by  means  of 
stop-cock  so  that  various  forms  of  si>rays  can  be  employed.  Tl 
spray  is  made  by  a  straight  stream  hitting  a  lip  and  breaking  up  in 
a  fan-shaped  spray.  It  is  well  adapted  for  vineyard  work  where  Hi 
deaux  and  arsenicals  are  used.  When  clogged  it  can  be  readily  clean, 
by  reversing  the  stopcock.  "Perfccto,"  "Niagara,"  "Sencc, 
are  trade  names. 

The  Vermorel  nozzle  has  a  central  opening  in  front  of  a  chamb' 
into  which  the  liquid  enters  at  a  tangent.     It  gives  a  tine  cone-shap 


THE   CONTROI.   OF   INJURIOUS   INSECTS 


.?8r 


spray  but  is  very  liable  to  clog.  A  needle  operated  by  a  spring  can  be 
used  to  clean  the  clogged  nozzle.  It  is  unsuitcd  to  large  orchards  or 
with  large  outfits.  "Huena,"  "Cyclone,"  -Kureka,"  "Dewey," 
"Spramotor,"  "Vajior  Mist"  are  trade  names. 

The  Disk  nozzle,  known  under  several  trade  names,  has  been  evolved 
from  the  Vermorel  for  modern  power  outfits.  It  is  larger  and  has 
a  disk  plate  at  the  orifice  which  may  be  changed  when  desired.  The 
chamber  is  broad  and  Hat  an<l  thi>  liquid  enters  it  bv  two  si)iral  grooves 
As  a  result  a  strong  rotary  motion  is  given  to  the'liquid  which  breaks 
up  into  a  fine  spray  as  it  leaves  the  large  opening.  ]( is  the  most  satis- 
factory nozzle  at  the  jjrescnt  time.  Trade  names  are  "  Friend  "  "  Cy- 
clone," "Jumbo,"  "Atomic,"  "Mistry,"  "Tower,"  "Simplex  " 
•  I'lger,"  "Whirlpool." 

The  "Nu.system"  or  "Spra-gun"  Nozzle  is  an  improved  form  of  the 
Disk.  It  has  a  large  chamber,  entered  by  several  spiral  grooves,  at  one 
end  of  a  heavy  brass  rod,  and  an  adjuster  at  the  other  end.  Near  this 
end  is  an  opening  for  attachment  to  the  hose  (Fig.  247). 

COST  OF  SPRAYING 

The  cost  of  spraying  depends  on:  (i)  the  materials  used,  (2)  the 
location  and  size  of  the  trees,  (3)  the  outfit  and  (4)  the  rate  of  pay  for 
labor. 

Many  carefully  kept  records  are  now  available  for  comparison 
but  the  following  cases  will  suflSce  here:  ' 

Case  I.— Cost  of  spraying  500  20-year-old  apple  trees  in  Okanagan 
Valley,  B.  C,  averaged  8  cents  per  tree. 

Case  2.— In  Dr.  Hedrick's  e.xperimental  lo-acre  orchard,  Geneva, 
N.  Y.,  about  30  years  old,  the  cost  of  spraying  averaged  per  year  for 
10  years  41.8  cents  per  tree  for  2-3  sprayings. 

C'«5C3.— Five-yearaveragecoslofs])rayingeightorchardsinIndiana 
the  trees  being  from  18  to  23  years  of  age,  a  first  dormant  spray  with 
lime-sulphur,  and  four  other  summer  sprays  mostly  with  lime-sulphur 
and  arsenate  of  lead;  41  cents  per  tree,  S16.89  per  acre,  and  17.98 
gal.  per  tree  (Hull.  194,  Purdue  I'niv.  Agr.  Exp.  Stn.,  iqi6). 

Case  4.— Cost  of  spraying  in  New  Hampshire  (labor  and  material 
arsenate  of  lead  and  Bordeaux)  11}  i  cents  per  tree  per  application.' 

Case  5.— In  1916  the  average  cost  of  spraving  eleven  widely 
separated  orchards  in  Massachusetts  was  52  cents  per  tree,  and  the 


MU1.IM 


382 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


average  iirofit  was  $4.50.     These  results  are  intereslins  as  they  were 
obtained  from  farmers  under  (ir<linary  farm  conditions. 


DUST    SPRAYING 

Durinj,'    the   last  6  or  7  years  there  has  lieen  a   revival  of  dust 
spraying,    especially   in    New   York    State.     Professors  Reddick  and 


Fie;.  249. — .\  (lust  .sprayer  in  ciperaLion  in  an  oreh;irii.      (("W^/fM-  of  ihe  \ia^,ii 
Sprtiyrr  (.0.) 

Crosby  of  Cornell  I'nivcrsity  carried  out  a  series  of  experiments  froi 
191 1  to  iqi7  with  dust  sprays  against  insects  and  fungous  diseases  ■ 
the  orchard.     Different  mixtures  were  used: 

1.  Sulphur,  80  per  cent.;  arsenate  of  lead,  20  jier  cent. 

2.  Sulphur,  40  per  cent. ;  arsenate  of  lead,  10  per  cent . ;  finely  grmii  ' 
gypsum,  50  per  cent. 


THE   CONTROL   OF   INJURIOUS    INSECTS 


383 


;  arsenate  of  Irail,  lo  percent.;  hydratcd 


3.  Sulphur,  40  per  cent. 
lime,  50  per  cent. 

In  every  case  the  sulphur  was  finely  Rroun.l  s„  that  it  could  pass 
through  a  .00-mesh  screen.  The  results  were  very  staisfactorv 
comparmg  very  favorably  with  those  ol.iained  from  the  licjuid  spra'v' 
The  cost  o  the  materials  in  dust  spraying,  howe^■er,  was  high  but 
he  cost  of  labor  was  lower  than  in  liqui.l  spraying.  The  onlv  objec- 
tion, at  present,  to  the  complete  substitution  of  the  dust  meihod  for 
spraymg  is  that  there  is  no  known  dust  preparation  that  will  kill  scale 
insects,  or  that  is  effective  against  a|.his,  pear  psylla  or  red  bugs. 

The  d  t  method  makes  it  possible  to  protect  the  orchard  at 
critical  times,  as  a  large  orchard  can  be  treated  in  about  one-fifth  of 
the  time  required  by  liquid  spraying  (Fig.   ,40). 

POISONS  FOR  BITING  INSECTS 

(Consult  I'armers'  Bull.  90S,  V.  S.  Kep.  ,\.,'.) 
The  most  important  poisons  used  for  the  destruction  of  biting  insects 
are  (a)  Pans  green;  (A)  arsenite  of  lime;  (,-)  arsenate  of  lead;  (dj  arsen- 
at;  of  hme;  (e)  hellebore;  (/)  sodium  fluoride.  When  leaves  or  other 
portions  of  plants,  dusted  or  sprayed  with  suitable  quantities  of  these 
substances,  are  eaten  by  insects  the  latter  are  poisoned.  As  a  rule 
better  results  are  secured  by  spraying  the  plants  than  :.v  dusting 
them;  sometimes,  however,  It  is  impracticable  to  si>rav  and  resort 


must  be  had  to  dusting 

(a)  Paris  Greeti.'-Pure 
composed  of  58.65  per  cent 
oxide,  and  10.06  per  cent 


Paris   green,   ,}Cu(.\s02)2.Cu(C2H.,0.)2, 
-rscnious  oxide,  .ji.^q  per  cent,  copper 
,.  ,   ,        ,  ,  ,     •  "^  ^"'^'  '*  «'lul>le  in  ammonia  but  only 

slightly  soluble  in  water.  In  commercial  forms  there  is  usually  a 
small  amount  of  free  arsenious  acid,  so  that  it  is  neccssarv  to  add  lime 
to  prevent  mjury  from  the  burning  of  the  foliage.  The  amount  of 
hme  used  should  be  at  least  equal  to  that  of  the  Paris  green  but  when 
It  IS  added  to  Bordeaux  mixture  the  excess  of  lime  renders  the  addition 
"  hme  unnecessary.  One  pound  of  Paris  green  is  sufficient  for  an  acre 
of  potatoes.  Paris  green  jmrticles  are  heavy  and  sink  rea.lily  in 
'Paris  Green  first  came  into  use  as  an  insoctidde  about  .870  in  the  early  effort 
10  control    the   Colorado    potato    beetle,   and    lead    arsenate   was   first  used   in 


384 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


water.  The  finer  the  particles  the  longer  they  remain  in  suspension, 
consequently  it  should  first  of  all  lie  made  into  a  thin  paste  in  a  small 
amount  of  water,  and  after  it  is  in  the  barrel  it  should  be  kept  in 
suspension  by  a  mixer.     //  cannot  be  used  with  lime-sulphur  solution. 

The  usual  formula  employed  is:  Paris  green,  i  lb.;  best  stone  lime, 
I  to  4  lb.;  water,  160  gal.  imperial  or  200  gal.  V.  S.  measure.  The 
Paris  green  is  made  Into  a  paste  with  water  and  stirred  into  the  lime- 
and-water  mixture.  When  used  as  a  dry  application  for  the  potato 
beetle,  i  lb.  of  Paris  green  is  thoroughly  mixed  with  20  lb.  cheap 
flour,  air-slaked  lime  or  finely  sifted  land  plaster. 

(A)  Arsenite  of  Lime. — White  arsenic  (AsjOs),  combined  with 
washing  soda  or  sal  soda  (NaaCOs)  and  quick  lime  (CaO),  Is  frequently 
used  on  account  of  its  cheapness.     The  combination  is  made  as  follows : 

Dissolve  I  lb.  white  arsenic  and  i  lb.  sal  soda  in  i  gal.  of  water 
by  boiling  in  an  iron  vessel  for  20  minutes.  Add  this  while  hot  to 
slake  the  lime;  then  add  2  gal.  of  water.  Use  2  qt.  of  this  to  40  gal. 
of  water.  AS2O3  +  Na^COj  +  Ca(0H)2  =  Ca(As02)2  +  CO2  + 
2NaOH;  or  rather  AS2O3  +  NajCOj  =  2NaAsOj  +  CO2;  aNaAsOj  + 
Ca(0H)2  =  Ca(As02)2  +  2NaOH. 

(f)  Arsenate  of  Lead, — This  insecticide  is  preferred  by  many  fruit 
growers  to  Paris  green  since  it  adheres  better  to  foliage,  is  less  likely 
to  do  injury,  and  no  lime  is  required  in  standard  preparations. 

The  commercial  form  consists  of  a  mixture  of  the  neutral  triplumbic 
arsenate  [Pb3(AsOi)2]  and  the  acid  plumbic  hydrogen  arsenate  (PbH- 
AsOO.  The  neutral  product  may  be  prepared  by  dissolving  acetate 
of  lead  (11  oz.)  and  arsenate  of  soda  (4  oz.)  In  120  gal.  water.  Thr 
reaction  is  as  follows : 


3Pb(C2H302)2  +  2Na,As04  =  Pb3(AsO,)2  +  6NaCjH,02. 

When  lead  nitrate  is  used  instead  of  lead  acetate  more  of  the  aci. 
arsenate  is  formed. 

For  fruit  trees  2  lb.  of  arsenate  of  lead  (paste)  to  the  barrel  (41 
gal.)  of  water  is  the  usual  strength.  For  the  Potato  Beetle  4  lb 
(paste)  or  2  lb.  (powder)  to  the  barrel  should  be  used.  Acid  brand 
are  apt  tj  burn  the  leaves. 

Commercial  arsenate  of  lead  Is  put  up  In  the  paste,  the  usual  forn 
and  the  powder  form  of  which  but  half  the  amount  is  required.  Th 
former  contains  about  r5  per  cent.  AsjOs;  the  latter  has  about  33  pt 


THE   CONTROL   OP   INJURIOUS   INSECTS 


385 


suspension      The  powder 


cent.  AS2O;,,  but  does  not  remain  well 
form  is  used  in  dust  spraying. 

Sometimes  a  gallon  of  molasses  is  added  to  40  gal.  of  Ihe  solution 
with  good  effect  against  fruit-.lies,  rose-chafers  and  grape  root-worm 
beetles.  Arsenate  of  lead  can  be  used  safely  with  the  lime^ulphur 
mixture  for  summer  sprays. 

W  ArsaMle  of  im«.-Recently  arsenate  of  lime  or  calcium 
arsenate  has  given  good  results  against  certain  chewing  insects  It 
may  be  prepared  according  to  tne  following  formula- 

Stone  lime  (90  per  cent.  CaO),  55  lb.;  sodium  arsenate  (dry  pow- 
dered),  65  per  cent.  As.Os,  100  lb.;  water,  26  gal. 

2Na,.AsO,  +  3Ca(0H),  =  CasCAsO,)^  +  6NaOH. 
The  lime  is  slaked  in  a  small  amount  of  water;  while  slaking  is  taking 
place  the  sodifm  arsenate,  dissolved  in  hot  water,  is  poured  in;  sufficient 
water  is  added  to  prevent  burning.     The  calcium  arsenate  formed  in 
this  way  contains  about  18  per  cent.  .'^s-.Os. 

The  killing  action  is  about  equal  to  "that  of  lead  arsenate,  perhaps 
a  httle  slower,  when  used  at  the  rate  of  2  lb.  to  each  50  gal.  of  water 
It  can  be  used  with  lime-sulphur  as  a  combined  insecticide  and  fungi- 
cide.    It  can  be  prepared  more  cheaply  than  lead  arsenate  ' 

Arsenate  of  lime,  when  used  alone  as  a  spray,  is  liable  to  burn 

the   leaves,  but   when   used   in  combination  .sprays  with  Bordeaux 

mixture,  lime    sulphur,  and  sodium    sulphide   ("Soluble  sulphur " 

Sulphoc.de    )  It   is   as  safe  as  any  other  arsenical  and  probably 

the  cheapest  of  all  insecticides. 

(e)  He!lebore.~Thh  substance  is  sometimes  used  as  a  substitute 
or  arseriicals  on  fruit  which  is  nearly  ripe.     It  may  be  applied  dry  or 

liquid;  dry  with  five  parts  of  flour  or  air-slaked  lime,  liquid  at  the 
rate  of  i  oz.  of  hellebore  to  2  gal.  of  water. 

Although  an  internal  poison  to  insects  it  is  harmless  to  man  in  llic 
quantities  named.     It  is  too  expensive  for  use  on  large  areas 

(f)  Sodium  Fhwride.-Aci^  both  as  a  poison  and  a  contact  substance 
Applied  as  a  fine  powder  or  dust  pure  or  mixed  with  flour  or  lime 
Effective  against  ants,  cockroaches,  etc. 

'Some  chemists  maintain  that  .ar.en.-.lr  of  lead,  ivh.n  addcu  I.  Bordeaux    is 
is 


,586 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOi-v^oV 


2.  TiiK   Application   op   Con-tact   Scdstances  Aoainst  Sucking 
Insects 


(Consult  Farmers'  Hull.  goS,  U.  S.  Dep.  Ag.) 

The  main  substances  used  as  Contact  Insecticides  against  sucliing 
insects  are:  (a)  Lime-sulphur  wash;  (6)  whale-oil  soap;  (c)  kerosene 
emulsion;  (d)  tobacco  decoction;  (c)  miscible  oils;  {f)  pyrethrum;  {g) 
lime  dust;  (A)  commercial  sodium  fluoride;  (i)  carbolic  acid  emulsion, 
(j)  other  substances. 

(u)  Lime-sulphur  Wash. — This  wash  first  came  into  use  in  the  control 
of  the  San  Jose  scale  on  dormant  wood  where  its  beneficial  effects 
were  evident  also  against  other  insects  and  agiiinst  certain  fungous 
diseases.    It  cannot  be  used  on  potato  leaves. 

It  is  prepared  in  two  forms — home-made  lime-sulphur  wash  and 
commercial  lime-sulphur  wash,  diluted  tor  use  on  dormant  wood 
and  on  summer  foliage  as  required. 

I.  Home-made  Preparation  (BoiledJ. — ^Lime  (best),  20  lb.;  sulphur 
(flowers),  15  lb.;  water,  40  gal.  (imperial).' 

ir.  Coventrated  Formula  (Stock  Wash). — Lime,  50  lb.;  sulphur 
100  lb.;  water,  40  gal.  (imperial)  or  50  gal.  U.  S.  measure. 

Heat  water  (20  gal.)  to  near  boiling  and  add  the  fresh  lime.  While 
slaking  is  in  progress  add  with  frequent  stirrings  the  sulphur  which 
has  been  made  into  a  paste.  Add  water  to  make  up  to  40  gal.  and 
boil  for  an  hour  replacing  the  water  lost  by  boiling.  Strain  through 
a  20-mesh  screen,  and  place  in  storage  barrels.  By  means  of  a  lime- 
sulphur  hydrometer  the  amount  of  dilution  can  be  determined  for 
each  spraying.  "For  use  before  buds  burst"  dilute  to  sp.  gr.  1.03; 
"before  blossoms  burst"  1.009;  *nd  "just  after  blossoms  fall,"  1.008. 
To  get  the  amount  of  dilution  divide  the  reading  after  the  decimal 
point  of  the  stock  solution  by  the  reading  after  the  decimal  point 
of  the  solution  desired.  For  example,  if  the  hydrometer  reading  of 
the  stock  solution  is  1.3  and  that  of  solution  to  use  "before  buds 
burst"  is  1.03,  the  amount  of  dilution  is  30  divided  by  3  =  10.  That 
is  I  gal.  of  stock  solution  makes  10  gal.  of  spray  (Fig.  250). 

Some  recent  experiments  go  to  show  that  the  lime-sulphur  applica- 

'The  capacity  of  a  barrel  is  expressed  in  all  cases  in  imperial  gallons  (40}; 
sometimes  the  equivalent  in  U.  S.  measure  (50)  is  also  given. 


THE  CONTROL  OF  INJUKIOUS  INSECTS 


387 


lion  10  clays  or  2  weeks  after'the 
blossoms  fall  should  be  diluted  lo  a 
sp.  gr.  of  1. 005  on  account  of  the 
tenderness  of  the  apple  pedicels. 

The  amount  of  spray  liquid 
varies  with  the  size  of  the  tree.  A 
thrifty  9-  or  lo-year-old  tree  on 
the  average  requires  i'4  gal.  for  the 
dormant  spray  and  i  gal  for  each  of 
the  later  sprays.  A  30-year-old  tree 
requires  5  gal.  for  the  dormant  spray 
and  4  gal.  for  each  of  the  later 
sprays. 

In  boiling  lime  and  sulphur  to- 
gether according  to  the  formulE 
given  above,  two  sulphides  of  cal- 
cium (CaSi  and  CaSt)  and  the  thio- 
sulphate  of  calcium  (CaSjOj)  are 
formed.  These  are  soluble  in  water. 
If  too  much  lime  is  used  a  sediment 
will  form.  Only  the  best  stone  lime 
should  be  employed,  and  the  boiling 
should  not  be  too  prolonged  as  in- 
soluble compounds  are  formed. 

3Ca(OH)2  4- iiS  =  CaS,-|- 

CaSa  -f  CaSjOa  +  jHsO. 

When  the  hydrometer  has  the 
Baume  graduation  marks  ranging 
from  o  to  36°  the  mixture  for  the 
San  Jose  scale  (dormant  stage) 
should  test  between  4.5°  and  f 
Baume,  and  for  the  summer  spray- 
ing about  1°  Baume  (Fig.  250), 

The  following  table  of  dilutions 
of  lime-sulphur  has  been  calculated 
for  both  hydrometer  graduations: 


c«oc«ntT»t«g 


Fig.  iS».— Diagram  of  hydrometer 
in  use.  I.  For  concentrated  solutions 
and  graduated  from  1.21  to  132 
specific  gravity,  with  surface  of  liquid 
indicated  at  a-4.-  2.  for  diluted  solu- 
tion and  graduated  from  1,00  to  i  10 
specific  gravity,  with  surface  of  licjuid 
indicated  at  c-d      (After  Corby  ) 


388 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


it 
1^ 


For  I  Bal.  of  lime-tulphur  uM  loUowiim 

1 

Kalloiu  of  T.-»ter,  to  make  a  aummer 

specific 
gravity 

Baumi 

Tij  make  a  dormant  (pray 
ti-sting  5"  Baum*  or  i.oi 
SI.,  gr.    For  I  Kal.  of  lime-sul- 
phur use  Kal.  wat<T 

spray  teatina 

1 .009 

1.008 

1.007    I  006    1.005 

i 

ap.  iir.  :  tp.  gr. 

•p.  gr.    »p.  gr-    "P-  B'- 

.3.8 
..30*' 
1   29S 
..283 
1.272 
1.J61 

35 

9K 

34 

39 

44;  53 

6a 

34 
33 
32 
3. 
30 

9 

m 
m 

8 

7« 

33 
32 
30 
29 
28 

37 
36 

34>! 

33 

3.H 

43 1 
41  j 
39 

38 
36 

SO 
48 
46 
44 

42H 

60 

S8 

SSH 

S3H 

51 

1 .350 

29 

iV* 

27 

30 

35 1 

40H 

49 

.239 

.  .  22Q 

28 
27 

Ih 

26 

24 

29 

27H 

33 

33 

39 
37 

47 
45 

I  .218 

26 

6« 

23 

26 

30    35  '  43 

I     208 

25 
24 

6 

32 

25 

29    33H   40 

I. 98 

sH 

2. 

'\. 

27  :  33     39 

I.  188 

23 

sK 

20 

22H 

26 

3°     :     37 

I  .  .79 

22 

5 

19 

31 

35 

29     ,     35 

I.  169 

21 

*H 

iS 

20 

23 

27     '     33 

I. 160 

20 

4K 

.7 

19 

32 

26     1     31 

I   IS. 

1,142 
.133 
1. 124 

..US 

19 

4 
3« 

.6 

IS 

18 
.7 

21 

■9 

24     '     29 
22H      27 

17 

3H 

14 

isM 

.8 

2.          36 

i         ■" 
i         '5 

■       3 
1          .             '« 

13 

.4^ 

17 
IS 

20 
l8 

1     '* 

III.  Commercial  H'ajA.— Commercial  washes  are  now  sold  which 
are  quite  reliable.  Directions  are  given  as  to  dilution.  Usually  they 
test  about  1.290  sp.  gr.  or  33°  Baumd. 

Lime-sulphur  when  used  at  summer  strength  acts  also  as  a  stomach 
poison,  but  more  slowly  than  arsenate  of  lead.  Flour-paste  as  a 
"sticker"  is  often  added,  especially  in  summer  sprays  (8  lb.  flour 
boiled  into  a  thin  paste  in  8  Hal.  of  water,  mixed  with  160  gal. 
of  lime-sulphur).  . 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  Lead  Arsenate,  not  Pans  green,  is  to  be  used 
with  the  Lime-sulphur  Wash.  When  Paris  green,  a  copper-aceto 
compound,  is  added  to  lime-sulphur  the  copper  is  attacked  and  free 
soluble  arsenic  is  liberated  in  quantity  sufficient  to  kill  foliage. 

IV  Lime-sulphur  (Self-boiled).— Prepared  by  slaking  8  lb.  best 
stone  lime  in  a  small  quantity  of  cold  water;  while  slaking  8  lb.  of 


THE   CONTROL  OF   INJURIOUS   INSECTS 


389 


finely  powdered  sulphur  are  added  with  constant  stirring,  also  sufficient 
water  to  prevent  burning.  Then  add  water  to  make  40  gal.  This 
liquid  is  a  mixture  of  Hme  and  sulphur,  for  liltle  combination  takes 
place,  and  is  a  good  fungicide  against  brown  rot  of  stone  fruits.  It  is 
not  used  to  any  great  extent  by  fruit  growers. 

Sulphur  and  £»me.— Flowers  of  sulphur  and  hydratcd  lime  in  equal 
parts,  when  blown  upon  citrous  trees,  keep  in  control  red  spiders  and 
mites. 

Recent  experiments  in  Nova  Scotia  show  that  arsenate  of  lime  is 
preferable  to  arsenate  of  lead  as  a  poison  with  lime-sulphur  solutions. 
When  standard  arsenate  of  lead  is  added  to  lime-sulphur  a  double 
decomposition  occurs  with  the  formation  of  lead  sulphide  and  a  crude 
arsenate  of  lime,  5  per  cent,  of  which  is  soluble. 

When  the  soluble  sodium  sulphides,  such  as  "soluble  sulphur," 
"sulfocide,"  "spra  sulphide,"  etc.,  are  used  in  combination  with  arsen- 
icals  of  copper,  lead  and  zinc  soluble  arsenical  salts  of  sodium  are  formed 
which  are  unsafe  as  apple  sprays.  However,  when  used  with  arsenate 
of  lime  and  water-slaked  lime  (3  lb.  soluble  sulphur,  i}i  lb.  arsenate 
of  lime  and  5  to  10  lb.  water-slaked  lime)  no  injury  results  to  apple 
foliage. 

In  Nova  Scotia  it  has  been  found  that  when  the  common  poisons 
are  added  to  Bordeaux  mixture  their  killing  power  is  usually  decreased 
by  about  50  per  cent.  Sodium  arsenate,  however,  retains  its  power 
after  its  addition  to  Bordeaux  if  prepared  as  follows: 

Dissolve  I  lb.  sodium  arsenate  in  water  and  with  this  solution  slake 
5  lb.  of  fresh  stone  lime  and  make  up  to  20  gal.  Dissolve  4  lb.  blue- 
stone  in  another  20  gal.  of  water  and  pour  the  two  together. 

Sodium  sulphide,  on  the  other  hand,  increases  the  killing  value  of 
poisons. 

With  the  advent  of  high  power  sprayers  complaints  have  come  in 
regarding  injury  to  and  drop  of  the  leaves  and  fruit  of  trees  sprayed 
with  the  summer  strength  of  lime-sulphur,  especially  with  the  later 
sprayings.  This  result  is  due  to  the  destructive  action  of  the  lime- 
sulphur  on  the  contents  of  the  leaf-cells.  Experiments  showed  that 
when  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves  only  was  sprayed  no  drop  of 
leaf  or  fruit  ensued,  but  when  the  spray  was  applied  to  the  under  surface 
much  drop  followed.  This  result  does  not  follow  the  application  of 
sodium  sulphide  or  Bordeaux. 


390 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


The  "spray  gun"  may  be  safely  used,  however,  at  a  high  pressure 
by  the  long  distance  method  of  spraying  in  which  only  the  upper  side 
of  the  leaves  becomes  wet. 

Bordeaux  frequently  causes  "russetting"  of  the  fruit,  and  for  this 
reason  fruit  growers  began  the  use  of  the  summer  strength  of  lime- 
sulphur.  The  latter,  however,  causes  a  drop  of  the  fruit,  and  the 
soluble  sulphur-slaked  lime-arsenate  of  lime  combination  is  recom- 
mended as  being  free  from  injurious  effects. 

A  modification  of  the  4:40:40  Bordeaux  formula  is  now  recom- 
mended in  Nova  Scotia  for  the  later  sprayings  in  apple  orchards: 
3  lb.  bluestone,  finely  pulverized;  10  lb.  lime;  40  gal.  water. 

Many  evidences  point  to  the  conclusion  that  in  mixtures  of  Bor- 
deaux and  arsenious  compounds  the  lack  of  injury  to  foliage  is  due  to 
the  formation  of  a  copper-arsenide  compound  rather  than  to  the  sup- 
posed neutralizing  action  of  the  lime. 

Soluble  Sulphur— A  patent  preparation  containing  about  60  per  cent, 
soluble  sulphur  and  40  per  cent,  inert  matter.  It  is  used  as  a  substitute 
for  lime  and  sulphur.  Its  value  has  not  yet  been  definitely  determined 
on  accent  of  conflicting  reports  by  growers.  It  has  the  merit  of 
being  easily  handled. 

(ft)  Whale-ail  Soap— Potash  whale-oil  soap  of  a  good  grade, 
when  dissolved  in  warm  water  at  the  rate  of  2  lb.  to  a  gallon 
of  water,  makes  an  excellent  spray  for  early  spring  treatment  of  or- 
chards—just before  the  buds  swell.  It  is  also  valuable  as  a  summer 
treatment  against  aphids  and  pear  psylla,  but  it  should  be  diluted: 
I  lb.  of  soap  dissolved  in  4-6  gal.  of  warm  water.  The  soap  has  an 
invigorating  effect  on  the  tree,  but  the  cost  prohibits  its  use  in  orchards 
on  a  large  scale. 

Against  scale  insects  on  palms,  rubber  plants,  cycads.and  oleanders 
in  conservatories  whale-oil  soap  is  used  at  the  rate  of  1  lb.  to  each 
gallon  of  water;  on  ferns  however,  fir-tree  oil  or  lemon  oil  (1-15  or 
20  water)  is  used  as  these  plants  are  readily  injured  by  whale-oil  soap. 

Soap  Solulion.— This  solution  is  made  by  dissolving  i  lb.  of 
hard  soap  in  5  gal.  of  water.  It  is  effective  in  controlling  plant- 
lice  and  other  sucking  insects  on  house  and  garden  plants. 

The  addition  of  soap  solution,  3-5  lb.  in  80  gal.  of  tobacco  ex- 
tract solution,  is  recommended  for  plant-lice. 


THE   CONTROL   OF   INJURIOUS   INSKCTS  ,g, 

Sulphur-soap  Mixture  (for  Red  Srmler).- Prepared  by  dis,olvin. 
.  b.  laundry  soap  >„  8  gal.  water  and  adding  ' ,  1.,,  Howers  of  sulphur 
The  under  side  of  the  leaves  shoul.l  be  sprayed. 

(<:)  Kerosene  Emulsion.-A  soap  emulsion  of  kerosene  has  for 
many  years  been  used  against  aphids  and  other  sucklnR  insect.  It 
.s  prepared  by  dissolving  -^  lb.  of  soap  in  .  gal.  of  warm  water,  an 
aiding  gal.  of  kerosene  to  the  hot  soap  solution.  The  whole  is 
thtn  agitated  until  a  creamy  emulsion  is  formed.  This  stock  solution 
when  properly  made  keeps  indefinitely.  When  required  for  use  the 
stock  solution  IS  diluted  with  ,o  times  its  volume  of  water 

(</)  Tobacco  Decoclion.-A  strong  decoction  of  tobacco  stems  or 
eaves  is  an  excellent  remedy  against  aphids,  either  in  the  field  or 
m  the  greenhouse.  The  decoction  is  an  extract  and  is  made  by 
steeping  refuse  tobacco  in  warm  water  for  several  hours  until  a  deep 
br.>wn  hquid  isobtained.  Twopounds  of  tobaccoare  treated  in  .gal  of 
water  and  afterward  made  up  to  5  gal.     It  is  a  safe  remedy. 

Several  tobacco  preparations  are  now  on  the  market,  the  most 
valuable  for  orchard  spraying  being  "Black  Leaf  40.'     This  concen- 

d  luted  with  water.  ■  part  to  ,oco,  when  used  against  plant-lice  and 
othe  sucking  insects.  It  can  be  safely  used  with  lime-sulphur,  ar- 
senate of  lead  or  soap  solutions.  '        ' 

''Nico-fume"  contains  40  per  cent,  nicotine  sulphate  and  is  much 
used  in  greenhouses  by  vaporizing  it  at  the  rate  of  ' .',  oz.  to  2000  cu  ft 

.ive?off"t  ^V  ""  •'"'°  "''''  '"  greenhouses.  Dense  fumes  are 
given  off  when  they  are  ignited. 

W  Miscible  0,7..-Certain  proprietary  mixtures  containing  mineral 
a  kah  to  make  them  miscible  with  water  are  valuable  in  the  control 

Int  '"" H  ^t^'''"  """"  P-Pa-tions  are  more  satisfact  ry 
than  those  made  at  home  and  less  likely  to  be  injurious  to  the  trees 
There  is  always  a  certain  amount  of  risk  in  using  these  oils,  but  the 
danger  is  lessened  if  they  are  used  on  dormant  trees  in  fine  weather 

B\traYd''?U-^TcaL^.^^  "''^'''^'"  "'-'''  «-""'-  "  "^^'"'^ 

(f)  Pyrelhram.-VytclhTMm,  known  also  as  Buhach,  Persian   .ind 

Dalmatiar:  insect  ■  .wders,  and  by  other  trade  names,  is  used  fre- 


39» 


ECONOMIC   ENTOHOLOOV 


quently  on  aphids,  ulugs,  and  some  hounthold  pe«U,  where  operations 
are  confined  to  a  small  area. 

It  may  be  used  cither  as  a  spray  or  in  the  dry  form.  As  a  spray 
it  should  first  of  all  Ire  made  into  a  paste  in  a  small  quantity  of  water 
and  afterward  diluted  to  the  proper  strength,  viz.:  i  oz.  to  ^  gal. 
of  water.  When  used  dry,  i  |>art  of  |)owder  is  thoroughly  mixerl 
with  4  (Mirts  of  flour,  ami  kept  in  a  tight  can  for  a  day.  The  mixture 
is  dusted  on  either  by  a  bellows  or  through  a  coarse  bag,  on  account 
of  the  fact  that  the  essential  ingredient  is  a  volatile  oil. 

Pyrethrum  loses  its  strength  on  exposure  to  the  air;  the  can  must, 
therefore,  be  kept  tightly  closed. 

(g)  iJme.— Air-slaked  lime  is  effective  against  slugs  and  other 
soft-bodied  larva.     It  should  be  applied  as  a  very  fine  dust. 

Some  investigators  report  beneficial  effects  from  the  application 
of  thick  lime-wash  about  onion  plants  as  soon  as  they  are  up  as  a 
protection  against  the  onion  maggot. 

Professor  Parrott  of  the  Geneva  Agricultural  Experiment  Station 
finds  that  lime  with  nicotine  is  much  more  effective  against  aphis, 
leaf-hopper  and  pear  psylla  than  nicotine  alone,  or  soap,  or  oil  emulsion! 
(A)  Commercial  Sodium  Fluoride. — This  substance,  both  a  noison 
and  a  conUct  insecticide,  is  effective  against  cockroaches,  ciitken 
lice  and  other  insects  when  applied,  pure  or  mixed  with  flour  or  plaster, 
as  a  fine  dust  by  means  of  a  dust  blower. 

(i)  Carbolic  Acid  Emulsion.— For  the  control  of  root-feeding 
larvae  such  as  onion  maggots  and  radish  maggots,  an  emulsion  of 
carbolic  acid  has  given  good  results.  It  is  prepared  by  dissolving 
I  lb.  of  hard  soap  in  i  gal.  of  hot  water  and  adding  i  pt.  of  crude 
carbolic  acid.  The  mixture  is  agitated  until  a  thick,  emulsion  is 
produced.  This  is  the  stock  solution,  and  is  diluted  with  20-30 
parts  of  water  for  use.  A  tablespoonful  is  poured  about  the  base  of 
the  plant  to  prevent  egg-laying,  and  at  the  same  time  to  kill  the  newly 
hatched  larvs. 

(/)  Scale  insects  on  ferns  are  treated  effectively  by  the  use  of  i 
part  fir-tree  or  lemon  oil  to  15  or  20  parts  of  water. 

(*)  Cattle  Dips.— The  most  widely  used  methods  of  controlling 
cattle-scab  diseases  are: 

I.  Dipping  the  animals  in  lime-sulphur  or  nicotine  solutions 
twice,    10    to    14   days   apart.     Dipping    plants  are   arranged  sd 


THE   CONTROL   0»   INJCWOUS   INSECTS  39J 

that  the  cattle  enter  one  end  o(  a  \al  filled  with  warm  dip  through 
which  they  swim,  and  leave  the  vat  at  the  opposite  end.  The  lime- 
sulphur  dip  is  made  l)y  mixing  ij  Hi.  unslake<l  lime  and  J4  l\>. 
(lowers  of  sulphur  in  100  gal.  of  water.  Nicotine  di|>s  should  con- 
tain almut  'i',,,!  of  I  |ier  cent,  of  nicotine,  and  shouhl  l)c  used 
warm,  not  aliovc  loo^F. 

3.  Spraying  the  animaU.  This  method  is  neither  so  economical 
nor  so  effective  as  dipping,  but  is  recommended  where  but  a  few 
animals  are  to  be  treated. 

Cattle  lice  can  !«  controlled  by  the  following  means: 
I    Hand  applications  with  a  brush  or  cloth  at  intervals  of  about 
3  weeks,  of  (0)  cottonseed  oil  and  kerosene  (equal  parts) ;  (A)  kero- 
sene and  lard  Hi  pt.  to  i   lb.);  (f)  crude  petroleum;  (rf)  any  of  the 
dip  solutions. 

3.  Spraying  with  any  of  the  dip  solutions. 
}.  Dipping  in  (a),  an  arsenical  solution,  prepared  as  follows: 
4  lb.  caustic  soda  (85  per  cent.  pure). 
8  lb.  white  arsenic  (gg  per  cent,  pure)  in  fine  powder. 
8  lb.  sal  soda  crystals. 
I  gal.  pine  tar. 

500  gal.  water  (temp.  65  -qo°F.). 
(*)  Coal-tar  creosote,  sold  under   many  trade  names  and  to 

be  used  according  to  instructions. 
(c)  Nicotine  solution,  sold  under  many  trade  names  and  to 
be  used  according  to  instructions. 

(Consult  Farmers'  Bull.  Q09  and  1017,  U.  S.  Dcp.  .Xnric.) 


3.  The  Use  of  Poisonous  Gases 

The  more  imp.jrtant  poisonous  gases  used  to  control  insects  are: 
(a)  carbon  bisulphide;  (ft)  hydrocyanic  acid  gas;  (<r)  sulphur  dioxide; 
(d)  tobacco;  (e)  formalin;  (0  carbon  tetrachloride. 

(a)  Carbon  Bisulphide.— This  is  an  ill-smelling  liquid  which  is 
readily  volatUe.  The  gas  is  much  heavier  than  air,  and  if  placed  in 
shallow  pans  above  or  on  top  of  grain  or  other  vegetable  foods  the 
fumes  sink,  and  being  poisonous  will  kill  the  insects.  It  is  specially 
valuable  for  the  fumigation  of  peas  infested  with  weevils,  or  grain 


.1,94 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


1 


infested  with  weevils  and  other  insects.  It  is  also  used  for  the  de- 
struction of  household  pests  such  as  clothes  moths,  etc. 

Two  pounds  of  the  liquid  is  sufficient  for  too  bu.  of  peas  or 
grain,  or  looo  cu.  ft.  of  space.     It  is  inflammable. 

(b)  Hydrocyanic  Acid  Gas. — This  gas  is  liberated  when  diluted 
sulphuric  acid  is  added  to  ]i(i(assium  or  sodium  cyanide.  It  is  a  deadly 
poisonous  gas,  and  great  care  should  be  taken  in  its  use  as  an  insecticide. 

Ft  came  into  use  in  California  for  the  fumigation  of  citrus  and  olive 
irecs.  Later  it  was  introduced  into  eastern  nurseries  for  the  treatment 
of  San  Josi'  scale  on  dormant  nursery  stock,  and  for  the  control  of 
flour  mill  pests,  and,  in  some  cases,  greenhouse  and  household  pests. 

The  formula  for  nursery  stock  and  household  fumigation  is:  Cya- 
nide of  potash  or  soda,  i  oz.;  sulphuric  acid  (sp.  gr.,  1.83),  i  fl.  oz.; 
water,  3  fl.  oz.  per  100  cu.  ft.  space.  For  greenhouse  fumigation  at 
night  the  formula  is:  Cyanide  of  potash  or  soda,  '  2  oz.:  sulphuric  acid, 
I  fl.  oz.;  water,  3  fl.  oz.  per  1000  cu.  ft.  space. 

This  gas  is  lighter  than  air  and  diffuses  very  rapidly. 

((■)  Stdplnir  l-'umes. — The  destructive  action  of  sulphur  is  largely 
due  to  the  readiness  with  which  it  oxidizes  to  sulphur  dioxide,  a  gas 
fatal  to  many  forms  of  insect  life.  .Mites  are  controlled  in  green- 
houses by  the  dusting  of  fine  sulphur  on  the  surfaces  of  the  leaves. 

When  sulphur  is  burned  on  a  hot  plate  over  a  low  flame  sulphur 
dioxide  is  rapidly  formed,  recognized  by  its  suffocating  odor.  This 
is,  perhaps,  the  simplest  method  of  deaUng  with  ordinary  household 
pests  such  as  bed  bugs,  fleas,  and  other  forms. 

Combined  with  a  soap,  sulphur  is  used  as  a  wash  for  mange  which 
is  caused  by  a  mite. 

(d)  Tobacco. — Tobacco  fumes  are  destructive  to  aphids  on  green- 
house and  household  plants.  They  are  liberated  by  the  application 
of  heat  to  certain  Nicotine  Extracts,  Nicotine  Paper,  or  finely  divided 
tobacco  powders.  These  ''fumigating''  powders  and  extracts  may 
now  be  had  in  the  market  and  are  convenient  methods  of  dealing 
with  house  plants. 

(e)  Formalin. — .-Vs  a  rule,  formalin  (40  per  cent,  formaldehyde)  is 
not  effective  as  an  insecticide,  although  an  excellent  germici.le.  As  a 
fly-poison,  however,  it  is  strongly  recommended  when  used  as  follc-vs: 
Mix  I  tablespoonful  formalin  with  '^  cup  sweet  milk  or  ,1^  cup  water, 
arKi  exjwsc  in  a  shallow  plate  with  a  slice  of  bread  in  it. 


iCM 


THE    CONTRor,   OF    INJURKH'S    INSKfTS 


.^95 


(/I  Carbon  Telrmliloride. — This  liquifl  although  nut  si)  active  as 
carbon  bisulphide  is  not  ej-^'osive.  It  may  be  used  for  fumiRating 
bins  infested  with  ins-.'s.  viicn  .-pnlied  at  the  rate  of  z  lb.  for 
every  lOo  cu.  ft.  of  spa  e  »■   tqo  i;u.  "'  grain. 


4.     TlIK     Al'PI.lCATIIlN 


■^Ki'Ki.i.K.NT   .Snisr.\N(i;s 


.Several  substances  are  known  to  act  as  "repellents"  to  insects, 
and  may  sometimes  be  used  to  advantage  in  preventing  insect  attack. 
.•\mong  such  substances  are;  (a)  Bordeaux  mi.xture;  (bj  tobacco  dust; 
(c)  carbolic  acid  emulsion;  (rf)  kerosene;  ie)  turpentine;  {f\,  coal  tar; 
(g)  naphthaline;  (//)  zenoleum  and  creolin  compounds;  (;)  tanglefoot; 
(j)  carbolineum  emulsion;  (k)  soap-carbolic-Paris  green  wash. 

(u)  Bordeaux  Mixture. — This  fungicitlal  mi.xture  keeps  awav  flea- 
beetles  from  potato  leaves  and  striped  cucumber  beetles  from  pumpkins 
and  squashes  when  applied  as  a  fine  spray.  It  is  prepared  as  follows: 
Copper  sulphate   (bluestone),  4  lb.;  quicklime.  4  lb.;  water.  40  gal. 

CuSO,,  5H2O  -f  Ca(OH),  =  Cu(OH).,  +  CaSO,  +  sHjO. 

2[Cu(0H),,  CuSO.]  +  CO.  =  .'CuSO,  +  Cu(0H)3  +  CuCO;,  +  H.O. 
In  mixing  solutions  of  these  two  substances  care  must  be  taken  that 
they  come  together  in  a  large  quantity  of  water,  and  that  enough 
lime  is  present  to  act  on  all  the  bluestone. 

(b)  Tobacco  Dusl. — In  the  case  of  certain  garden  crops  fine  sprin- 
kling of  the  ground  when  moist  with  refuse  tobacco  dust  not  only 
fertilizes  the  soil  but  also  repels  the  striped  cucumber  beetle  and  the 
melon  aphis. 

(c)  Carbolic  Acid  Emulsion.  -  CarXntWc  acid  is  a  repellent,  as  well  as 
an  irritant  and  stomach  poison,  and  in  various  forms  is  used  for  the 
control  of  insects.  Reference  has  already  been  made  to  its  use  as  a 
contact  insecticide.  .As  a  reiiellent  it  is  added  to  a  solution  of  wash- 
ing soda  or  lye  as  a  protective  wash  against  borers  in  orchards  and 
shade  trees;  as  an  emulsion  with  soap  against  root-maggots  of  cab- 
bage and  onion;  and  often  also  used  in  poultry  house  against  biting 
lice  and  mites. 

(d)  Kerosene,  (f)  Turpentine  and  (/)  Coal  tar  are  sometimes  mixed 
with  saw-dust,  sand,  or  other  materials;  when  i)lace(l  around  plants  or 
seeds  they  arc  said  to  itavc  a  repellent  actititi  toward  insects. 


•igfj 


ECONUMR    ENTOMOLOGY 


(j?)  Aaplillialine.—Thh.  sul)stance  is  (lie  liasis  of  camphor  balls, 
and  is  commonly  used  as  a  preservative  of  household  goods  and  wearing 
a|)parel  against  the  attacks  of  clothes  moths  ami  other  insects. 

(h)  Zenohtim  and  Creolin  Cimipniinds.  -Some  excellent  com- 
pouniK  of  creolin  and  related  substances  are  prepared  as  repellents 
against  llies  that  bother  cattle,  and  against  biting  lice  and  mites  of 
poultry.  'I'lu-  cow  horn-(ly  may  be  controlled  by  the  use  of  such 
substances. 

(i)  Tanglrfoot. — A  stic'-v  substance;  is  used  as  fly-paper  and  as 
sticky  bands  for  trees  to  prevent  caterpillars  such  as  those  of  Gypsy 
moth  and  Tussock  moth  from  ascending. 

0')  CarboUneum  Emulsion.— Vscd  against  bark  beetles,  shot-hole 
borers  and  poplar  borers.  Four  pounds  naphtha  soap  are  dissolved  in 
4  gal.  of  hot  water,  the  carbolineum  added,  and  the  whole  agitated  to 
form  an  emulsion.  For  use  3  gal.  of  hot  water  are  added  and  emulsion 
is  sprayed  on  the  trees  while  warm. 

(k)  Wash  for  Tree  Trunks. —To  protect  trees  against  borers  the 
following  wash  is  of  value:  Dissolve  i  lb.  of  hard  soap  or  2  qt.  of  soft 
soap  in  a  pail  of  water,  then  a<ld  '  2  P'-  "f  crude  carbolic  acid,  and  2  oz. 
of  Paris  green;  thicken  with  lime. 


^ 


5.  TnK  Use  of  Psoiectoss 

Various  forms  of  protectors  are  used  to  ward  off  insect  attacks. 
The  application  is  confined  mainly  to  the  street,  orchard  and  garden. 
The  following  methods  are  those  most  commonly  in  use:  (a)  metai  or 
sticky  bands;  (A)  cheese-cloth  or  musUn  screens;  (c)  wire-netting;  (d) 
tarred  felt  paper. 

(a)  Melal  or  Sikky  Bands.  -To  jjrotect  trees  from  the  attacks  of 
climbing  caterpillars  such  as  (he  tussock  and  canker  worms,  special 
bands  are  placed  about  the  trunk  a  few  feet  above  the  ground.  The 
caterpillars  are  prevented  from  passing  up,  and  they  often  collect 
in  large  numbers  unilcr  the  llajis  or  rim  of  the  hand  where  they  are 
readily  destroyed.  The  g\psy,  the  tent-caterpillars,  climbing 
cutworms  and  walnut  caterjiillars  are  also  kept  in  check  by  this  method. 

(A)  Checse-clolh  or  Muslin  Screens. — Such  devices  are  often  effect- 
ive against  cucumber  beetles,  flea-beetles  and  the  radish  root-maggot. 
As  these  insects  are  most  injurious  while  the  plants  are  just  coming 


Jm^smmh 


THi;  c'ONTRor.  OF   INJlRlDl'S   ixsKcrs 


397 


above  the  ground,  the  frames  holding  the  sircens  should  he  i)laced  in 
position  soon  after  the  plants  are  set  out  or  the  seeds  planted.  They 
can  he  readily  removed  for  a  short  time  whenever  weeding,  cultivation 
and  watering  are  necessary. 

(c)  U'ire-nelling. — Wire-netting  is  often  placed  about  trees  to 
protect  them  from  the  Peach-borer,  and  the  Round-headed  apple  tree 
Uorer. 


Fig.  251. —  Tool  and  dtvitf  fur  cutting,'  disks.      (.\/t,r  lirittvn.) 

(d)  Single-ply  Tar  Felt  Paper  Diskx.— Vied  to  [)rotect  cabbage  and 
cauHflower  plants  against  the  cabbage-root  maggot  (Figs.  251   ^5,^). 

(>.  Tin-:  LsK  OF  Tuxps,  Trai'  Ckofs,  Ivrc. 

The  following  forms  of  traps  arc  sometimes  used  to  advantage: 
(a)  boards  or  chips;  (A)  sjiccial  crops;  {<)  poison  baits. 

(a)  Boards  or  Chips.  Squash  bugs,  cutworms  and  other  insects 
may  be  readily  trapped  in  large  numbers  by  placing  small  bits  of 
board  or  chips  or  bunches  of  grass  among  the  rows  of  plants  where 
these  insects  hide. 


398 


ECONOMIC   KNTOMOlOllY 


(A)  Special  Crops. — Such  crops  have  been  found  advantageous  in 
the  control  of  Hessian  fly,  army  worms,  squash  Ijugs,  cucumber  beetles, 
and  asparagus  beetles.  In  the  case  of  the  Hessian  tly  narrow  strips 
arc  planted  early  so  that  the  flies  may  deposit  their  eggs  on  the  wheat 
before  the  regular  planting  of  the  field.  These  trap  strips  are  then 
destroyed.  With  the  army  worm,  a  similar  narrow  strip  on  the 
border  of  the  field  may  be  poisoned  with  an  arsenical  spray.  With 
cucumber  beetles  and  asparagus  beetles,  a  few 
plants  may  be  set  apart  to  trap  the  early  beetles 
nd  then  destroyed. 

(f)  Poison  Bails. — Such  are  very  effective  against 
grasshoppers,  cutworms  and  other  insects.  The 
Criddle  Mixture,  made  by  mi.xing  thoroughly  i  lb. 
of  Paris  green  or  white  arsenic,  i  lb.  of  salt  (dis- 
solved in  water),  and  15  gal.,  by  measure,  of  fresh 
horse  droppings,  with  sufficient  water  to  make  the 


Fig.  252. — Wood  form  for  cutting  hexagonal  disks 
for  the  cabbage-root  maggot.      (After  Britlon.) 


Fir,.  25J.— Tuol 
for  cutting  cards  of 
tarred  building  paper. 
{After  Slingertand.) 


whole  mass  moist  but  not  soggy,  is  used  in  the  West  against  grass- 
hoppers. When  the  mixture  is  scattered  about  grass  lands  and  the 
edges  of  grain  fields  in  hot,  sunny  weather  the  grasshoppers  are  readily 
poisoned. 

Another  bait,  first  used  in  Kansas  against  grasshoppers,  is  now 
usually  employed  against  cutworms,  army  worms  and  grasshoppers. 
The  formula  is:  i  lb.  Paris  green,  20  lb.  wheat  bran,  2  qt.  of  cheap 
molasses,  the  juice  and  pulp  of  3  oranges  or  lemons,  and  2  to  2' 2  ga'- 
water.  The  bait,  sown  broadcast  in  early  morning,  will  show  results 
in  a  few  davs. 


THE   CONTROL   OF   INJURIOUS   INSECTS 


W) 


Professor  Sanders  of  Pennsylvania  recommends  the  followinf; 
|M)ison  bait  spray  against  the  adults  of  the  onion  maggot:  5  grams  of 
sodium  arsenite  dissolved  in  a  gallon  of  boiling  water  into  which  is 
thoroughly  mixed  a  pint  of  molasses.  This  bait  is  applied  as  a  coarse 
si)ray  of  large  drops  once  a  week  across  the  onion  field  throughout  the 
summer. 

For  cockroaches  and  ants  in  kitchens  and  pantries  ix)wdered  borax 
mixed  with  sweetened  chocolate,  scattered  in  the  evening  about  the 
haunts  of  the  insects,  and  powdered  sodium  fluoride,  pure  or  mixed 
with  flour  or  plaster,  applied  by  means  of  a  dust  blower  are  effective. 

Sponges  filled  with  sugared  water  attract  ants  that  infest  houses, 
and  large  numbers  can  be  readily  destroyed. 

7.    r)lTCIIK.S,  FURROVV.S  AND  TrF.NCHES 

When  fields  are  threatened  with  the  army  worm  or  grassho|>pers, 
a  ditch  or  deep  furrow  made  in  front  of  the  advancing  army  has  had 
excellent  results.  The  insects  falling  into  the  ditch  may  be  destroyed 
in  large  numbers. 

8.  The  Use  of  Hoppf.rdozers,  Etc. 

In  the  grasshopper-infested  regions  of  the  West  hoppcrdozers  or 
hopper-catchers  are  used  to  great  advantage.  Various  devices  are  in 
use,  but  they  all  agree  in  principle.  They  are  essentially  machines 
for  gathering  up  the  grasshoppers  as  they  are  drawn  across  an  in- 
fested field.  Attached  to  each  machine  is  a  contrivance  for  destroying 
the  insects  when  collected  by  means  of  coal-oil,  or  tanglefoot,  or  pitch 
tar. 

Best  results  are  secured  by  using  the  dozers  when  the  hoppers 
are  small.  If  infested  fields  are  gone  over  frequently  the  damage 
will  be  reduced  to  a  minimum. 


cj.  Collecting,  Digging-cut,  J,\rring,   Etc. 

Under  this  head  are  collected  a  number  of  mechanical  methods 
which  the  careful  farmer  and  fruit  grower  employ  to  good  advantage. 
Sometimes  much  damage  can  be  averted  by  the  timely  picking  of  the 


40O 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


eggs,  larvie,  or  adults  of  insects  such  as  the  tobacco  and  tomato  worms 
(Sphingida),  corn  ear  worm,  potato  beetle,  celery  caterpillar,  white 
grubs,  cabbage  butterflies,  asparagus  beetles,  etc. 

Again,  it  is  often  wise  to  cut  out,  burn,  or  otherwise  destroy  certain 
insects  whenever  they  appear.  For  example,  web-worms,  tent-cater- 
pillars, stalk-borers,  etc.,  may  be  effectively  dealt  with  at  certain  stages 
in  this  way. 

Sometimes,  too,  under  certain  conditions,  insects  can  be  controlled 
by  jarring  and  beating  the  infested  plants.  When  poisons  are  objec- 
tionable, this  method  of  dealing  with  potato  beetles,  currant  worms, 
plum  curculio,  etc.,  is  recommended. 

10.  High  and  Low  Temperatures 

In  flour  or  meal  mills  it  has  been  practicable  to  raise  the  temperature 
to  120°  or  125°  for  6  to  8  hours,  when  it  is  found  that  all  the  insects — 
eggs,  larvse  and  adults — are  killed.  On  the  other  hand  insects  are  not 
able  to  develop  at  cold-storage  temperatures,  hence  products  kept  in 
cold  storage  are  kept  free  from  injury. 

THE  ACTION  OF  INSF.CTICIDES 
(Consult  Tech.  Bulls.  11  and  21,  Mich,  .\gric.  Coll.) 

Until  recently  the  mode  of  action  of  insecticides  was  not  well  under- 
stood. It  was  commonly  stated  that  contact  substances  kill  insects 
by  stopping  the  breathing  pores  or  plugging  the  tracheae,  producing 
death  by  suffocation.  Recent  investigations,  however,  go  to  show  that 
insects  are  not  readily  suffocated.  The  death-producing  action  of 
chemicals  is  mainly  due  to  their  absorption  into  their  tissues.  The 
volatile  portions  of  kerosene,  carbon  bisulphide,  gasoline,  creolin,  pyr- 
ethrum,  etc.,  are  effective  long  before  the  liquids  have  time  to  pene- 
trate the  chitin  or  the  spiracles  into  the  tissues. 

With  the  penetration  of  the  volatile  substances  the  nervous  system 
is  seriously  affected,  and  results  resembling  narcosis  are  produced, 
where  there  is  a  disturbance  of  the  respiratory  activity.  Insect 
tissues  soon  become  saturated  when  exposed  to  the  vapors  of  the 
substances  mentioned,  and  death  ensues  through  the  inability  of  the 
tissues  to  absorb  oxygen  in  the  presence  of  these  vapors. 


'•""'^J 


THE   CONTROL   OF   IXJURIolS    INSECTS  401 

In  the  case  of  lime-sulphur,  its  elTectiveness  is  clue  to  its  rcduciriR 
power,  and  with  scale  insects  to  its  softening  action  on  the  wax  al.oul 
the  margin  of  the  scales  and  to  its  elTect  on  ihe  waxen  covering  making 
It  less  permeable  to  oxygen. 

Alkaline  washes,  corrosive  sublimate  solution  and  other  liquids, 
which  are  able  to  dissolve  or  precipitate  certain  constituents  of  the 
tissues,  pass  through  the  chitin  slowly. 

Moreover,  gasoline,  carbon  bisulphide,  hydrocyanic  acid  gas,  sodium 
(luoride,  etc.  act  strongly  on  the  oxidases  and  other  enzymes  in  Ihe 
tissues  of  insects  causing  serious  disturbances. 

Fat  or  fat-like  membranes  absorb  the  vajiors  of  gasoline  and 
chloroform,  but  in  doing  so  become  less  permeable  to  oxvgen;  and  waxen 
membranes  when  wet  with  lime-sulphur  also  become  less  permeable 
lo  oxygen. 

Non-volatile  linely  powdered  solids,  such  as  borax,  hellebore,  sodium 
tluoride,  etc.,  in  addition  to  being  stomach  poisons,  are  effective  also 
as  contact  insecticides  because  they  adhere  to  exudations  on  the  body 
wall,  and  later  become  dissolved  and  absorbed  through  the  integument 
into  the  tissues. 

TitE   Utilization  of  Parasitic  Insects 

The  economic  use  of  parasitic  insects  shows  three  phases:  (i)  the 
utilization  of  the  native  parasites  of  the  district;  (2)  the  transportation 
of  the  parasites  from  one  district  to  another;  and  (3)  the  importation 
of  parasites  from  one  country  to  another. 

1.  In  the  great  majority  of  cases  of  insect  outbreak  the  native  para- 
sites are  able  to  control  it  in  time.  In  fact  injurious  forms  are  mainly 
held  in  check  by  their  parasites.  Occasionally,  however,  through  the 
operation  of  some  obscure  factor,  the  multiplication  of  parasites  is 
prevented;  then  the  injurious  forms  are  permitted  to  reproduce  with 
much  less  check  an<l  much  loss  occurs  before  parasites  are  able  to 
"catch-up"  again. 

2.  Some  successes  have  been  reported  whcr»  jjarasites  were  trans- 
ported from  one  locality  to  another.    LeBaron  of  Illinois   in   1872 
introduced   Aphdinm   mali,    a   parasite  of  the  Oyster  SheU  Scale 
Webster  in  1907  transported  Polygnolus  hiemalis  from  Marion    Pa 
to  a  field  of  wheat  infested  with  Hessian  fly  at  Sharpsburg,  Md'   and 


402 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


observed  that  later  in  the  season  nearly  every  'flaxseed"  was  para- 
sitized. W.  D.  Hunter  introduced  parasites  of  the  Cotton  UoU-weevil 
from  Waco  to  Dallas  and  from  Texas  to  Louisiana  with  considerable 
success  (Fig.  254). 

3.  Several  conspicuous  successes  have  attended  the  importation 
of  parasites  from  foreign  countries.  Perhaps  the  mtroduction  of  the 
lady-l)ird,  .\ovius  cardinalis,  from  Australia  to  California  in  1888 
for  the  pur|)ose  of  controlling  the  Cottony  Cushion  or  Fluted  Scale  of 
the  Orange  {Icerya  punhasi)  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  cases. 
'Ihis  scale  was  brought  to  California  about  1868,  probably  on  Acacia 


Fig.   254.- 


■Folygnotus  biemalis,  a   parasite   of    the    He.ssian   fly:   adult.     Greatly 
enlarged.     {From  Webster,  I'.  S.  Bur.  Enl.) 


lalifolia.  It  began  to  multiply  rapidly  in  the  orange  and  lemon  groves 
in  spite  of  every  measure  that  was  tried  against  it.  Dr.  Riley,  U.  S. 
entomologist,  and  his  staff  made  the  scale  a  subject  of  special  study 
for  4  or  5  years  and  he  became  convinced  that  it  was  a  native  of 
Australia.  Accordingly,  two  entomologists,  Koebele  and  Webster, 
were  sent  to  that  country  to  collect  possible  parasites,  and  to  send  them 
to  California.  Novius  cardinalis  was  found  at  Adelaide  and  small 
shipments  of  it  were  sent.  The  lady-birds  began  to  feed  on  the 
Icerya  scale  insect  as  soon  as  they  were  liberated,  and  to  breed  rapidly 
— the  result  being  that  wiliiin  a  year  the  orange  growers  confessed 
that  their  groves  had  b>  on  saved.    Later,  Novius  cardinalis  was  sent 


THE   CONTROL   OF    IN-JURIOUS   INSECTS  40  ( 

t<.  New  Zealand,  Portugal,  Cape  Colony,  Florida,  Hawaiian  Islands, 
Italy,  Syria  and  Egypt,  and  equally  good  results  were  secured.  Dr. 
Howard  gives  the  following  reasons  for  this  success:  (,)  \ovius  pro- 
duces  in  one  year  double  the  number  of  generations  that  herya  does; 
(s)  Novius  feeds  preferably  on  eggs  of  Icerya;  (,,)  the  absence  of  para- 
sites of  Novius;  and  (i)  Kovus  is  an  active  insect,  while  herya  is  fixed 
to  the  plant. 

Another  interesting  example  of  successful  parasitism  through 
importation  in  1901  is  that  of  ScuMHsIa  ryanea,  a  chalcid  insect  from 
South  Africa  to  control  the  Black  -Scale  of  the  Olive  (Ucanium  ol«e)  of 
California. 

The  West  Indian  Peach  Scale  (Diaspis  pcntagona)  occurs  in  the 
Southern  States  but  is  not  very  injurious  on  account  of  the  presence  of 
a  parasite,  Prospaltella  berksei.  Specimens  of  the  parasite  were  sent 
to  Italy  where  mulberry  plantations  were  seriously  injured,  with  the 
result  that  it  is  now  well  established  and  holding  the  scale  in  check. 
The  recent  attempt  to  control  the  Gypsy  and  Brown-tail  Moths 
in  New  England  has  been  of  great  value  to  entomologists  in  demon- 
strating the  many  complicated  factors  that  exist  when  foreign  parasites 
are  introduced.  From  1905  to  1913  more  than  thirty  species  of  para- 
sites were  imported  from  Europe  and  Japan  and  a  number  of  the  most 
important  ones  have  been  acclimatized  and  are  rapidly  spreading. 

The  present  improve  lent  in  Massachu.sctts  "is  due  to  at  least 
four  main  causes:  (i)  The  perfection  and  standardization  of  the  methods 
for  artificial  repression;  (2)  the  death  of  a  large  proportion  of  the 
more  susceptible  trees  or  their  removal  from  the  infested  woodlands; 
(3)  the  importation  of  parasitic  and  predatory  insect  enemies;  (4) 
the  development  of  the  'wilt'  disease"  (Fiske). 

The  problem  of  the  control  of  insects  such  as  the  Gypsy  Moth  and 
the  Brown-tail  Moth  by  jiarasites  is  a  more  difficult  one  than  appears 
on  the  surface.  From  extensive  studies  of  the  life-history  of  the  Gypsy 
Moth  it  has  been  determined  that  the  probable  potential  rate  of  in- 
crease is  250-fold  annually.  On  account,  however,  of  the  heavy  death- 
rate  from  various  causes  the  actual  rate  of  increasi  is  only  6-  to  lo-fold. 
The  problem  was  then  to  secure  sufficient  parasites  to  keep  the  insect 
in  control.  In  other  words,  if  the  increase  annually  be  6-fold,  five  out 
of  every  six  insects,  either  egg,  caterpillar,  or  pupa,  or  83.3  per  cent, 
would  require  to  be  parasitized.    If  the  increase  be  10-fold,  nine  out  of 


404 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 


every  ten,  or  yo  |>er  ic:U.  must  be  parasitized.  To  rely  entirely  upon 
egj5  parasites,  suih  as  AiMslalus  or  Schedius,  to  destroy  such  a  large 
percentage  of  the  eggs  was  out  of  the  question,  for  these  parasitized 
only  the  upper  layer  of  eggs  in  each  mass.  It  became  necessary, 
therefore,  to  call  in  the  aid  of  the  para-sites  affecting  the  caterpillar  and 
the  pupa.  Consequently  efforts  have  been  made  to  secure  a  sequence 
of  parasites  from  foreign  countries  so  that  every  stage  of  the  moth  is 
subjected  to  attack,  and  which  would  bring  up  the  death-rate  to  85  or 
90  per  cent.     (.Sec  Bull,  g:,  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Ent.) 


Fit;.  255. — Apanleles  lacteicolor:  adult  ft'iiiulc  and  cocoon. 
Howard  and  Fiike.) 


M  uch  enlarged.     {A/lfr 


The  task  of  importing  the  foreign  parasites  of  the  Gypsy  and  the 
Brown-tail  Moths  to  the  United  States  has  been  a  most  arduous  and 
difficult  one.  In  the  first  place  it  has  involved  much  labor  in  getting 
competent  collectors  in  E;urope  to  gather  sufficient  parasitized  material, 
for  the  plan  of  the  utilization  of  foreign  parasites  on  a  large  scale  in  the 
control  of  injurious  forms  is  recent  in  conception,  and  was  put  into 
operation  for  the  first  time  by  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Entomology  in  the 
fight  against  the  Gypsy  and  the  Brown-tail  Moths.  In  the  second 
place,  many  difficulties  in  transixirtation  have  had  to  be  overcome. 
In  the  third  place,  the  work  of  sorting  out  the  various  parasites  and 
herding  them  in  sufficiently  large  numbers  in  the  laboratories  for 


THE   CONTROL  OF   INJURIOUS   INSECTS 


405 


I'lii.  JSfj      I'lirumiilu 


iilult   ft-mali'.     Urcatly  i-nlarucd. 
(J«i/  Fi\kf.) 


(A/ler   Howard 


Flo   2c;7 


-Mof-adnnlnmeni  artHi :  adait  female.     Creally  cniartjed. 
and  Fiskf.) 


{AJltr  Howard 


4o6 


ECONOHtC  ENTOMOLOGY 


colonization  purposes  in  the  field  has  been  much  greater  than  was 
anticipated  at  the  outset.  In  the  fourth  place,  the  habits  of  many  of 
the  parasites  were  not  well  known  and  had  to  be  determined  for 
American  conditions.  As  a  result,  many  of  the  parasites  reported 
favorably  in  Europe  were  found  to  be  secondary  parasites,  or  unsuiteil 
for  the  task  in  hand  (Figs.  255-357). 

The  parasites  of  the  Gypsy  and  Brown-tail  Moths  may  lie  grouped 
as  follows: 


(I  =  Imported,  N 


Native,  C  =  Chalci.l,  T  • 
neumon,  Ca  =  Carabid.) 


Tachinid,  Ic  =  Ich- 


II.^I 

Kkk  iMr*\jI('» 

Larval   paraaitt-s 

I'lipiil  p.iri!titi« 

Gypsy 

.\nustatUE  bifasciatus 

Cumpsilura  condnnala 

Monoiltnitomcrus 

Moth. 

(C.I.) 

(T.I.) 

a.TfUJ.  (CI.) 

Schedius  kuvanx 

Blepharipa  scutellata 

(C.I.) 

(T.I.) 
Calosoma  sycophanta 

(Ca.I.) 
Pteromalus  cgregius 

Brown-tail 

TrichoKramma  prt-tiosa 

Manu(l<in(omerus 

Moth. 

(C.N.) 

(C.l.) 

aureus  (C.I.) 

, 

.\pantelet,  lacteii-olor 

Pimpla    conquisitor 

(B.I.) 

(Ic.N.) 

Meteonis  versicolor 

Chalcis  compsilurs 

(B.I.) 

(C.N.) 

Zygobothria  nidicola 

(T.I.) 

PalM  favida  (T.I.) 

Oeiodes    nigripcs 

(T.I.) 

Calosoma  sycophanta 

(Ca.I.) 

From  Melrose  Highlands,  Mass.,  where  the  parasite  laboratory  is 
located,  not  only  have  the  parasites  and  the  predaceous  Calosoma 
sycophanta  been  distributed  throughout  the  infested  areas  of  New  Eng- 
land but  also  into  New  Brunswick  and  other  eastern  provinces  lying  in 
the  probable  zone  of  infestation. 

Hewitt  introduced  into  Canada  in  1910  the  European  ichneumonid, 
Mesoleius  tenlhredinidis  Morley,  to  combat  the  larch  saw-fly.     The 


I 


THE   CONTROI.   (IK   I.NJl'|||,ns    INSKt  TS  407 

renults  have  l«.-en  fairly  satisfactory.  In  iqoS  the  egg  parasite  Tflra- 
sl.ckus  xa„lk,mel^„<r.  of  ,he  elm  leaf  Leetlc  was  intro.luce.l  into  New 
Kngland  from  France.  The  results  are  not  conclusive  although  the 
parasite  has  multiplied  and  spread  slightly. 

Other  examples  of  the  introduction  of  parasites  to  n.ml.al  injurious 
msects  miRht  l,e  cited  of  which  many  have  been  unsuccessful.  The 
valuable  experience  gained  in  the  Oypsy  an<l  Hrown-lail  experiments 
will  no  doul.t  l,e  utilized  in  future  work  of  this  nature  and  more  successes 
will  probably  be  recorded. 


I.ilir.w 

iS.Ji 


Mil.L 

C.n 


1'n  Iv  I'llMi^llini; 


niMI.IOdRAI'IIV 

(irncral 
llKKlt>K,  .\.:  (ill  liiMlli.      ,,;o,,.     SoLiila  liililrl,, 
CnxsTrxK,  J.ll.:  A  .Nfanual  f..r  Ihf  Slu.lyof  Insirls 

C,,.,  Ilhaia,  .\.  V. 
O.MST.H  K.  J.  11.:  TIr-  HiriKs  „I  lnsu.1-,      ,g,S.     c:„msl,.,  k  I'ul.   C, 
CoMST,K  K,  J.  II,,  an.l  .\.  H.:  In^oct  l.ifc.     ,90,.     .\pplH.,r,  ami  C, .  .\   y 
KscilK.MH.  K.:  l-or,t  InsokLn  .Miitdcur,,,,,,,.     ,5,4.     J.^ul  I'aroy,  HiTlin 
foLso«,  J.  W  . :  KnlomoloRy  wilh  .Special  Reference  to  il..  Biological  an,l  T,  onomic 

.\spects.     3(1  Ed.     19,7.     niakislon-,  .Son  and  Co.,  Philadelphia 
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■     '  ™'*-     'S'S  <)')■      Cambridge  .Vat.  IIi,t.,  Mac.Millan  Co 
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Smith,  J,  11.:  (.lossary  of  KnlomoloRv.     1900,     Hrooklyn  Knl.  S.k-. 


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\\ARD  and  Whipple:  Fresh  Water  Biology.     igrS.     Wiley  and  Son. 
Wheeler,  \V..\L:  .-\nts.     .gro.     Columbia  Univ.  Press     XV 
WiLusio.v,  S.W.:  .\orth. American  IJiptera.     r,o8.     Hathawav    V   Y 


Publications 


Annals  of  the  Entomological 

Society  of  America. 
Canadian  Entomologist. 
Fntomologicul  Xews. 
Journal  of  Economic  Entomology. 


Psyche. 

Reports   and    Bulletins  of   Federal, 

State  and  Provincial  Departments 

of  Agriculture. 
Review  of  Applied  Entomology. 


THE    CONTROL   OF   INJURIOUS   INSECTS 
OI.OSSARY  {After  Smilh) 


409 


Acalyptrata. 
Acalypters. 
Accessory  GUnds, 

Androconia. 

Aculeata. 
Agamic. 
Alate. 

Alternation  of 
Generations. 

AlulK. 


Alulet. 
Amnion. 
Anal  Angle. 

Anal  Area. 

Anal  Plate. 

Apterous. 
Arista. 

Aithropoda. 

Brachycerous. 

Ciectun. 


Calypter. 
C  cecum. 
Capitate. 
Carabidoid. 
Cauda. 


Those  muscoid  .lifs  in  whicli  alul.T  arc  absent  or  elcmcnlary. 
Any  glands  opcninR  into  Ihi-  ilucts  of  (he  reproductive  syslem 

Specialised,    usually   small    scales   of   [K.-uliar   form,  found 

localized  on  some  male  butterflies, 
Hymenoptera;  the  stingers,  includinj;  bees  and  wasps. 
ReproduiinK  without  union  with  a  male. 
Winged. 

Periodic  productions  of  parthenogenetic  females  in  a  species 
that  occurs  in  both  sexes.  These  females  produce  both 
sexes.  Examples  occur  in  Cynipida:  and  in  some  Homoptcra 
A  pair  of  membranous  scales  above  the  halteres,  behind  the 
root  of  the  iving,  one  above  or  before  the  other;  the  anterior 
attached  to  the  wing  and  moving  with  it,  the  posterior 
fastened  to  the  thorax  and  stationar>..  Occurs  in  Diptera 
•Synonyms  calypira;  squama;  squamula;  lobulus;  axillary 
lobe;  aileron;  scale;  tegulae.  In  Coleoptera  a  membranous 
appendage  of  the  elytra  which  prevents  dislocation 
The  lobe  at  basal  portion  of  wing  in  Diptera  (posterior  lobe) 

Sometimes  used  for  alula. 
The   inner  of   the   two   membranes  enclosing   the  embryo 

(Fig.  36).  ' 

That  angle  on  the  secondaries  nearest  the  en.l  of  the  abdomen 
when   the   wings  are  expanded.     The  angle  between   the 
inner  and  outer  margin  of  any  wing. 
In  Orthoptera  and  N'europtera  the  hinder  or  anal  portion  of  a 

wing  within  the  anal  vein. 
In  caterpillars  the  shield-like  covering  of  the  dorsum  of  the 

last  segment  (I-'ig.  18). 
Without  wings. 

A  specialized  bristle  or  process  on  the  antenna:  of  certain 

Diptera  (Fig.  180). 
.fointed  animals  having  jointed  appendages, 
lla.ing  short  three-jointed  antenna-,  Diptera  (Fig   144) 
.\  blind  sac  or  tube  supplied  to  appendages,  opening  into 
the  alimentary  canal  at  the  junction  of  the  mid  and  hind 
gut  (Fig.  29). 
In  Diptera,  the  alula  when  it  covers  the  haltere. 
See  Ca?cum. 

Terminating  in  a  little  head  or  knob  (Fig.  88). 
Resembling  a  Carabid  (Fig.  40). 
The  tail;  any  process  resembling  a  tail  (Fig,  87), 


4IO 


ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY 


•11 


Caudal  Seta. 
Chaetotaiy. 

Chitm. 

Chrysalis— id. 

Cilia. 

Clavate. 

ClavuB. 


Clypeus. 
Coarctate. 

Corium. 

Cornicles. 

Costa. 

Coxa. 
Coxal  Cavity. 


Crenate. 
Cuneus. 


Dorsum. 
Ecdysis. 
Ecology. 

Elytra. 
Embolium. 


Empodium. 
Entomophagous. 


Thread-like  processes  at  the  end  of  the  abdomen. 

The  science  dealing  with  the  arranscment  and  nomenclature 

of  the  bristles  on  the  body  of  insects. 
The  material  of  which  the  hard  parts  of  the  insect  body  are 

formed. 
The   intermediate   stage   between   larva.'   and   adult  in  the 

butterflies  (Fig.  39). 
Fringes. 

Club-shaped;  thickening  gradually  toward  end  (Fig.  8;). 

The  club  of  an  antenna;  clava  and  clavola;  in  lleleroplera 

the  oblong  sclerite  at  the  base  of  the  inferior  margin  of  the 

hemelytra;  the  knob  at  the  end  of  the  stigmal  or  radial 

veins  in  certain  Hymenoptera. 

The  anterior  median  portion  of  the  head  to  which  the  labrum 

is  usually  attached  (Fig,  4). 
Contracted;  compact.    Applied  to  a  pupa  in  which  all  the 
appendages  are  concealed  in  a  hardened  covering  which  is 
usually  the  last  larval  skin  (Fig.  39). 
I'he  elongate  middle  section  of  the  hemelytra  which  extends 

from  base  to  membrane  below  the  embolium  (Fig.  loi). 
Glandular  tubes  on  the  abdomen  of  plant-lice  which  secrete 

a  yellowish  waxy  liquid  (Fig.  88). 
.^n  elevated  ridge  that  is  rounded  at  its  crest;  the  thickened 

anterior  margin  of  a  wing. 
The  basal  segment  of  the  leg  (Fig.  19). 

The  opening  or  space  in  which  the  coxa  articulates.  In  the 
Coleoplera  the  coxal  cavity  is  said  to  be  dosed  when  the 
epimeron  extends  behind  the  coxa  to  the  sternum.  It  is 
described  as  open  when  the  epimeron  does  not  reach  the 
sternum  (Fig.  185). 
Scalloped. 

lleleroplera;  the  small  triangular  area  at  the  end  of  the 
embolium  of  hemelytra;  Odonala,  the  small  triangle  of  the 
vertex  between  the  compound  eyes  (Fig.  loi). 
The  upper  surface. 
Moulting  or  casting  of  the  skin. 
The  science  of  the  relation  of  organisms  to  each  other  and 

to  their  surroundings. 
The  anterior  leatheiy  or  chitinous  wings  of  beetles  (Fig,  iSi). 
The  narrow  sclerite  extending  along  the  anterior  margin  of 
the  hemelytra,  from  base  to  cuneus  or  membrane,  in  Heler- 
oplera  (F'ig.  lor). 
The  small  process  between  the  pulvilli  in  Diptera,    The  bi- 
fid pseudotar-i  between  the  claws  in  Coleoptera  (p.  14). 
lii^cct-fecding,  : 


THE   CONTROL   OF   INJURIOUS   INSECTS 


411 


Epistemum. 

Enicifonn. 
Evtgiiute. 
Ezserted. 
Foveol«— a. 
Frenulum. 


Front. 

Frontal  Lunule. 
Geu. 
Genitalia. 
Halteres. 


Hermaphrodite. 
Heterogamy. 

Hibeinaculum. 
Histogenesis. 
Histolysis. 
Hyper- 
metamorphosis. 
Hyperparasite. 
Imago. 
Instar. 
Integument. 
Labium. 
Labrum. 
Lacinia. 

Lamellate. 
Larva. 

Macrochtetee. 
Maggot. 
Handibulate. 
Maxilla — le. 


:  sck-rite  Iictween  the 


The  anterior  and  larger  lateral  thoracic 

sternum  and  notum  (Fig.  18), 
I'alcrpillar-like  in  appearance  (Mg.  38). 
Ivxtruded  by  ever^ion;  turned  inside  oul  when  cxirudiil. 
I'rotrudcd. 

A  pit-like  shallow  depression. 
The  spine,   simple  in   males,  compound  in   females,   arisini; 

from  the  base  of  secondaries  in  many  Lrpidnplrra,  whose 

function  it  is  to  unite  the  wings  in  flight  (l-'ig.  t.'ol. 
.\nterior  portion  of  the  head  between  the  base  of  antenna; 

and  below  the  ocelli  (Fig.  2). 
Diplera;  an  oval  or  crescentic  space  above  the  Ijasc  of  antenna; 

in  Cydorrlmpka,  bounded  by  the  frontal  suture. 
Cheek;  that  portion  nf  Ihe  head  below  the  eyes  on  each  side 

exlending  10  the  gular  suture  (Fig.  .0. 
i:xternal   organs   of   re|iroduclion  and  their   appendages  (p 

The    pnisers    or    balancers;    capilalc    mo.ahle    lilamenis    in 
Diplrrj,  situated  one  on  e;icli  side  of  the  thorax  and  repre- 
senting rudimentary  hind  wings  (p.  15), 
\  bisexual  individual. 
.Alternation   of  generations,   two  sexual  or 

parthenogenetic. 
A  tent  or  sheath  in  which  a  larva  hibernates. 
The  formation  and  development  of  tissue. 
The  degeneration  and  dissolution  of  organic  tissue. 
The  case  in  which  an  insect  passes  through  more  than  the 

normal  stages  of  development  (Fig.  40). 
-\  parasite  that  is  parasitic  upon  another  parasite. 
The  adult  or  sexually  mature  insect. 
The  period  or  stage  between  moults  in  a  larva  (Fig.  j8). 
The  outer  covering  to  the  insect  body. 
The  lower  lip  (F'ig.  ;). 
The  upper  lip  (F'ig.  4). 
The  inner  lobe  of  the  first  maxilla,  arliculateil  to  the  stipes, 

bearing  brushes  of  hairs  or  spines  (Fig.  6). 
Divided  laterally  into  distinct  leaf  like  plates  (Fig.  rSji, 
The  second  stage  in  the  development  of  the  insect,  follows 

immediately  after  the  egg  stage. 
The  long  bristles  occurring  singly  on  the  body  of  Dipttra. 
The  footless  larva  of  Diplera  O'ig  jX). 
With  jaws  or  mandibles. 

Jaws;  one  on  each  side  of  the  mouth  immedialciv  beneath 
the  mandibles  (Fig.  h). 


sexual  and  a 


412 

Mentum. 
Mesenteron. 

Mesonotum. 

Metabolism. 

Metonottun. 

Meta  thorax. 
Hicrochatte. 
Monilifonn. 
Nectaries. 

Nymph. 

Obtec*. 

OceUi 

Oog'O'    s. 

Ova. 

Ovipositor. 

Pedogenesis. 

Parthenogenesis. 

Pleura. 


Polyembiyony. 
Pulvillus— i. 


Pupa. 
Puparium. 

Pygidium. 


Reticulate. 
Rostrum. 
Sclerite. 
Scrobes. 


ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY 

.\  labial  sclerite  bearing  the  movable  parts  (Fig.  7). 

The  middle  portion  of  the  primitive  intestinal  canal;  the 

mid-gut  (Figs,  i,  36). 
The  primitively  upper  surface  of  the  middle  thoracic  ring 

(Fig.  18). 
Transformation,  changes  of  food  into  tissue  and  of  tissue  into 

waste  products. 
The   primitively   ujiper  surface   of   the   third   or  posterior 

thoracic  ring  (Fig.  iS). 
The  third  thoracic  ring  or  segment  (Fig.  18). 
Small  bristles,  as  opposed  to  macrochieta;,  in  Dipiera. 
Beaded  like  a  necklace  (Fig.  183). 
A  term  which  was  applied  to  the  cornicles  of  the  Aphids 

under  the  mistaken  notion  that  these  structures  secreted 

the  honey  dew  (Fig.  88). 
The  larval  stage  of  insects  with  incomplete  metamorphosis 

(Fig.  88). 
Wrapped  in  a  liard  covering  (Fig.  30). 
A  simple  eye. 
The  process  of  egg-formation. 

The  structure  by  means  of  which  the  eggs  are  placed  (Fig.  23). 

Rf-production  in  the  larval  or  the  pupal  stage. 

Reproduction   by   direct    growth    of   germs    from   egg-ci   j 

without  fertilization  by  the  male. 
Plural  of  pleuron  or  pleurum;  the  lateral  sclerites  between 

the  dorsal  and  sternal  portion  of  the  thorax;  in  general, 

the  sides  of  the  body  between  the  dorsum  and  sternum. 
Production  of  more  than  one  embryo  from  one  egg. 
Soft,  pad-like  structures  between  tarsal  claws;  the  cushions 

of  short  stift  hair  or  other  clothing  on  the  under  side  of 

tarsal  joints;  rarely  fleshy  lobes  (p.  14). 
The  intermediate  stage  between  larva  and  adult  (Fig.  39). 
The  thickened  larval  skin  within  which  the  papa  is  sometimes 

formed  (Fig.  39). 
The   last  dorsal  segment  left  exposed   by  the   elytra.    In 

Diaspinx    (Coccidae)    the    compound    terminal    segment 

(Fig.  rn). 
Like  net-work. 

A  snout-like  prolongation  of  the  head. 
Any  piece  o(  the  body-wall  bounded  by  sutures  (p.  2). 
<;rooves  formed  for  the  reception  or  concealment  of  the 

appendages.     In  Rkyncophora  grooves  at  the  sides  of  the 

rostrum  to  receive  the  scape  of  antenna. 


THE  CONTROL  OF  INJURIOUS  INSECTS 


41,? 


Sensoij*. 

Spennitofenesis. 
Spinneret. 

Spiracle. 

Stemite. 

Suctorial. 

Sulcus. 

Suture. 


Tergil. 
Thoru. 


Tnchet— c. 
Transition  Zone. 


Truncate. 
Veoatioa. ' 
Viscera. 
Vittate. 
Viviparous. 


The  circular  openings  covered  by  membrane  on  Ihc  antenna; 

nr  legs  of  plant-lice, 
development  of  the  spermatozoa. 
Any  organ  consisting  of  an  internal  tube,  terminating  in  a 

pore,  spine  or  process,  producing  a  silky  or  waxy  fibre. 
A  breathing  pore  opening  to  the  trachea  (Fig.  iH). 
The  \entral  piece  in  a  ring  or  segment  (Fig-  ■?). 
.Adapted  for  sucking. 

A  furrow  or  groove;  a  groove-like  excavation. 
A  scam  or  compressed  line  indicating  the  division  of  distinct 

parts  of  body-wall;  the  line  of  junction  of  elytra  in  Culcop- 

tera. 
Belonging  to  the  primitively  upper  surface. 
The  second  or  middle  portion  of  the  insect  body,  bearing  the 

true  legs  and  wings;  made  up  of  three  sections,  the  pro-meso- 

and  meta-thorax  (p.  14). 
The  breathing  tubes  of  insects  (p.  .'j). 
The  transcontinental  belt  in  which   the  austral  and  boreal 

elements  overlap;  it  is  divided  into  a  humid  or  Alleghanian 

area,  a  western  arid  area,  and  a  Pacific  coast  humid  area. 
Cut  off  squarely  at  tip. 

The  system  of  chilinous  framework  supporting  the  win^^s. 
The  internal  organs  of  the  body. 
Striped. 
Bearing  living  young. 


INDEX 


Abbott's  sphinx,  178 
Abdomen,  17 
Acalyptrata,  241 
Acanthiidte,  159,  167 
Acarina,  364 
Accessory  glands,  29 
Achemon  sphinx,  178 
Achorutes,  96 
Acridida;,  107 
Acronycta,  87,  igS 
Adalia  bipunctata,  287 
Adult  stage,  38 
Aedes,  243,  245 
^geriid^,  174,  216 
Agaristidfe,  183 
Aglais  antiopa,  176 
Agrilus  anxius,  89,  301 
bilineatus,  301 
ruficoUis,  84,  301 
Agriotes  raancus,  293,  295 
Agromyza  simplex,  263 
Agromyzidae,  242,  262 
Agrotis  c-nigrum,  185 
fennica,  192 
unicolor,  185 
ypsilon,  186 
Alaus  oculatus,  78 
Alder  blight,  149 
Aleyrodes  citri,  152 

vaporariorum,  90,  151 
Aleyrodidae,  122,  151 
Alfalfa  caterpillar,  176 
insects,  73 
leaf  weevil,  332 
looper,  194 
Alimentary  canal,  24 


415 


Aliorhina,  304 

Alsophila  pomctaria,  78,  8r,  87,  20^ 
Alypja  octomaculata,  183 
Ambush  bugs,  43,  159 
American  cockroach,  104 
frit  fly,  71,  26r 
dagger  moth,  87 
grass  stem  maggot,  261 
Ametastegia  glabrata,  80,  347 
Ampelceca  myron,  86,  178 
Amphibolips,  351 
Amphicerus  bicaudatus,  82,  328 
Amphidasis  cognataria,  206 
Anamctis  granulatus,  337 
Anaphothrips  striatus,  72 
Anarsia  lineatella,  83,  86,  215 
Anasa  tristis,  8,  46,  77,  160 
Anastatus  bifasciatus,  200,  404,  406 
Anatis  i5-punctata,  291 
Anatomy  of  insects,  2-30 
Ancylis  comptana,  86,  232 

nubeculana,  79,  218,  230 
Andrena,  357 
Andrenidse,  356 
Androconia,  17 

Angoumois  grain  moth,  74,  214 
Anisandrus  pyri,  341 
Anisota,  179 

Anobium  tcsselatum,  328 
Anomalon  exile,  204 
Anopt-dius,  352 
Anopheles  and  malaria,  50 

maculipennis,  92,  243,  244 
Antennae,  10,  n 
Anthomyidse,  242,  273 
Anthonomus  grandis.  313 
quadrigibbus,  80,  335 
signatus,  84,  87,  33a 


I  i 


4x6 

Anthrax,  53 

Anthrenus  scrophulariie,  ga,  291 
Antique  tussock  moth,  203 
Ant  lions,  43,  gg,  100 
Ants,  92,  359 

Apanteles  glomeratus,  175,  353 
lactcicolor,  202,  404,  40(1 
militaris,  igo 
Aphelinus  mali,  354,  401 

diaspidis,  129,  354 
Aphidids,  122,  136 
Aphidius,  35a 
fletcheri,  149 
TApx,  148 
Aphida,  68,  136 
Aphis,  138 

abietina,  149 
avenx,  59,  71 
bakeri,  142 
brasaicae,  77,  148 
forbesi,  148 
gossypii,  47,  77,  148 
maidis,  72,  142 
maidi-radicis,  72,  142 
mali,  78,  143 
malifoliie,  144 
persic»-niger,  147 
pomi,  78,  143 
pseudobrasaica:,  148 
rumicis,  74,  148 
sanborni,  85,  147 
sorbi,  78,  144 
varians,  147 
Aphis-lion,  43,  100 
Aphycus.  354 
Apida;,  356,  357 

Apis  mellifera,  10,  la,  19,  40,  357,  ^,8 
Apoidea,  345,  350 
Apple  aphids,  78,  80 

bud  aphis,  78,  80,  142 
curculio,  80,  331 
ermine  moth,  233 
fruit  miner,  233 
insects,  77-80 
leaf  hucculatris,  80,  2^6 
leaf  crumpler,  79,  213 


INDEX 

Apple  leaf  hopper,  155 
leaf  miner,  79,  235 
leaf  rollers,  78,  79,  2^9 
leaf  sewer,  79,  318,  230 
leaf  skeletonizer,  79,  313 
maggot,  80,  266 
red  bugs,  165 
seed  chalcid,  80,  355 
sphinx,  79,  178 
tent  caterpillar,  79,  87,  203 
worm,  219 
Apple-tree  borer,  flat-headed,  78,  300 

round-headed,  78,  320 
Application  of  poisons,  377,  386 
Aptera,  94 
Arachnida,  i,  364 
Arctiidx,  173,  181 
Argasida;,  364,  365 
Argentine  ant,  360 
Argyrcsthia  conjugclla,  2^2 

thuiella,  233 
Argyroploce  consanguinana,  226 
Armadillidium  vulgare,  363 
Army  beetles,  325 

cutworms,  187,  19a 
worms,  71,  190 
Arsenate  of  lead,  384 

lime,  385 
Arsenic,  white,  384,  ^g^ 
Arsenite  of  lime,  384 
Arthropoda,  i 

Artificial  methods  of  control,  374,  377 
Asaphes  decoloratus,  293,  297 
Ash  gray  pinion,  197 
Asilida;,  240 
Asparagus  beetles,  3C,  6r,  63,  312 

miner,  263 
Aspen  tortrix,  230 
Aspidiotus,  123 
ancylus,  126 
forbesi,  127,  128 
heder«,  134 
ostrexformis,  128 
perniciosus,  78,  80,  126,  127 
Aspidisca  apiendoriferella,  79,  232 
Aspidistra  scale,  90,  135 


417 


As!>usi»in  Uujii,  4.J 
AiileroIcLanium  vari«>l«)sum,  i,iO 
Atropos  divinatoria,  lo.i 
AHagenus  piccus,  2i)2 
AuLht-norhynchi,  i-'j 
Aulacaspis  rosa',  u.i,  i^'^ 
Austral  zones,  6i 
Australian  ccickmacli,  104 
Autographa  brassica*,  ig.^ 

californica,  104 

simplex,  ig4 
Auttimcrii  lo,  i,So 

\i 

Babesia  bi)vis,  56 
Bachmetjew,  Dr.,  sg 
Bacillus  amylovnrus,  46 

pcstis,  55 
Bagworm  moths,  174,  207 
Baits,  poison,  398 
Baker,  A.  t'.,  141 
Han'led  Ilea  beetle,  .^16 
Bands,  metal,  ,)gO 
Bark  beetles,  339 
Bassus  earinoidea,  226,  353 
Bean  aphis,  74,  148 

insects,  74 

leaf  beetle,  313 

weevil,  74,  319 
Bed  bugs,  92 
Bee  flies,  240 

moths,  212 
Beech  tree  blight,  149 
Bees,  345,  350 
Beet  leaf  hopper,  155 

leaf  miner,  277 
Beetles,  280 

Bcmbecia  marfjinata,  84,  21S 
Beneficial  insects,  39-44 
Berlese,  Prof.,  40 
Bethune,  Dr.  C.  J.  S.,  xiii 
Bethune's  green  fruit  worm,  197 
BibUography,  407 
Bill  bugs,  338 
Biosteres  rhagoletis,  267 
27 


Birth  leaf  skelctonizer,  SS,  j^t. 

saw  ily,  34'* 
Birds,  44 
Biting  lice,  iof> 
Black  ants,  92 

ap[)!e  leaf  hop(>cr,  i.Sa 

army  worm,  192 

bodied  cherry  fruit  fly,  266 

carjH't  beetle,  292 

chrysanthemum  aphis,  149 

'lit's,  S3,  iji 

horned  tree  cricket,  116 

leaf,  40,  391 

peach  aphis,  144 

snouted  rose  beetle,  ;^;i^ 

swallow  tail,  174 

vine  weevil,  336 
Blackberry  crown  borer,  21S 

insects,  84 
Blastoderm,  30 
Blastula,  31 
Blatta,  103,  104 
Blattidx,  103 
Blaltoidea,  102,  103 
Blcpharipa  scutellata,  200,  40?) 
Blissus  leucopterus,  71,  i(ti 
Blister  beetles,  77,  ^2-i 

mites,  368 
Blmid  gills,  23 
Blow  fly,  Si<  92,  273 
Bluebottle  Ily,  273 
Body  louse  of  man,  ^6,  168 
Bombus,  357 
Bombycida?,  179 
Bombyliid^e,  240 
Bombyx  mori,  40,  1 79 
Book  lice,  103 
Borax,  399 
Bordeaux  mixture,  395 

nozzle,  380 
Borers,  78,  88,  8g 
Bot  fiies,  60,  254 
Box-elder  plant  bug,  159 
IJrachycera,  239 
Brachycolus  tritici,  141 
Braconid  flies,  42 


4t8 


INDEX 


nr«conid«,  42,  344,  35} 

Brain,  a8 

Bramble  flea-louM.-,  K4,  i^j 

(fown-boriT,  84,  jiS 
breeding  cages,  67-<»g 
Hnmzc  apple  tn-e  wi*i-vil,  _^^■i 

birch  borer,  8y,  .joi 

cutworm,  188 
Hrown  tall  moth,  60,  f)4,  8H,  >oo,  401 
Hrucc's  measuring  worm,  207 
Bruchidx,  283,  31Q 
Hruchophagus  funebris,  73,  355 
Bruchus  obtectus,  74,  31Q 

pisorum,  74,  jicj 
Bryobia  pratensis,  80,  367 
Bucculatrix  canadensisella.  KS,  ^30 

pomifoliella,  80,  336 
Bud  moth,  23,  j6,  36,  78,  71).  22s 
Buffalo  carpet  beetle,  92,  2gi 

tree-hopper,  78,  157 
Bumble  flower  beetle,  80,  305 
Buprestids,  2S3,  300 
Butterflies,  94 

Butterfly,  mouth  parts  of.  g,  10 
Byturus  unicolor,  84,  3qj 


Cabbage  aphis,  77,  148 

butterfly,  63,  175 

looper,  193 

plant  louse,  77,  148 

root  maggot,  36,  76,  273 

worm,  76,  77,  175 
Cacoecia  argyrospila,  220 

cerasivorana,  230 

conflictana,  230 

obsoletana,  232 

rusaccana,  230 
Cadelle,  76,  327 
Caddice  flies,  99 
Caesar,  Prof.  L,,  60,  229 
Calandra  granaria,  75,  .m? 

oryzK, 75, 337 
Calandridae,  284,  337 
Caliroa  cerasi,  ^^H 


Calliphora,  ^70 

erythrocephalft,  373 
vomitdfiu,  Qj,  373 

t'.illlplcru!*,  137 

t'allosamia  pnimelli.a,  S:.  iSo 

<"alosuma  mjidum,  387 

stTututor,  387 

syiuphanta.  ;oo,  20.\  2X7,  406 
(iilyptrata,  242 
(.'amnula  [K-llucida,  113 
Campodeida-,  95 
<'iimponotina',  ^tio 
Camponotus,  360 
Canker  worm,  fall,  78,  jo.i 

spring,  78,  20s 
Cantharis  nuttalli,  325 
Capsidx,  159,  163 
Carabida-,  41,  282,  285 
Carbolic  acid  emulsion,  392,  395 
Carbolineum  emulsion,  396 
Carbon  bisulphide,  393 

tetrachloride,  395 
Carnivora,  280,  382 
Carolina  locust,  113 
Carpenter  bee,  357 

moth,  88,  237,  238 
Carpocapsa  pomonella,  80,  219 
Carrion  beetles,  293 
Case  bearers,  234 

making  clothes  moth,  236 
Cat  and  dog  flea,  93,  280 
Caterpillar,  34 
Catocala,  198 
Cattle  dips,  392 

insects,  91 

louse,  91,  169 

tick,  366 
Cecidomyiida;,  239,  245 
Cecropia  moth,  79,  180 
Cclerio  lineata,  1 78 
Celery  looper,  194 
Centipedes,  1 

Cephus  occidentalis,  71,  349 
Cerambycidx,  283,  320 
Ceramica  picta,  7t>,  188 
Ceratina,  357 


.  "5.  247 


Oratitis  tapitiilii.  ih^ 
t'eratopogon,  2^2 
Cerd,  17 

Cercopoda-,  i;i,  1  ^^ 
Cereal  insects,  71.  7  j 
Cerfiji  bubalu!*,  77,  M,(,  1^7 
Ctrodonttt  doraalis,  if)j 
CeuthophUus,  114 
Chfftopsis  cenca,  377 
Chaitophorus,  130 

ncKUntlinis,  i4q 
Chalcid  flk-s,  42 
Chalddida!,  4>,  .,44,  353 
Charts  of  life  cydcs,  221, 
Checkered  beetles,  283 

tiger  moth,  183 
Cheese-cloth  screens,  396 
Chermes,  139 

abietis,  8g,  14Q 
cooleyi,  148 
funitectis,  148 
pinicorticis,  90,  150 
similis,  89,  150 
Chciry  aphis,  139 
ermine  moth,  233 
fruit  fly,  black-bodied,  83,  265 
fruit  fly,  white-banded,  83 
insects,  83 
leaf  beetle,  82,  311 
leaf  miner,  348 
saw  fly*  348 
tree  tortrix,  82,  230 
Chicken  Jice,  91;,  loi 

mite,  91,  364 
Chilocorus  bivulnerus,  2S8,  289 
Chilopoda,  r 
Chin  flies,  259 
Chinch  bug,  61,  71,  72,  161 
Chionaspis  euonymi,  12M 
furfurus,  78,  81,  125 
Chironomidff,  240,  252 
Chorizagrotis  auxiliaris,  187 
Chrysanthemum  black  aphis,  149 
Chrysidida;,  345 

Chrysobothris  femorata,  78,  8{;,  too 
Chrysomdidac,  283,  306 


INDEX 

Chrys4im|)hiilus.  i  .■  t 

aonidum,  134 
Chrysomyi.i,  jfiM,  .'7^ 
Cirada,  i^rj 

septemleccm,  15'. 
tibian,  8.',  r 57 
Cicadellida-,  i.-j,  1^4 
Cicadidff,  122,  i  ^r, 
Cicadula  6-notala,  7.',  1^4 
Cicindda,  284 
Cicliiddida'.  41,  282,  284 
Cigar  casi'-bearer,  78,  234 
CiKarette  beetle,  328 
Cimbex  americina.  88,  347 
Cimex  Icctularius,  92,  167 
Circular  scale,  134 
Circulatory  system,  23.  .-4,  71,  igo 
Cirphis  unipun(  ta.  2^:^,  24,  71,  1,^ 
Citheroniida-,  1 79 
Citrus  mealy  bui,',  133 

white  fly,  152 
Cladius  pet  ticornis,  349 
Classification  nf  insects,  93 
Clavicornia,  280,  282 
Clear  winged  locust,  113 

moths,  174,  iiO 
Cleridx,  283 
Click  beetles,  293 
Climatic  factors,  6r,  373 
Climbing  cutworms,  81,  192 
Clothes  moths,  92,  236 
Clouded  a[)p!e  capsid,  165 
Clover  aphis,  142 
cutworm,  189 
hay  worm,  73,  20S 
insects,  73 
leaf  midge,  73,  24S 
leaf  weevil,  63,  73,  332 
mealy  bug,  73 
mite,  80,  367 
root  borer,  63,  73,  341 
root  mealy  bug,  133 
seed  caterpillar,  73,  228 
seed  chalcid,  73,  355 
accd  midge,  73,  246 
Club-horn  beetles,  280 


.\U) 


430 


INDEX 


Cluster  fly,  5,1,  27,i 
(uttl  tnr,  .)(>5 
CocciUiT,  w; 
(.'«H.i.ina',  I2J,  ijy 
CiKcinclU,  5  notatu,  2i)o 

g-ni)taU,  igo 
Ct>ccincUi(lic,  281,  J87 
Coccobacillus  acridiorum,  40 
('orcophagus,  354 
Cuccus,  lij 

hcspcridum,  ij4 
Cockroaches,  ga 
Codling  moth,  $9,  ^,  J'y 

records,  3ii 
Ciecal  tubei,  a6 
Ctelopiatha  nematiridu,  354 
Colcufitera,  94,  380 
Collcmbola,  93,  95 
Colopha,  13S 

Colorado  potato  bcttif,  77,  308 
Common  striped  cutworm,  187 
Compsilura  cum  Innata,  200,  joj,  40^ 
Comatock,  Prof.  J.  H.,  i^.,  29.S 
Conchylidx,  174 
Confused  flour  beetle,  75,  3^9 
Conopidic,  341 

Conotrachelua  nenuphar,  81,  83,  330 
Contact  insecticides,  386 
Contarinia  johnsoni,  349 
Control  of  insects,  373 
Convergent  ladybird,  a88 
Co-operative  measures,  375 
Coptciisca  splendoriferella,  332 
Cordyceps,  46,  304 
Coreida?,  159 
Corimclxnidx,  159,  167 
Corn  ant,  363 

bill  bugs,  72,  338 

ear  worm,  73,  195 

feeding  syrphid  fly,  351 

insects,  73 

leaf  aphis,  73,  73,  143 

leaf  miner,  363 

root  aphis,  73,  140,  141,  142 

seed  maggot,  73,  277 

stalk  bnrfr,  sii 


Corn  wJrvMiirm,  ;/,  jti 

Curnlilrs,  1  (7 

Corymhilis,  7H,  j,j~ 

(.'r>iimii|M-pla  liirnifi'x,  1(17 

Cossida*,  174,  2j7 

Cost  of  spraying,  381 

Cotalpa,  302,  304 

Cotton  boll  wt-evij,  59,  333 
worm, 196 
•wood  leaf  hi'itjcs,  310 

Cottony  grass  scale,  130 
maple  scale,  8g,  130 

Crab-louse  of  man,  168 

Crambidr,  210 

Crambus  hortuellus,  211 

Cranberry  girdlcr,  211 

Crane  flics,  34a 

Craponius  inirqualis,  ^h 

Crcmastogastcr,  360 

Creolin,  31/) 

Crepidodera  helxinc.  3r  i 

rufiites,  316 
Criikft  like  grasshnpptrs,  ir4 
Crickets,  107 
Crioceris  asparayi,  04,  312 

i2-punctata,  313 
Crop  rotation,  374 
Croton  bug,  105 
Crustacea,  i,  363 
Cn  ptohj-pnus,  397 
Cryptorhynchus  lapathi,  339 
Ctcnocephalis  canis,  280 
Cucumber  beetles,  77,  307,  308 
Cucujida:,  327 
Culex,  52,  343 

pipicns,  92,  243 
Culicidae,  239,  343 
Culicoides,  252 
Cultivation  of  the  soil,  375 
Cultural  control  methods,  374 
Curculio,  apple,  Ro,  ^^2 

plum,  330 
Curculionidfe,  284,  329 
Currant  borer,  84,  217 
fruit  fly,  85,  26s 
fruit  miner,  85,  26$ 


Currant  inwtij,  84,  K^ 

Icctnium,  II4 

moth,  30ft 

plant  liiuK,  85,  14  5 

npanworm,  85,  206 

«lrtn  iiinllir,  N4.  j4j 

worm,  K5,  146 
Curlcii  scale,  ijd 
Cutworms,  71.  74,  76,  77,  ,«, 

•  llmkinK,  Hi 

control  of,  185 
Cytlamcn  Ikiht,  .»,  j  ,rj 

mite,  ,jr.y 
Cyilocephala,  .)oj,  J04 
Cyclorrhapha,  jjg 
Cyllcne  robini.T,  Sg,  uj 
Cymatophora  ribearia,  «s,  jod 
Cynipidw,  344,  ,5, 

Cynomyia  cadavcrina,  173 

I) 

Dactylopinx,  13,1,  131 
Dagger  moths,  197 
Uamscl  flies,  Qg 
Uanaida;,  177 
Uanais  archippus,  177 
Dark  meal  worm,  76,  j..g 
Darkling  beetles,  328 
Dark-sided  cutworm,  rSo 
Dasyneura  leguminitola.  73,  346 
rhodophaga,  90,  34s 
trifolii,  73,  348 
Dalana  integerrima,  88,  igg 

ministra,  79,  ry8 
Davis,  J.  J.,  66-A8,  14, 
Death  watih  beetles,  33S 
Dendroctonus,  343 
Depressaria  heracliana,  315 
Dcrmacentor  variabilis,  367 

venustus.  ^6,  3^.6 
Dermanyssid»,  364 
Dermanyssus  gallin.-e,  364 
Dermaptera,  103,  100 
Dermestes  lardarius,  92,  291 
Dertiiirstida;,  3S3,  ^yi 


ISDKX 

Desmia  luneralis,  309 
Development  o(  initcts,  10 
DeJiiidiP,  343 

Diabrotica  longicornis,  r>4,  {o8 
'  -'  punctata,  64.  (o8 
vittata,  77,  307 
Diacrisiu  virginica,  r.Si 
Dialeurofles  ritri,  1^3 
Diamonrl  back  moth,  7ft,  m 
Diapheromera  fcraorata,  10(1 
Diaspina',  r33 
Diaspis,  133,  403 
Diaslrciphus  turgidiis,  3;! 
Diatrafa  sattharatis,  3ti 
Dibrachys.  354 
Dicerca,  83 

Dichomeris  liguldla,  79,  3ji 
Differential  Iticuat,  tii 
DiRcslivc  system,  34   3S 
Dinger  wasps,  359 
Dingy  cutworm,  193 
Diplopiida,  r,  369 
Diplosis  tritici,  73,  3 19 
Diplera,  91,  239 
Diseases  by  insects,  46,  49  ,7 

of  insects,  45 
Disk  nozzle,  380 
Disonycha  xanthcmuia'na,  317 
Dissosteira  Carolina,  109,  ir3 
Distribution  of  insects,  to- (,4 
Ditche*,  399 
Diving  beetles,  283 
Doane,  I'rof.  R.  W.,  55 
Dobson  flies,  99 
Dock  false-worm,  80,  147 
Docophorus  icterodcs,  101 
Dog  day  harvest  fly,  15; 
flea,  380 
louse,  169 
I  >oublc  host  aphids,  1 50 
Dragon  flies,  99 

Drasterius  elegans,  39),  29s,  296 
Drosophila  ampelophiia,  3to 
Drosophilidaj,  242,  360 
Drug  store  beetles,  ijS 
Dryocu;tes  confusus,  343 


4Jr 


ik;.-||-> 


422 


Duck  lice,  roi 
iJung-cating  bcetk-s,  ,ioi 
Dust  spraying,  3S2 
Oytiscidae,  28^ 

E 

Karwi^s,  102,  lo't 
Karworm,  corn,  nj^ 
Kcco|)toK:i^*cr  ruKulosus,  78,  jjc, 
Kfdysis,  ^^4 
Kcological  stiirntcs,  65 
Kctobia  gcrmanica,  92,  103,  105 
Kciworms,  371 
Kijjht-spotted  forester,  18^ 
Klaphidion  villosum,  S(j,  324 
Klateriihe,  283,  2()3 
Llm  bark  lousf,  Sy,  130 

borer,  89 

leaf  beetle,  6^,  88, '309 

saw  fly,  88,  347 
Kmbryology,  30-33 
Kmphytus,  87,  349 
Empoa  rosa',  156 
Empoasca  mall,  155 
Empusa,  46 
Endelomyia  rosii*,  348 

acthiops,  349 
Knglish  grain  aphis,  71 
Knnomida',  206 
Ennomos,  88 
Entomobryidas,  96 
Entomophagous,  40 
Entomophthora,  46 
Entomoscelis  adonidis,  ;fi,  309 
Ephemerida,  97,  g8 
Ephestia  kuehniella,  74,  213 
Epicauta  cinerea,  37,  ^H,  77,  325 

marginata,  326 

pennsyl\.anica,  77,  326 

vittata,  37,  326 
Epicerus  imbricatus,  78,  82 
ICpilachna  borealis,  290,  291 
Epitrimerus  pyri,  368 
Epitrix  cucumeris,  77,  313 

subscrinata,  314 


Epoch  ra,  264 

canadensis,  8:;,  2()5 
Erannis  defoliaria,  207 

tiliaria,  88,  206 
Eriocampoidcs  limacina,  8.-,  ^S 
Eriococcus,  124 
EriojH'ltis  festuc;i',  130 
Eriophyes  pjri,  308 
EriophyidiT,  364,  3dM 
ICriosoma,  13S 
Eristalis,  2.>r 
Eruciform  larva,  33 
Erythroncura  vitis,  155 
Kscherich,  Dr.,  34,  35 
Estigmene  atuca,  i8[ 
Kucosmid;e,  218 
Euonymus  scale,  i.'S 
Eupclmus,  3.i;4 
Euphoria,  302 

inda,  80,  305 
Euproctis  (.hrysorrha-a,  88,  200 
European  corn  borer,  72,  212 

earwig,  106 

fruit  Iccanium,  129 

grain  aphis,  71,  141 
Eurymus  eurytheme,  176 
Eutettix  tenella,  46,  155 
Euthrips  tritici,  122 
Euxoa  auxiliaris,  58 

excellens,  188 

messoria,  186 

ochrogaster,  187 

tesselata,  187 
Evcrgestis  rimosalis,  209 
Evergreen  bagworm,  307 
External  anatomy,  2-19 
Eyed  clater,  78 
Eyes,  II 

E 

Factors  of  insect  control,  373 

Fall  army  worm,  192 
canker  worm,  205 
webworm,  79,  87,  181 

False  tarnished  plant  bug,  i()4 


INDEX 


42J 


hannia  canicularia,  SA 

scalaris,  .^j 
Fat  bodies,  24 
FeathtT  lice,  100 
I'flt  tar  paper,  307 
K-ltia  ducens,  ig^ 
Fcrnald,  Prof.  I(.  T.,  fij 
Fevers,  49-52 
Fidia  vititida,  S5,  ^u 
Field  stations,  xji,  04 
Fiery  hunter,  287 
Fifteen-spotted  ladybird,  .-.ji 
Filariasis,  52 
Fir  sa^^'  tly,  ^46 
Fire  flies,  28,5 
Fish  moths,  g^ 
Fiske,  W.  V.,  403 
Fitch,  Asa,  xi,  xiii 
Five-spotted  Jadyhird,  .njo 
I'lat-headed  apple  tree  horer,  78,  joo 
Flea  beetles,  .^r.^ 
alder,  31.S 
banded,  31O 
cucumber,  77 
grape  vine,  316 
horse  radish,  315 
mangei,  31S 
pale  striped,  3i(> 
P**tato,  77,  314 
red-headed,  ,^16 
red-legged,  317 
smartweed,  316 
spinach,  317 
strawberry,  86,  317 
turnip,  76,  315 
western  potato,  315 
willow,  317 
'■'leas,  55,  279 
Flesh  flies,  242 
Fletcher,  Dr.  Jas.,  xiii 
Flit's,  53 
Flour  beetles,  75 
Flower  flies,  43,  240,  250 
Forbes,  Dr.  S.  A.,  40,  48,  (,o,  141,  j,,s 
Forbes  scale,  128 
Forest  bark  beetles,  342 


Inresl  tent-ealerpillar,  87,  J04 
lorticula  aurieularia,  loO 
Furmalin,  394 
lormicidii',  359 
Inrmicoidea,  345,  350 
Four-lined  leaf  bug,  S5,  n^ 
Fruit  aphids,  143 

bark  beetles,  78,  Si,  33y 
flies,  264 
leaf  syneta,  31 1 
lecanium,  81 
tree  leaf  roller,  ;8,  22g 
worms,  green,  So,  ig; 
FrogiioppcTs,  7;,  153 
Fulgoridx,  122 
Fumigation,  3^4 


(Jiid  flies,  53,  2i,2 
(iaierita  janus,  2S1 
(iaierucella  clavicollis,  82,  31 1 

decora,  310 

luteola,  88,  309 
Gail  flics,  45,  351 

gnats,  45 

lice,  45 

midges,  45,  245 
Oalleria  mellonella,  212 
GalleriidT,  212 
Gamasida',  364 
(ianglia,  28 
Garden  aphids,  148 

slugs,  370 

stalk  borer,  ig6 

vegetable  insects,  7; 
(Gastric  cceca,  26 
Gastrophilus   ha-morrhoidalis,   gi.    2^4, 

intestinalis,  gi,  254,  258 

nasalis,  gi,  254.  259 
(Jastropoda,  370 
Geese  lice,  10 1 
(ielechiidie,  214 
(Jenitalia,  17,  18 
(ieoraetrida.-,  204 


424 


INDEX 


Oeomt'truls,  1 70 
(Icomctrina,  170,  ^04 
(ierm  hand,  ,?i,  ^2 
(ierman  cockroach,  gj 
(;iant  root  bon-r,  8,^,  .^jj 
(iizzarfl,  24 
(ilassy  cutworm,  iS.S 
(llossary,  409 
(Jiussina,  54 
(ioat  moth,  238 
(loliien  oak  stak',  r,io 
(lonapophysfs,  17 
(Joniocotcs  abdominalis,  loi 

burnetii,  loi 

hologaster,  101 
Goniodes  dissimilis,  101 

styiifer,  102 
Clooseberry  insects,  84,  85 
(jortyna,  igfi 
Gossyparia,  124 

spuria,  8g,  130 
(irain  aphis,  141 

weevils,  337 
Granary  weevil,  75,  337 
Grape  berry  moth,  86,  22H 

blossom  midge,  249 

curculio,  336 

insects,  85,  86 

leaf  folder,  209 

leaf  hopper,  86,  155 

phylloxera,  85,  86,  148 

root  worm,  85,  31 1 

sphinx,  86,  178 

vine  fidia,  85,  311 

vine  flea  beetle,  86,  315 
Grapholithid;e,  86,  17S 
(iraptolitha,  So,  197 
(Jrass  feeding  froghopper,  153 

stem  maggots,  260 

thrips,  72 
(Jreasy  cutworm,  186 
Green  apple  aphis,  78,  141,  143 

bottle  flies,  273 

bug,  142 

clover  worm,  195 

fruit  worm,  80,  197 


(irecn  g(ioscberr>  aphis,  147 

peach  aphis,  83,  144 

rose  aphis,  149 

soldier  bui:,  j66 

Ihrips,  1  H, 
(Jreenhouse  insects,  90 

leaf  tyer,  210 

orthezia,  13^ 

scales,  90,  [33   135 
(Jround  beetles.  40,  41,  2Sj,  285 
(Jrul).  34 

(Jryllidx,  107,  114 
(iryllotalpa,  1 14 
(Jryllus  pennsyhanicus,  t  r5 
(Jypsy  moth,  64,  87,  300,  403 
Gyrinida.',  282 
Gyropidx,  100 

H 

Iladwen,  Dr.  S.,  256 
Hiematobia,  268 

serrata,  91,  272 
H;ematopinus,  168 

asini,  169 

eurysternus,  91,  1(19 

piliferus,  169 

urius,  91,  i()9 

vitull,  91,  169 
Halictus,  357 
Halisidota,  carya?,  64,  183 

maculala,  183 

fessellaris,  87,  183 
Ilaltica  chalybea,  86,  313 

ignita,  316 
JIamamelistes,  138 
IIandmai<l  moths,  lyS 
Ha[)Ioptilia  fletcherella,  234 

malivorella,  235 
Haploplilida',  234 
Hard  scales,  124 
Harlequin  cabbage  bug,  63,  i()6 
Ilarmologa  fumifcrana,  231 
Harpalus  caliglnosus.  287 

pennsyivanicus,  287 
Ilarpiphorus  maculatus,  347 


425 


Hawk  moths,  ii>i) 
Hay  wtirm,  clnvtr,  7  <, 

Uv.u],   2 

Ilc:i(l-!.iusL'  of  man,  k.S 
Hcurinn,  <'rj,'ans  i.f,  1 1 
Ilcdnchnjicatfrpillar,  iS[ 
Hdiothis  ol)S(ilL-ta,  7,;,  kj^ 
IKli'ithrips  hiuniorrlioidatJ 

Htlii)Ztlu];(.-,  _>^i 
}Iclk"I.nrc,  .5S5 
IlfrntTocampa  Itucn>li[;m;i 
Ik'niiihi(ma:-piri  at^pidistnc 
Hi'iniptiTa.  4,^.  04,  i^S 
HcniisphtTitai  sialr,  1  ^j,  1 
IlfSpiTifhv,  ii'ii 
Hessian  lly,  .^ij.  ,-(),  fio,  71, 
Ht.'tt.T<)cur(l\lus  malinus.  m 
HclL-riHiiTa  radirinila,  ,^71 
HttiTonifra.  2S1,  ;s^ 
HctLTi>nutat).i|ic,  ^i, 
HflLToptL-ra,  15S 
Hewitt,  Dr.  C.  (;.,  5S^  4o(. 
Hickory  ti^t-r  moth,  iSj 
Hippoboscida-,  271) 
Hippodamia  cnnvcrjicns,  2i 

13-pUnCtata,   _'()0 

HistoKcntsis,  ,57 
Histolysis,  37 
Hog  louse,  qi,  if.q 

pt'sts,  01 
Holcaspis,  351 
Holomttaholit ,  33 
Homalomyia  brcvis,  27S 

canicuiaris,  s_^,  27.S 

scalaris,  53,  27S 
Homuptera,  94,  122 
Honey  bee,  10,  12,  19,  ^n, 
Hookucrm  disease,  50 
Hop  merchant,  176 

plant  louse,  145 

red  bug,  165 

vine  loopcr,  195 
Hopperdozer,  3gg 
Hormaphis,  13S 
Horn  fly,  ^S,  53    63,  27J 

tails,  350 


Ilornt  t,  wUhc  fani!.  3^0 
yi-l|.n\  j:i(k<I,   5^6 

Hnrsf  bui  lly,  „i.  :;S  j,-,, 
l'i<-^.  ><.  J40,  J, -J 


in>.,  1..  .,, 
lo„.,,  „„, 

,    UiJ 

Ilea,  j;,,,  .-No 

lly,  7,  iS.  .^.„,.  ,;o 

bold  p,Ms,  „  . 

^         Mnward,  Dr.  I,.  O  ,  \ii,  ,o; 

<)0,  I  ^; 

Hum. in  il.  ;i.  27,, 

HuntiT,  I'rut.  \V.  1),.  40.? 

U 

M>a.l;iphis.   i.iS 

l[>.l|n[)t.TllS,   13S 

-45 

ariiridini--,   [47 

5 

Hydnn\anii  a(idK>i>--  ■;'j4 

Ilydruria,  i';0 

Hy.lrophilida-,  jSj 

Hylastintis  obscunis.  fi4,  7,^,  ^41 

Hylemyia  anti(|ua,  27O 

ilyiotiima  jHTtnralis,  341) 

Hymrnr.ptrra,  04,343 

Hypi-na  humiili,  105 

S,  ..S,j 

Hyperas|iis  signata,  2,nS 

Hypfrmelamorphnt.is,  3S 

Hyj.iTparasilism,  43 

Hypiiantria,  ttxlor,  79,  87 

HyjiudiTma  bo\is,  91,  2^7 

lineattim,  91,  255 

HypsopyKia,  foslalis,  73,  :Ho. 

I 


Icrrsa  jiiircliasi,  402 
Irlinturion  tlit-s,  41 
357.  35^  Ichneumonida-,  41,  344,  ^^, 

IdioctTus  titthj,  155 
ImaKJtial  buds,  37 
Imago  slaKc  0^ 
ImbnVatfd  snout  bcetlf,  7.S 
ImiH)rted  cabbage  worm,  (13,  ()4, 
turrant  borer,  84,  217 
worm,  346 
Imomplctf  metamorphosis,  ^^ 
Indian  euphoria,  8c,  305 


426 


IN'DEX 


liulian  meal  moth,  r*,  214 

Insect  behavior  toward  stimuli,  57,  58 

Insects  and  birds,  j4 

as  carrit'rs  of  [>lart  diseases,  46  47 

and  disease,  40-57 

distribu*i(>n  of,  60  64 

and  plants,  45 

in  relation  to  temperalure,  5g  f>o 
Insct:tary,  66-68 
Insecticides,  ,577 

action  uf,  400 
Insectivorous  plants,  45 
Internal  anatomy,  I'^jo 

changes,  37 
Inter-relations  in  nature,  45 
Tntromittent  organ,  2R 
lo  moth,  Hi,  ifio 
Tpidx,  3S4,  3^(> 
Isaria,  46 
Ischnoptera,  103 
Isia  Isabella,  iSi 
Isomcra,  280 
Isoptcra,  102 
Isosoniii  jjrande,  .ivl 

hordci,  355 

secalc,  j55 

tritici,  71,  354 
Itamera  ribearia,  206 
Itch  mite  of  man,  365 

poultry,  gi,  365 
Ivy  scale,  134 
Xxodida',  364,  36(1 


Janus  integer,  84,  345 
Jarring,  n)<> 
Jassoidea,  122 
Joint  u-orrn,  71,  354 
Julida:,  36g 
Julus  I  anadensis,  369 
ciLTuIeocinctus,  370 
^fi^atus,  370 
Juuk|iirig  plant  lice,  122 
Jnv.v-  htetU's,  303,  ^o^ 


Katydids,  1 14 
Kellogg,  Prof.  V.  L.,  5 
Kermcs,  124,  131 
Kerosene,  395 

emulsion,  xi,  391 


Labia  minor,  106 
Lace  wings,  43,  99,  100 
Lachnosterna,  80,  8r,  302,  303 
Lachnua,  136 
Ladybirds,  40,  41 
Lamellicon  ■  1    2X1,  2S3 
Lampyri  i:e,  283 
Languria  mozardi,  173 
Laphygma  frugipcrda,  102 
Larch  saw  fly,  8S,  346 
Larder  beetle,  02,  282,  2<)i 
Large  blue  bottle  tly,  273 
Larger  corn  stalk  borer,  211 
Larva.',  classification  of,  34-35 
Larval  stage,  32-35 
Lasiocanipida',  1 74,  203 
Lasioderma  serricorne,  ,^2S 
Lasius  nigcr,  48,  140,  360,  362 
Laspeyresiii  interstinctana,  73, 

nigricana.  74,  22() 

prunivora,  80,  227 
Latrine  tly,  53,  278 
Lead  arsenate,  384 
Leaf  beetles,  80,  2S3,  306 

bugs,  150,  i(>i 

chafers,  283,  302 

crumpler,  78,  83,  213 

hoppers,  122,  154 

horn  beetles,  281 

miner  tlies,  262 

miners,  79,  235 

rollers,  78,  229 

sewer,  79,  218,  230 

skeletonizer,  79,  236 
Leather  jackets,  71,  242 
Lebia  grandiF.,  3S6 


Lecanium  corni,  Si,  lag 

nigrofasciatum,  83,  00,  129 
oleK,  403 
ribis,  84 
Legs,  14 

Leopard  moth,  88,  2^7 
Lepidoptera,  04,  lOg 
Lepidosaphes  ulnii,  78,  81,  r.>4 
Lcpisma  domestira,  05 

saccharina,  94 
Lepismidx,  94 
Leprosy,  56 

Leptinotarsa  lO-Hneata,  77,  30S 
Leptocoris  trivittatus,  ijg 
Leaser  apple  worm,  80,  2^7 
bud  moth,  215 
clover  leaf  weevil,  1,^2 
house  fly,  278 
leaf  roller,  231 
migratory  locust,  1 1 1 
peach  borer,  217 
Leucutcrmes  llavipcs,  103 
Lice,  biting,  100 
sucking,  5'' 
Life  cycle  charts,  221,  225,  247 

zones,  ()i,  62 
Lig>T;is,  304 
Limax,  370 
Lime,  389 

sulphur,  386 

tree  winter  moth,  8S,  206 
Lina  interrupta,  310 
scripta,  3ro 
tremulsE,  310 
LiotheidiE,  100 
Liparidae,  1 70 

Lipeurus  polytrapezius,  102 
squalidus,  102 
tadorna?,  10 1 
variabilis,  loi 
Little  house  fly,  278 
Locust  borer,  89,  322 
Locustidie,  107 
Locusts,  107 

Long  horned  beetles,  320 
grabbhoppers,  1 1 4 


DEX  427 

Long  tailed  mtaiy  bug,  133 
Longistigma,  i3f» 
Loopers,  193,  204 
Lophyrus  abbotti,  346 

abietis,  346 
Losses  due  ti>  insects,  38  39 
Loxostcgc  stirticalis,  210 
Lucanid;e,  2^_^,  31S 
Lucanus  dama,  82 
Lucilia,  270 

CKsar,  273 
Luna  moth,  180 
Lycaenid.T,  169 
Lycophotia  niarj,'arit()s:i,  1.S6 

scandens,  ig2 
Lyctidie,  32.S 
Lyctus,  32S 
Lygxidic,  1 59 

Lygroncmatus  trichsonii,  88,  346 
Lygidia  mendax,  165 
LvRus  communis,  164 

invitus,  164 

pratensis,  84,  163 
Lyraantriidx,  170,  200 
Lyonetiid.e,  23O 
Lyperosia,  2f)8 
Lysiphlcbus  IrJtici,  352 

M 

Macrobasis  unicolor,  326 
Macrodactylub  subspinosus,  82,  S3,  305 
Macro  lepidoptera,  i6y 
Macrosiphum,  138 

granarium,  71,  141 

pisi,  73,  149 

ros;e,  149 

sanborni,  90,  141) 

solanifolii,  77,  149 
Magdalis  (rnesccns,  ^^s 
^laggot,  34 

apple,  266 

onion,  276 

seed  corn,  72,  277 

wheat  stem,  71,  72,  260 
Malacosoma  americana,  79,  87,  203 

disstria,  87,  204 


428 


Malarial  mosijuitd,  50,  .'4,^,  244 
M:illnphana,  (^4,  100 
-Mamliliuliiti'  numtli  parts,  5 

siKtiirial  mouth  parts,  10 
-Mani,'cl  Ilea  In'ctlc,  .117 
Mansiin  and  Rdss.  50 
Mantids,  praying,  lo^ 
Mantis  ri'li;iinsa,  ro'» 
Mantnidca,  loj,  loi 
MapU'  .scsiiiti,  J 1 7 

worm,  1 7(j 
Mar;;anipus  annulatu.s,  -,(>,  ,^60 
MarKUcritt'  lly,  ;<>.' 
Mash,  iH)is()n,  is^,  ^g.S 
Mason  bi-es,  SiT 
May  Id-ctli-s,  ,So,  Si 

tlirs,  1)7,  .)S 
Mayctinia  (li-stnutur,  71,  J45 
Miaciow  froj^hoppt-r,  15,5 

ffrasshi)p[H.'r,  1 14 

maggots,  71,  242 
Muai  snout  moth,  75,  208 

worms,  76,  .^27 
Mealy  buj^'s,  131 

plum  loust',  147 
Measuring  worms,  207 
Meat  fly,  g2,  273 
Mecoptura,  97,  100 
^Mediterranean  flour  moth,  74,  21.? 

fruit  lly,  2f)4 
Megachilc,  357 
Megilla  fuscilahris,  2S8 

maculata,  288 
Megorismus  netcheri,  149 
Melanoplus  allanis,  108,  iii 

bivittatus,  108,  112 

difTerentialis,  108,  112 

femur-ruhrum,  71,  108,  109 

sprctus,  108,  log 
Mtlanotus  communis,  294,  296 

cribulosus,  294 
ilelittia  satyriniformis,  217 
Meloida;,  38,  283,  325 
Melon  insects,  77 

plant  louse,  77,  148 
Melophagus  ovinus,  91,  279 


Ml  nibracida-,  iJ2 
Menopon  pallidum,  gi,  100 
Merodnn  etjuestris.  j>i 
MtTomy/a  americina,  "i,  2(10 
Merrium's  life  /oiii-s,  (ti 
Mi'Sotlionis,  ig7 
Mesogramma  |Militus,  7:,  251 
Mtsoliiiis  tenthrcdinidis,  406 
Metallic  ground  beetUs.  287 

wood  borers,  8g,  300 
Metamorphosis,  33-38 
Meteorus,  i(j7,  353,  406 
Methods  of  stud\ing  insects,  64-69 
MicroeeiUrum,  1 14 
Microgaster,  4:,  3-i3 
Microlepidoptera,  1  74 
Midaida-,  240 
Midas  flies,  240 
Mi<iges,  252 
Millipeds,  i,  76,  3(H) 
Mineola  indigenella,  7S,  213 
Miscible  oils,  391 
Mites,  364 
Mollusca,  370 
Monellia,  136 
Monocteniidx,  205 
Monodontomerus  a-reus,  200,  202,  354, 

405,  406 
iMonohammuB,  58,  325 
Monomorium  minutum,  92,  360 

pharaonis,  92,  360 
Monophadnus  rubi,  84,  347 
Mosquitoes,  243 

house,  8,  92 

malarial,  50,  92 
Mossy  rose  gall,  351 
Moths,  94,  169 
Mottled  umber  moth,  20? 
Moulting,  34 
Mourning  doak,  177 
Mouth  parts,  2-10 
Mud  wasps,  356 
Murgantia  histrionica,  63,  166 
Murky  ground  beetles,  286 
Musca  domestica,  8,  53,  269,  270 
Muscidae,  242,  268 


Muscina,  268,  273 
Muscoifiea,  34  r 
Muscular  sysU-m,  u) 
Myrmicin^,  ,^6o 
Myzocallis,  137 
Myzus,  13H 

cerasi,  144 

IK-Tsica,  X3,  yo,  144 

ribis,  S5,  143 

N 

Xabula.',  150 

XaRana,  4q,  54 

Naphthaline,  3q6 

Narcissus  fly,  251 

Natural  encmit-s  of  insects,  376 

Negro  hup,  ifi? 

Negundo  plant  louse,  149 

Nematoccra,  z^g 

Nematodes,  371 

Nemobius,  115 

Nephelodes  emmedonia,  iKS 

Nepticula  pomivoreila,  2iH 

Nepticulid-Te,  238 

Nerve  winged  insects,  94,  g6 

Nervous  system,  28 

Neuria  procincta,  i«S 

Neurocolpus  nubilis,  165 

Neuroptcra,  g6,  gg 

XeuroptcroifJa,  94,  96 

Neurotoma  inconspicua.  348 

Nezara  hilaris,  166 

pcnnsyl\anica,  167 
Nine-spotted  ladybird,  290 
Noctuidae,  173,  184 
Nose  flies,  gi,  259 
Notodontida^,  i  70 
Notolophus  antiqua,  203 
Novius  cardinalis,  40,  402 
Nozzles,  380 
Nymphalidie,  i6g,  i;6 

O 

Oak  twig  pruner,  324 

Oat  aphis,  72,  78,  80,  141,  142 

Oberea  bimaculata,  84,  322 


Oblique-banded  leaf-roller,  78,  8j,  230 

Odonata,  97,  gg 

fKianthus,  47,  83.  84,  115 
niwricornis,  115,  nd 
niveus,  u^,  1  if> 

(Kdoiwdina',  109 

(Kstrida?,  241,  254 

(Kstrus,  254,  256 
ovis,  90,  2(k> 

O'kane,  Prof.  W.  C,  2^)8 

Oleander  scale,  134 

Onion  maggot,  77,  276 
thrips,  121 

Oniscus  ascllus,  363 

Ophcltes,  347 

Ophion,  352 

Orchard  tent  caterpillar,  79,  87,  203 

Oriental  cockroach,  104 

Ornithodoros  megnini,  365 

Orthezia  insignis,  135 

Orthoptera,  102,  107 

Orthopteroida,  94,  102 

Orthorrhapha,  239 

Orthosia  hibisci,  197 

Oscinidx,  241,  260 

Oscinis  carbonaria,  71,  261 

Osmia,  357 

Osmoderma  scabra,  82,  305 

Ostomatida;,  327 
Otiorhynchid^,  2S4,  336 
Otiorhynchus  ovatus,  86,  ^^^d 

sulcatus,  go,  336 
Ovaries,  28 
Oviduct,  29 
Ovipositor,  18,  ig 
Oxidus  gracilis,  370 
Ox  warble  fly,  91,  257 
0>'ster  shell  scale,  78,  1 24 

P 

Paidogenesis,  30 
Paleacrita  vernata,  20,^ 
Pales  favida,  202 
Pale  striped  flea  beetle,  31O 
Palmer  worm,  79,  215 
Pamphilius  fletcheri,  346 


430 


INDEX 


Papaipema  nilela,  87,  iq6 
Papilio  polygenes,  174 
Papilionids,  169,  174 
Paralacoris  hawleyt,  165 
Parasites,  43 

Parasitic  insects,  utilization  of,  401 
Paris  green,  xi,  .^83 
Parrot,  Prof.,  392 
Parsnip  web  worm,  215 
Parthenogenesis,  20 
Pavement  ant,  361 
Pea  insects,  74 

moth,  74,  226 

plant  louse,  74,  149 

weevil,  39,  74,319 
Peach  aphis,  83 

insects,  83 

leaf  weevil,  337 

tree  bark  beetle,  339,  340 
borer,  80,  83,  216 

twig  borer,  83,  215 
Pear  leaf  blister  mite,  368 

psylla,  152 

slug,  82,  348 

thrips,  119 
Pediculus  capitis,  56,  16S 

pubis,  168 

vestimenti,  56,  168 
Pegomyia  vicina,  277 
Pelecinidie,  345,  352 
Pelecinus  obturator,  352 
Pelidnota  punctata,  86,  303 
Pellagra,  56 
Pelopoeus,  356 
Pemphigus,  134,  138 

imbricator,  149 

per  ulicaulis,  149 

tessellatus,  149 
Pennsylvania  field  cricket,  115 
Pentamera,  280 

Pentarthron  minutum,  226,  340 
Pentatomidie,  43,  159,  166 
Pcntilia  misella,  288,  289 
Pepper  and  salt  currant  moth,  266 
Perillus  circumcinctus,  43,  167 
Periodical  cicada,  1 56 


Periplaneta  americana,  103,  104 

australasiz,  103,  104 

orien  talis,  104 
Perunea  minuta,  331 
Persian  insect  powder,  391 
Pharynx,  24 
Phasmidx,  106 
Phasmoidca,  102,  106 
Phcnacoccus,  acericola,  124,  133 
Philxnus  lineatus.  72,  153 

spumarius,  153 
Philopteridie,  100 
Phlyctxnia  ferrugalis,  90,  210 
Pholus,  179 
Phorbia  brassies,  76,  273 

ceparum,  77,  274,  276 

fusclceps,  72,  277 

rubivora,  84,  277 
Phormia,  270,  273 
Phorodon,  137 

humuii,  145 
Photomyza  chrysanthemi,  262 
Phototaxis,  57-59 
Phthorophlceus  liminaris,  340 
PhycitidE,  213 
Phyllaphis,  136 
Phyllocoptes,  369 
Phyllophaga,  302 
Phyllotreta  armoraceac,  314 

vittata,  76,  314 
Phylloxera,  139 

vastatrix,  85,  147 
Phymatidse,  43.  159 
Phytonomus,  329 

nigrirostris,  337 

posticu*-  ^^,^,1 

punctatus,  73,  331,  3^2 
Phytophaga,  2S1,  283 
PieridiE,  169,  175 
Pieris  napi,  176 

rapK,  64,  77,  175 
Pigeon  tremex,  350 
Pill  bugs,  363 

Pimpla  conquisitor,  204,  226,  231,  35^, 
406 

inquisitor,  203,  204,  231,  353 


431 


Pine  bark  aphid,  150 

uw  fly,  346 

wood  borers,  325 
Pistol  case  bearer,  7H,  235 
Pithy  blackberry  KaH,  351 
Pitiful  ladybird,  388 
Pityokteines  sparsus,  34J 
Plagionotus  speciosus,  8g,  324 
Plapie,  55 
Plant  caters,  381 

lice,  123,  136 
Plath>'pena  scabra,  1Q5 
Platygaster,  38 
Plecoptera,  98 

Plodia  interpunctella,  74,  214 
Plum  aphis,  80 

curculio,  80,  330 

insects,  80 

scale,  81,  120 

sphinx,  81,  178 

web-spinning  saw  fly,  348 
Plutella  maculipennis,  76,  332 
Podisus  spinosus,  167 
Poduridx,  96 

Pcecilocapsus  lineatus,  85,  163 
Poison  baits,  398 
Poisonous  gases,  393 
Poisons,  383 
Polistes,  356 
Pollenia,  268,  273 
Polychrosis  viteana,  86,  228 
Polydesmus  canadensis,  370 
Polygnotus  hiemalis,  352,  401 
Poiygraphus  rufipennis,  342 
Polyphemus  moth,  79,  180 
Polyphylla,  302,  304 
Pomace  flies,  260 
Poplar  borer,  89 

leaf  gall  louse,  149 
Porcellio  laevis,  363 
Porosagrotis,  188,  193 
Porthetria  dispar,  87,  200 
Potato  beetle,  77,  308 

flea  beetle,  77,  313 

insects,  76,  77 

plant  lo':'^-,  77,  !4g 


Potato  fttalk  borer,  77,  196,  a^ 
Poultry  itch  mite,  365 

mites,  364 

pests,  91 
Powder  post  beetle,  328 
Praying  mantir's  105 
Predaceous  beetles,  40,  41 

insects,  40,  41 
Preventive  methods,  374 
Prionus  laticollis,  83,  333 
Prionoxystus  robini^,  88,  338 
Proctotrypidff,  42,  344,  351 
Profenusa  collaris,  348 
Promethea  moth,  83,  iSo 
Prosopis,  357 
Prospaltella,  40,  354,  403 
Protectors,  396 
Protoparce,  177 
Proven  triculus,  34 
Provisional  larval  organs,  35 
Pseudococcus,  124 

citri,  133 

longispinus,  90,  133 

trifolii,  73,  133 
Psila  rosz,  76,  263 
Psilids,  242,  262 
Psithyrus,  357 
Psocide,  103 
Psorosina,  79,  213 
Psoroptea  communis,  3A6 
Psylla  pyricola,  152 
Psyllidx,  122 

Psylliodes  punctulata,  317 
Pterocomma,  136 
Pteromalus  puparum,  175,  354 

egregius,  202,  405 
Pteronus  ribesii,  85,  346 
Pterostichus  lucublandus,  286 
PtinidsB,  283,  328 
Pulex  irritans,  279 

serraticeps,  93,  280 
Pulicidx,  279 
Pulvinaria,  124 

vitis,  8s,  89,  130 
Punkies,  252 
Pupal  stage,  iO,  37 


433 


I'upipara,  342 

Purple-backed  cabbage  worm,  309 

Putnam  scak',  127 

Pygidia,  I  a; 

Pyraliciidic,  ao8 

Pyralids,  174,  207 

Pyralis  fariti.ilis,  75,  30K 

Pyrausta  nubilalis,  72,  73,  212 

Pyraustidx,  zoSp  313 

Pyrcthrum,  391 

Pyrrhocorida,  isq 


Kachela  bruct-ata,  207 
Railroad  worm,  266 
Raspberry  byturus,  S4,  293 

cane  borer,  84,  ,^22 
maggot,  84,  277 

insects,  83-84 

saw  fly,  84,  347 

webworm,  346 
Recurvaria  nanella,  215 
Red  bugs,  159 

apple,  165 

backed  cutworm,  187 

humped  apple  caterpillar,  79,  199 

legged  flea  beetle,  316 
locust,  71,  108,  109 

necked  blackberry  borer,  84,  301 

spider,  76,  367 

tailed  bot  fly,  91,  359 

turnip  beetle,  309 
Reed,  Major  Walter,  53 
Relatives  of  insects,  near,  i,  363 
Remedial  methods  of  control,  374 
Repellents,  395 
Reproductive  system,  38-29 
Respiratory  s>'stem,  22-23 
Resplendent  shield  bearer,  79,  232 
Restriction  and  exclusion  of  insects,  376 
Rhagoletis,  364 

cingulata,  83,  365 

fuasta,  83,  366 

pomonella,  266 


Rhodites  rosx,  351 
Rhopalosiphum,  138^ 
Rhynchitei  bicolor,  334 
Rhyncophora,  381,  338 
Rice  weevil,  75,  337 
Riley,  Dr.  C.  V.,  xi,  xiii 

Dr.  W.  A.,  353 
Rise  of  economic  entomology,  x 
Roaches,  104 
Robber  flies,  340 
Rocky  mountain  locust,  xi,  61,  108,  109 

spotted  fever  tick,  56,  366 
Root  aphids,  144,  147, 148 

borers,  83,  321 

crop  insects,  76 

maggots,  7a,  76,  77.  373 

webworms,  210 
Rose  beetle,  82,  334 

chafer,  82,  305 

leaf  hopper,  156 

midge,  348 

sawfly,  348 

scale,  128 

slugs,  348,  349 
Rosy  apple  aphis,  78,  80   144 
Rotation  of  crops,  374 
Rough  osmoderma,  82,  305 
Round  headed  apple  tree  borer,  78,  320 
Rove  beetles,  383 
Rust  flies,  363 

fly,  carrot,  76,  362 


Saissetia,  123,  134 

hemispherica,  134 
Salivary  glands,  24 
Salt  marsh  caterpillar,  181 
Samia  cecropia,  79,  180 
San  Jose  scale,  xi,  3,  38,  48,  60,  63,  64, 

78.  80,  126,  137 
Saperda  Candida,  78,  320 
Sarcophagidae,  343 
Sarcoptes  mutans,  91,  365 

scabiei,  365 


INDEX 


4J.? 


Sarcoptiilu',  364,  361; 
Saturniido',  180 
Saturniina,  174,  ijg 
Sttunden,  Dr.  W.,  xiii 
Sawflies,  345 
Sawhorn  beetles,  3K0 
Saw-toothed  grain  beetle,  75,  .u? 
Scale  insects,  132 
Scarabeidie,  283,  30; 
Scatophagidie,  341 
Scavenger  beetles,  40,  301 
Schedius,  404,  406 
Schizoneura  tanigera,  77,  145 
Schizura  concinna,  yg,  igg 
Sclerltes,  3 
Scolytida,  339 
Scorpion  flies,  100 
Scotogramma  trifolii,  189 
Screens,  muslin,  3q6 
Screw  worm,  fly,  373 
Scudderia  furcata,  44 
Scurfy  scale,  78,  125 
Scutelleridx,  159 
Scutetlista  cyanea,  354,  403 
Searcher,  387 
Seed  com  maggot,  73,  277 
Seidemia  devastator,  188 
Sensoria,  134 
Septis  arctica,  188 
Serpentine  leaf  miner,  2^8 
Serphoidea,  35a 
Serricornia,  280,  383 
Sesiidx,  316 

Seventeen-year  locust,  15O 
Shade  tree  insects,  87-89 
Sheep  bot  fly,  gc,  260 

insects,  90 

scab  mite,  90,  366 

tick,  91,  379 
Shot  hole  borer,  341 
Silk  worm  moths,  174,  179 
Silpha  bituberosa,  393 

opaca,  393 
Silphids,  383,  293 
Silvanus  surinamensis,  75,  337 
Silver  fish,  93 
28 


Slmulilda-,  340,  251 
Simuljum,  53,  jsi 
Sipha,  136 

Siphocorync  avcnx,  i\H 
Siphonapteru,  94,  J7y 
Siphunculata,  94,  itt-j 
Siricidii',  344,  350 
Sitka  spruce  ha\1  Iuusc,  141) 
Sitodrcpa  panicea,  338 
Sitotroga  cerealella,  74,  J14 
Six-bpotted  leaf  hopiier,  ji,  154 
Skip[Hrrs,  1^)9 
Sladen,  F.  W.  L,,  48 
Sleeping  sickness,  54 
Slugs,  348,  349,  370 
Smell,  organs  of,  11 
Snout  beetles,  281,  328 

moths,  307 
Snowy  tree  cricket,  1  lO 
S<»ap,  390 

Sodium  Hunride,  385,  393 
Soft  scales,  129 
Soldier  flies,  340 
S<t|t'nop8is,  360 
Soluble  sulphur,  389,  390 
Span  worms,  304 
Sphcroslilbe  coccoplula,  4tt 
Sphecius,  356 
Sphecoidea,  345,  356 
Sphenophorus,  73,  338 
Sphinx,  79 

abbott's,  178 

achemon,  178 

drupiferarum,  81,  17S 

grape  vine,  178 

pandorus,  179 

plum,  81,  178 

tomato,  177 

twin  spotted,  179 

white  lined,  178 
Spinach  carrion  beetle,  293 

flea  beetle,  316 
Spinose  car  tick,  365 
Spirobolus,  370 
Spittle  insects,  132,  153  " 
Sporotrichum  globuliferum,  46 


434 


INDEX 


H     I 


SfMittcd  cutworm,  1S5 
fever,  56 
halitidoU,  iHj 
legged  cutworm.  19.1 
megillA,  iHS 
paria,  86 
pcHdnota,  86 
Smartweed  flea  beetle,  31s 
Spray  gun  nozzle,  381 
Spraying,  377,  381 

equipment,  378 
Spring  canker  vorm,  205 

grain  aphis,  14s 
Spruce  bud  worm,  tji 

gall  aphids,  Sg,  149,  150 
Squash  bug,  77-160 
insects,  77 
ladybird,  290 
vine  borer,  217 
Stable  fly,  8,  10,  53,  92,  271 
Stag  beetles,  82,  318 
Stagmomantis  Carolina,  105 
Stalk  borers,  87,  iq6 
Staphylinidc,  382 
Stegomyia  fasciata,  52 
Stem  girdler,  currant,  84,  345 
Sternorhynchi,  122 
Sternum,  14,  17 
Stigmus,  356 
Stimuli,  57 
Stink  bugs,  166 
Stomach,  24 
Stomozys  calcitrans,  8,  10,  53,  93,  368, 

371 
Stone  flies,  98 
Stratiomyiids,  340 
Strawberry  crown  borer,  86,  335 
flea  beetle,  86,  307 
insects,  86 
leaf  roller,  86,  332 
root  borer,  86,  313 
louse,  148 
weevil,  87,  332 
saw  fly,  347 
thrips,  87,  122 
Striped  cucumber  beetle,  76,  307 


Structure  of  insects,  3-30 
Sucking  lice,  167 
Suctorial  mouth  parts,  '>-io 
Sugar  beet  webworm,  jio 
maple  borer,  Mg,  U4 
Sulphur,  394 
soap,  391 
and  lime,  389 
Swallow  tails,  1 74 
Sweet  cherry  aphis,  144 
Sympathetic  ner\'e  system,  2H 
Synantfaedon  acerni,  317 
exitiosa,  80,  316 
pictipes,  217 
tipuliformis,  84,  317 
Synchlora  crata,  84 
Syriphide,  240,  250 
Syrphids,  350 
Systena  blanda,  315 
frontalis,  86,  )i<; 
hudsonias,  3 1 5 
tenia  ta,  315 


Tabanida,  353 
Tabanus,  8 

atratus,  91,  353 
Tachina  flies,  43,  378 

mella,  303,  304 
Tachinidfe,  43,  343,  378 
Tseniothrips  inconsequens,  119 
TKniopteryx,  97 
Tanglefoot,  396 
Tapestry  moth,  93,  237 
Tar-felt  paper  disks,  397 
Tarnished  plant  bug,  84,  163 

false,  164 
Tarsonemidfe,  364,  369 
Tarsonemus,  3O9 
Taste,  organs  of,  1 1 
Telea  pol>-phemus,  79,  180 
Telenomus  bifidus,  352 
Temperatures,  high  and  low,  400 
Tenebrio  molitor,  76,  328 
obscurus,  329 


435 


Tt-netiriunidv,  383,  3j8 

Tencbroidet  mauritanicus,  ;(»,  .f  j? 

Tent  caterpillar  moths,  79,  174,  2o_\ 

Tcnthreflinidit,  ,144,  ,j4s 

Tcrgum,  14,  17 

Termitidar,  lOi 

t  crrapin  ik'air,  90,  1  n^ 

Tpstes,  38 

Tetramorium,  jte 

Tetraneura,  13s 

Tetranychidr,  364,  307 

Tftranychus  himaculatus,  367 

Tetra&tichui,  354,  407 

Thaleaaa,  353 

Thick-headed  flies,  341 

Thirti'en-sfKitted  ladybird,  390 

Thomas,  C,  xiii 

Thorax,  14 

Thrips,  73,  118 
tabaci,  14,  121 

Thyridoptcryx  ephcmerxformis,  307 
Thysanura,  95 
Thysanoptera,  94,  118 
Thysanuriform  larva,  a 
Thysbe,  clear-wing,  179 
Ticks,  56,  366 
Tiger  moths,  87 

beetles,  41,  384 
Tinea  pellionella,  93,  236 
Tineids,  174,  336 
Tineina,  174,  236 
Tineola  biselliella,  92,  337 
Tiphia,  356 
Tipulidffi,  339,  Hi 
Ti:M:heria  malifuliclla,  79,  235 
Tischeriidte,  335 

Tmetocera  oceliana,  i,if  30,  78,  335 
Tobacco,  391,  394,  305 
extracts,  391 
sphinx,  177 
Tomato  sphinx,  177 
Tortricidae,  339 
Tortricina,  174,  218 
Toxoptera  graminum,  13S,  143 
Tracheal  gills,  23 
Transition  zone,  61 


'l'ra|«  and  trap  rrop»,  (117 
Tree  crickets,  i  itt 

hoppers,  132 
Trcmex  columha,  350 
Tribolium  confusum,  75,  \:t) 
Trichobariii  irinotata,  77,  ,((5 
Trichodvctes  »calari»,  gi 
Trichf*'!-,  tidic,  100 
Trii  i.i.j,rai'mij,  354,  ^of> 
Triohr.iM.iflfa   qj 

liI»<-''-»'lla,      ; 

rrimihi,  '.-.i 

I  'i'lofuiii  t'turiiium,  r    2 

Iirltla.r    10? 
Trioza  irijiuiictjla.  S4,  1:3 
i'rogd  itidi-,  ^7 
Trt^u;*,  'S,-- 
TrombiiJliiiT,  _i'n 
Propisni.,  57,  SD 
Tropcea  luna,  iHo 
Trypanosomiasis,  54 
Trypeta  pomonclla,  So,  266 
Trypetidar,  243,  364 
Trypoxylon,  356 
Tsetse  flies,  54 
Turkey  lice,  102 
Turnip  Iicetic,  red,  309 
Turnip  flea  beetle,  76,  314 
Turpentine,  395 
Tussock  moth,  79,  87,  170,  202 
Twelve-spotted  cucumber  bettk-,  308 

asparagus  beetle,  313 
Twice-stabbed  chilocorus,  288 
Twig-borer,  apple,  338 
Two-lined  chestnut  borer,  30H 
Two-spotted  adalia,  287 

hyperaspis,  288 
Two-striped  K  -u  .t,  1 1 2 
Twin-sp<jtte<l  sjihinx,  1  -ij 
Tychius  picirostrid,  ^\s 
Tyloderma  fri^jjaria',  Sd.  335 
Typhoid  fly,   .  i 
Typhus  fever,  56 
Typophorus  canellus,  313 
Tyroglyphidie,  3f)4 


436 


Uniher  nmih,  motllLcl,  207 
Umk-rwinK  moths,  igM 
Upper  Austral  zone,  61 
L'tiliicatidn  of  parasitic  insfitji 


Variable  currant  aphis,  147 

VaricRiited  cutworm,  186 

\"enation  of  wings,  15,  i^jo,  |.;S,  170-17,1, 

240-24[,  344 
V'espa,  356 
Vespidap,  ,^56 
\'espoitlea,  .^45,  356 
Violet  gall  fly,  go 
Vermort'I  nozzle,  380 


Whtat  thrip>,  1;: 

wincworm,  2(>5 
Wheeler,  Dr.  W.  M.,  S'j 
Whirligig  beetles,  2S.' 
While  ants,  102 

banded  iherry  fruit  \\y,  .''i^ 

tedar  twig  borer,  -'33 

cutworm, 192 

fly,  oo.  12  2,  151 

grubs,  56,  71,  72,  77,  302 

lined  sphinx,  17S 

marked  tussock,  moth,  202 
Willow  Ilea  beetle,  311 
Wings,  15,  if* 

Winthemia  4-pustulata,  1.S4,  iqo 
Wire-netting,  397 
Wireworms,  71,  72,  77,  2^)^ 
Wood  lice,  3<\i 
Woolly  aphis  of  apple  and  elm,  77,  Sq, 


\\ 


ma  pi 


;  leaf  scale 


i.i.i 


'ail 


W-marked  cutworm,  1S5 

Wash  for  tree  trunks,  3(;0 

Walking  sticks,  lod 

Walnut  caterpillar,  8S,  log 

Walsh,  h.  I).,  xiii 

Warble  flies,  qi,  255-258 

Wasps,  356 

Water  scavengers,  2S2 

Webbing  clothes  moths,  82,  237 

Webster,  F.  M.,  xi,  63,  401 

Webworms,  210 

Weevils,  329 

Western  corn  root  worm,  30^ 
hemlock  Woolly  apliis,  i4() 
wheat  stem  sawlly,  71,  340 
willow  leaf  beetle,  310 

Whaleoil  soap,  H)Q 

Wheat  insects,  71 
jointworm,  354 
midge,  72,  240 
plant  louse,  71,  142 
stem  maggot,  71,  72,  :fio 

sawfly,  349 
straw  worm,  354 


Xiphitlium, 
Xylocopa,  357 


Yellow  bear  caterpillar,  181 
fever,  S3 

headed  cutworm,  iSS 
mealworm,  7(1,  328 
necked  caterpillar,  70,  108 

\'p))nomeuta  malina,  233 
padella,  233 

V|«)nonu'Ulida',  23,1 


Zebra  caterpillar,  76,  rSS 
Zenoleuni,  396 
Zeuzera  pyrina,  88,  237 
Zophodia  grossulariie,  85 


